Adhesiveness neutralization in eggs of Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017.11.23Keywords:
induced spawning, sticky eggs, urea, tanninAbstract
The aim of this study was to remove the adhesiveness of Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum eggs using solutions of urea for 10, 30, 60 or 90 min (treatments T0 to T3) or in urea for 10 min and washed in tannin (T4). In the control group, eggs were kept in water. After two experiments, we observed that eggs of control group presented the best embryo viability rates, even maintaining egg adhesiveness, being better than the other treatments. The T4 had the worst embryo viability rates. We observed that embryos of the T4 treatment presented reduced growth and formed a separate group when analyzing morphological parameters (egg diameter, total egg area, embryo area and yolk sac area) by multivariate analysis. Concluding, the control group, free of chemicals, provided the best results and is considered the best alternative for the immediate conservation and aquaculture production of P. fasciatum.
References
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BOUCHARD, H.J.; ALOISI, D.B. 2002 Investigations in concurrent disinfection and de-adhesion of
Lake Sturgeon eggs. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 64(3): 212-216.
BUYUKHATIPOGLU, S.; HOLTZ, W. 1984 Sperm output in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): effect
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CABRITA, E.; ROBLES, V.; HERRAEZ, P. 2008 Methods in reproductive aquaculture: marine and
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CARRAL, J.M.; CELADA, J.D.; SAEZ-ROYUELA, M.; RODRIGUEZ, R.; AGUILERA, A.; MELENDRE,
P. 2006 Effects of four egg desticking procedures on hatching rate and further survival and
growth of larvae in the tench (Tinca tinca L.). Aquaculture Research, 37(6): 632-636.
DEMSKA-ZAKÉZ, K.; ZAKEZ, Z.; ROSZUK, J. 2005 The use of tannic acid to remove adhesiveness
from pikeperch, Sander lucioperca eggs. Aquaculture Research, 36(14): 1458-1464.
DE SOUZA, T.G.; HAINFELLNER, P.; KURADOMI, R.Y.; MUNí-Z, M.E.; HONJI, R.M.; MOREIRA,
R.G.; BATLOUNI, S.R. 2015 Inappropriate management conditions, especially for the regressed class, are related to sperm quality in Prochilodus lineatus. Theriogenology, 83(5): 797-807.
DETTLAFF, T.A.; GINSBURG, A.S.; SCHMALHAUSEN, O.I. 2012 Sturgeon Fishes: Developmental Biology and Aquaculture. Springer Science & Business Media. 300p.
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COCHRAN, M.D. 1983 Artificial propagation of the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus
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FELEDI, T.; KUCSKA, B.; RÓNYAI, A. 2011 Effect of different fertilization and egg de-adhesion
methods on the artificial propagation of Siberian sturgeon. Archives of Polish Fisheries, 19(2): 119-122.
GELA, D.; LINHART, O.; FLAJSHANS, M.; RODINA, M. 2003 Egg incubation time and hatching
success in tench Tinca tinca (L.) related to the procedure of egg stickiness elimination. Journal
of Applied Ichthyology, 19(13): 132-133.
HAINFELLNER, P.; DE SOUZA, T.G.; MOREIRA, R.G.; NAKAGHI, L.S.O.; BATLOUNI, S.R. 2012
Gonadal steroids levels and vitellogenesis in the formation of oocytes in Prochilodus lineatus
(Valenciennes) (Teleostei: Characiformes). Neotropical Ichthyology, 10(3): 601-612.
HASHIMOTO, D.T.; PRADO, F.D.; SENHORINI, J.A.; FORESTI. F.; PORTO-FORESTI, F. 2015
Aquaculture of neotropical catfish hybrids: genetic strategies for conservation and management. In: REGAN. B. Carp and Catfish: biology, behavior, and conservation strategies. Nova Science Publishers, New York. p.1-30.
HONORATO, C.A.; CANEPPELE, A.; MATOSO, J.C.; PRADO, M.R.; SIQUEIRA, M.S.; SOUZA,
L.R.O. 2014 Caracterização física de filés de Surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp.), Pacu (Piaractus
mesopotamicus) e Pirarucu (Arapaimas gigas). Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia.
UNIPAR, 17(4): 237-242.
IBGE - INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. 2015 Produção da Pecuária
Municipal. Brasília, DF. [on line] URL: <http://www.ibge.gov.br/>
JUMAWAN, J.C.; HERRERA, A.A.; VALLEJO JR., B. 2014 Embryonic and larval development of the
suckermouth sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis from Marikina River, Philippines. EurAsian Journal of Biosciences, 8(1): 38-50.
KOCHEVAR, T.K.; SCOTT, M.M. 2013 Principles of acid-base balance: fluid and electrolyte therapy.
In: RIVIERE, J.R.; PAPICH, M.G. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. John Wiley &
Sons, New Jersey. p.605-643.
KOWTAL, G.V.; CLARK, W.H.; CHERR, G.N. 1986 Elimination of adhesiveness in eggs from the
white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus: Chemical treatment of fertilized eggs. Aquaculture, 55(2): 139-143.
KUJAWA, R.; KUCHARCZYK, D.; MAMCARZ, A. 2010 The effect of tannin concentration and egg
unsticking time on the hatching success of tench Tinca tinca (L.) larvae. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 20(3): 339-343.
KURADOMI, R.Y.; DE SOUZA, T.G.; FORESTI, F.; SCHULZ, R.W.; BOGERD, J.; MOREIRA, R.G.;
FURLAN, L.R.; ALMEIDA, E.A.; MASCHIO, L.R.; BATLOUNI, S.R. 2016 Effects of restripping on the seminal characteristics of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) during the breeding season. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 225: 162-173.
LEONARDO, A.F.G.; ROMAGOSA, E.; BORELLA, M.I.; BATLOUNI, S.R. 2004 Induced spawning
of hatchery raised Brazilian catfish, cachara, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaues, 1766)
Aquaculture, 240(1-4): 451-461.
LINHART, O.; GELA, D.; FLAJSHANS, M.; DUDA, P.; RODINA, M.; NOVÁK, V. 2000 Alcalase enzyme treatment for elimination of egg stickiness in tench, Tinca tinca L. Aquaculture, 191(4): 303-308.
LINHART, O.; RODINA, M.; GELA, D.; FLAJSHANS, M.; KOCOUR, M. 2003a Enzyme treatment for
elimination of egg stickiness in tench (Tinca tinca L.), European catfish (Silurus Glanis L.) and
common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 28(1-4): 507-508.
LINHART, O.; GELA, D.; FLAJSHANS, M.; RODINA, M. 2003b Proteolytic enzyme treatment: an
improved method for elimination of egg stickiness in tench, Tinca tinca L., in aquaculture. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 19(3): 134-137.
LINHART, O.; GELA, D.; RODINA, M; KOCOUR, M. 2004 Optimization of artificial propagation in
European catfish, Silurus glanis L. Aquaculture, 235(1-4): 619-632.
MARQUES, C.; NAKAGHI, L.S.O.; FAUSTINO, F.; GANECO, L.N.; SENHORINI, J.A. 2008 Observation of the embryonic development in Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) under light and scanning electron microscopy. Zygote, 16(4): 333-342.
MYLONAS, C.C.; FOSTIER, A.; ZANUY, S. 2010 Broodstock management and hormonal manipulations of fish reproduction. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 165(3): 516-534.
MIZUNO, S.; SASAKI, Y.; OMOTO, N.; IMADA, K. 2004 Elimination of adhesiveness in the eggs of
shishamo smelt Spirinchus lanceolatus using kaolin treatment to achieve high hatching rate in
an enviroment with a high iron concentration. Aquaculture, 242(1-4): 713-726.
MONACO, G.; DOROSHOV, S.I. 1983 Mechanical de-adhesion and incubation of white sturgeon
eggs (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) in jar incubators. Aquaculture, 35(2): 117-123.
MURRAY, D.S.; BAIN, M.M.; ADAMS, C.E. 2013 Adhesion mechanisms in European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus eggs: is this a survival mechanism for high-energy spawning grounds?
Journal of Fish Biology, 83(5): 1221-1233.
NOGUEIRA, L.B.; AZEVEDO, P.G.; CANELHAS, M.R.; BEDORE, A.G.; LOPES, J.M.; GODINHO, H.P. 2012 Induced spawning and early ontogeny in hatchery-reared catfish Zungaro jahu (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 10(1): 89-98.
PEREIRA, T.S.B.; MOREIRA, R.G.; BATLOUNI, S.R. 2013 Dynamics of ovarian maturation during
the reproductive cycle of Metynnis maculatus, a reservoir invasive fish species (Teleostei:
Characiformes). Neotropical Ichthyology, 11(4): 821-830.
PRADO, F.D.; HASHIMOTO, D.T.; MENDONí"¡A, F.F.; SENHORINI, J.A.; FORESTI, F.; PORTOFORESTI, F. 2011 Molecular identification of hybrids between Neotropical catfish species Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum. Aquaculture Research, 42(12): 1890-
1894.
PORTO-FORESTI, F.; HASHIMOTO, D.T.; ALVES, A.L.; ALMEIDA, R.B.C.; SENHORINI, J.A.; BORTOLOZZI, J.; FORESTI, F. 2008 Cytogenetic markers as diagnoses in the identification of the
hybrid between Piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus) and Piapara (Leporinus elongatus). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 31(1): 195-202.
RIBEIRO, R.P. 2001 Espécies Exóticas. In: MOREIRA, H.L.M.; VARGAS, L.; RIBEIRO, R.P. Fundamentos da moderna aquicultura. ULBRA, Canoas. p.91-121.
RIZZO, E.; SATO, Y.; BARRETO, P.P.; GODINHO, H.P. 2002 Adhesiveness and surface patterns of
eggs in neotropical freshwater teleosts. Journal of Fish Biology, 61(3): 615-632.
RIZZO, E.; GODINHO, H.P. 2003 Superfície de ovos de peixes Characiformes e Siluriformes. In:
GODINHO, H.P.; GODINHO, A.L. Águas, peixes e pescadores do São Francisco das Minas Gerais.
PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte. p.115-132.
SHIMODA, E.; ANDRADE, D.R.; VIDAL JR., M.V.; GODINHO, H.P.; YASUI, G.S. 2007 Determinação
da razão ótima de espermatozoides por ovócitos de piabanha Brycon insignis (pisces - haracidae). Arquivos Brasileiros de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 59(4): 877-882.
SIDDIQUE, M.A.M.; PSENICKA, M.; COSSON, J.; DZYUBA, B.; RODINA, M.; GOLPOUR, A.; LINHART, O. 2016 Egg stickiness in artificial reproduction of sturgeon: an overview. Reviews in Aquaculture, 8(1): 18-29.
WANG, H.; RAN, J.; JIANG, T. 2014 Urea. In: YANG, B.; SANDS, J.M. Urea Transporters. Springer, Berlin. p.7-30.
WOYNAROVICH, E.; WOYNAROVICH, A. 1980 Modified technology for elimination of stickiness of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs. Aquacultura Hungarica, 2: 19-21.
WU, R.S.S. 2009 Effects of hypoxia on fish reproduction and development. In: RICHARDS, J.G.; FARREL, A.P.; BRAUNER, C.J. Fish Physiology. Academic Press, Burlington. p.79-141.
ZARSKI, D.; KREJSZEFF, S.; KUCHARCZYK, D.; PALIÅÆ’SKA, K.; TARGOÅÆ’SKA, K.; KUPREN, K.; FONTAINE, P.; KESTEMONT, P. 2015 The application of tannic acid to the elimination of egg stickiness at aried moments of the egg swelling process in pikeperch, Sander lucioperca
(L.). Aquaculture Research, 46(2): 324-334.
1-26.
BATLOUNI, S.R.; CARREí"˜O, F.R.; ROMAGOSA, E.; BORELLA, M.I. 2005 Cell junction in the germinal epithelium may play an important role in spermatogenesis of the catfish P. fasciatum (Pisces, Siluriformes). Journal of Molecular Histology, 36(1-2): 97-110.
BATLOUNI, S.R.; ROMAGOSA, E.; BORELLA, M.I. 2006 The reproductive cycle of male catfish
Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Teleostei, Pimelodidae) revealed by changes of the germinal epithelium: An approach addressed to aquaculture. Animal Reproduction Science, 96(1-2): 116-132.
BOBE, J.; LABBÉ, C. 2010 Egg and sperm quality in fish. General and Comparative Endocrinology,
165(3): 535-548.
BOMBARDELLI, R.A.; Mí–RSCHBí"žCHER, E.F.; CAMPAGNOLO, R.; SANCHES, E.A.; SYPERRECK, M.A. 2006 Dose inseminante para fertilização artificial de ovócitos de jundiá Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimardm, 1824). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 35(4): 1251-1257.
BOUCHARD, H.J.; ALOISI, D.B. 2002 Investigations in concurrent disinfection and de-adhesion of
Lake Sturgeon eggs. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 64(3): 212-216.
BUYUKHATIPOGLU, S.; HOLTZ, W. 1984 Sperm output in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): effect
of age, timing and frequency of stripping and presence of females. Aquaculture, 37(1): 63-71.
CABRITA, E.; ROBLES, V.; HERRAEZ, P. 2008 Methods in reproductive aquaculture: marine and
freshwater species. CRC Press, California. 568p.
CARRAL, J.M.; CELADA, J.D.; SAEZ-ROYUELA, M.; RODRIGUEZ, R.; AGUILERA, A.; MELENDRE,
P. 2006 Effects of four egg desticking procedures on hatching rate and further survival and
growth of larvae in the tench (Tinca tinca L.). Aquaculture Research, 37(6): 632-636.
DEMSKA-ZAKÉZ, K.; ZAKEZ, Z.; ROSZUK, J. 2005 The use of tannic acid to remove adhesiveness
from pikeperch, Sander lucioperca eggs. Aquaculture Research, 36(14): 1458-1464.
DE SOUZA, T.G.; HAINFELLNER, P.; KURADOMI, R.Y.; MUNí-Z, M.E.; HONJI, R.M.; MOREIRA,
R.G.; BATLOUNI, S.R. 2015 Inappropriate management conditions, especially for the regressed class, are related to sperm quality in Prochilodus lineatus. Theriogenology, 83(5): 797-807.
DETTLAFF, T.A.; GINSBURG, A.S.; SCHMALHAUSEN, O.I. 2012 Sturgeon Fishes: Developmental Biology and Aquaculture. Springer Science & Business Media. 300p.
DOROSHOV, S.I.; CLARK JR., W.H.; LUTES, P.B.; SWALLOW, R.L.; BEER, K.E.; MCGUIRE, A.B.;
COCHRAN, M.D. 1983 Artificial propagation of the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus
Richardson. Aquaculture, 32(1-2): 93-104.
FELEDI, T.; KUCSKA, B.; RÓNYAI, A. 2011 Effect of different fertilization and egg de-adhesion
methods on the artificial propagation of Siberian sturgeon. Archives of Polish Fisheries, 19(2): 119-122.
GELA, D.; LINHART, O.; FLAJSHANS, M.; RODINA, M. 2003 Egg incubation time and hatching
success in tench Tinca tinca (L.) related to the procedure of egg stickiness elimination. Journal
of Applied Ichthyology, 19(13): 132-133.
HAINFELLNER, P.; DE SOUZA, T.G.; MOREIRA, R.G.; NAKAGHI, L.S.O.; BATLOUNI, S.R. 2012
Gonadal steroids levels and vitellogenesis in the formation of oocytes in Prochilodus lineatus
(Valenciennes) (Teleostei: Characiformes). Neotropical Ichthyology, 10(3): 601-612.
HASHIMOTO, D.T.; PRADO, F.D.; SENHORINI, J.A.; FORESTI. F.; PORTO-FORESTI, F. 2015
Aquaculture of neotropical catfish hybrids: genetic strategies for conservation and management. In: REGAN. B. Carp and Catfish: biology, behavior, and conservation strategies. Nova Science Publishers, New York. p.1-30.
HONORATO, C.A.; CANEPPELE, A.; MATOSO, J.C.; PRADO, M.R.; SIQUEIRA, M.S.; SOUZA,
L.R.O. 2014 Caracterização física de filés de Surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp.), Pacu (Piaractus
mesopotamicus) e Pirarucu (Arapaimas gigas). Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia.
UNIPAR, 17(4): 237-242.
IBGE - INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. 2015 Produção da Pecuária
Municipal. Brasília, DF. [on line] URL: <http://www.ibge.gov.br/>
JUMAWAN, J.C.; HERRERA, A.A.; VALLEJO JR., B. 2014 Embryonic and larval development of the
suckermouth sailfin catfish Pterygoplichthys pardalis from Marikina River, Philippines. EurAsian Journal of Biosciences, 8(1): 38-50.
KOCHEVAR, T.K.; SCOTT, M.M. 2013 Principles of acid-base balance: fluid and electrolyte therapy.
In: RIVIERE, J.R.; PAPICH, M.G. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. John Wiley &
Sons, New Jersey. p.605-643.
KOWTAL, G.V.; CLARK, W.H.; CHERR, G.N. 1986 Elimination of adhesiveness in eggs from the
white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus: Chemical treatment of fertilized eggs. Aquaculture, 55(2): 139-143.
KUJAWA, R.; KUCHARCZYK, D.; MAMCARZ, A. 2010 The effect of tannin concentration and egg
unsticking time on the hatching success of tench Tinca tinca (L.) larvae. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 20(3): 339-343.
KURADOMI, R.Y.; DE SOUZA, T.G.; FORESTI, F.; SCHULZ, R.W.; BOGERD, J.; MOREIRA, R.G.;
FURLAN, L.R.; ALMEIDA, E.A.; MASCHIO, L.R.; BATLOUNI, S.R. 2016 Effects of restripping on the seminal characteristics of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) during the breeding season. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 225: 162-173.
LEONARDO, A.F.G.; ROMAGOSA, E.; BORELLA, M.I.; BATLOUNI, S.R. 2004 Induced spawning
of hatchery raised Brazilian catfish, cachara, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaues, 1766)
Aquaculture, 240(1-4): 451-461.
LINHART, O.; GELA, D.; FLAJSHANS, M.; DUDA, P.; RODINA, M.; NOVÁK, V. 2000 Alcalase enzyme treatment for elimination of egg stickiness in tench, Tinca tinca L. Aquaculture, 191(4): 303-308.
LINHART, O.; RODINA, M.; GELA, D.; FLAJSHANS, M.; KOCOUR, M. 2003a Enzyme treatment for
elimination of egg stickiness in tench (Tinca tinca L.), European catfish (Silurus Glanis L.) and
common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 28(1-4): 507-508.
LINHART, O.; GELA, D.; FLAJSHANS, M.; RODINA, M. 2003b Proteolytic enzyme treatment: an
improved method for elimination of egg stickiness in tench, Tinca tinca L., in aquaculture. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 19(3): 134-137.
LINHART, O.; GELA, D.; RODINA, M; KOCOUR, M. 2004 Optimization of artificial propagation in
European catfish, Silurus glanis L. Aquaculture, 235(1-4): 619-632.
MARQUES, C.; NAKAGHI, L.S.O.; FAUSTINO, F.; GANECO, L.N.; SENHORINI, J.A. 2008 Observation of the embryonic development in Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) under light and scanning electron microscopy. Zygote, 16(4): 333-342.
MYLONAS, C.C.; FOSTIER, A.; ZANUY, S. 2010 Broodstock management and hormonal manipulations of fish reproduction. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 165(3): 516-534.
MIZUNO, S.; SASAKI, Y.; OMOTO, N.; IMADA, K. 2004 Elimination of adhesiveness in the eggs of
shishamo smelt Spirinchus lanceolatus using kaolin treatment to achieve high hatching rate in
an enviroment with a high iron concentration. Aquaculture, 242(1-4): 713-726.
MONACO, G.; DOROSHOV, S.I. 1983 Mechanical de-adhesion and incubation of white sturgeon
eggs (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) in jar incubators. Aquaculture, 35(2): 117-123.
MURRAY, D.S.; BAIN, M.M.; ADAMS, C.E. 2013 Adhesion mechanisms in European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus eggs: is this a survival mechanism for high-energy spawning grounds?
Journal of Fish Biology, 83(5): 1221-1233.
NOGUEIRA, L.B.; AZEVEDO, P.G.; CANELHAS, M.R.; BEDORE, A.G.; LOPES, J.M.; GODINHO, H.P. 2012 Induced spawning and early ontogeny in hatchery-reared catfish Zungaro jahu (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 10(1): 89-98.
PEREIRA, T.S.B.; MOREIRA, R.G.; BATLOUNI, S.R. 2013 Dynamics of ovarian maturation during
the reproductive cycle of Metynnis maculatus, a reservoir invasive fish species (Teleostei:
Characiformes). Neotropical Ichthyology, 11(4): 821-830.
PRADO, F.D.; HASHIMOTO, D.T.; MENDONí"¡A, F.F.; SENHORINI, J.A.; FORESTI, F.; PORTOFORESTI, F. 2011 Molecular identification of hybrids between Neotropical catfish species Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum. Aquaculture Research, 42(12): 1890-
1894.
PORTO-FORESTI, F.; HASHIMOTO, D.T.; ALVES, A.L.; ALMEIDA, R.B.C.; SENHORINI, J.A.; BORTOLOZZI, J.; FORESTI, F. 2008 Cytogenetic markers as diagnoses in the identification of the
hybrid between Piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus) and Piapara (Leporinus elongatus). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 31(1): 195-202.
RIBEIRO, R.P. 2001 Espécies Exóticas. In: MOREIRA, H.L.M.; VARGAS, L.; RIBEIRO, R.P. Fundamentos da moderna aquicultura. ULBRA, Canoas. p.91-121.
RIZZO, E.; SATO, Y.; BARRETO, P.P.; GODINHO, H.P. 2002 Adhesiveness and surface patterns of
eggs in neotropical freshwater teleosts. Journal of Fish Biology, 61(3): 615-632.
RIZZO, E.; GODINHO, H.P. 2003 Superfície de ovos de peixes Characiformes e Siluriformes. In:
GODINHO, H.P.; GODINHO, A.L. Águas, peixes e pescadores do São Francisco das Minas Gerais.
PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte. p.115-132.
SHIMODA, E.; ANDRADE, D.R.; VIDAL JR., M.V.; GODINHO, H.P.; YASUI, G.S. 2007 Determinação
da razão ótima de espermatozoides por ovócitos de piabanha Brycon insignis (pisces - haracidae). Arquivos Brasileiros de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 59(4): 877-882.
SIDDIQUE, M.A.M.; PSENICKA, M.; COSSON, J.; DZYUBA, B.; RODINA, M.; GOLPOUR, A.; LINHART, O. 2016 Egg stickiness in artificial reproduction of sturgeon: an overview. Reviews in Aquaculture, 8(1): 18-29.
WANG, H.; RAN, J.; JIANG, T. 2014 Urea. In: YANG, B.; SANDS, J.M. Urea Transporters. Springer, Berlin. p.7-30.
WOYNAROVICH, E.; WOYNAROVICH, A. 1980 Modified technology for elimination of stickiness of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs. Aquacultura Hungarica, 2: 19-21.
WU, R.S.S. 2009 Effects of hypoxia on fish reproduction and development. In: RICHARDS, J.G.; FARREL, A.P.; BRAUNER, C.J. Fish Physiology. Academic Press, Burlington. p.79-141.
ZARSKI, D.; KREJSZEFF, S.; KUCHARCZYK, D.; PALIÅÆ’SKA, K.; TARGOÅÆ’SKA, K.; KUPREN, K.; FONTAINE, P.; KESTEMONT, P. 2015 The application of tannic acid to the elimination of egg stickiness at aried moments of the egg swelling process in pikeperch, Sander lucioperca
(L.). Aquaculture Research, 46(2): 324-334.
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