HELMINTHIC ENDOFAUNA OF FOUR SPECIES OF FISH FROM LOWER JARI RIVER, A TRIBUTARY OF THE AMAZON BASIN IN BRAZIL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2019.45.1.393Keywords:
Amazon, parasites, freshwater fish, hostsAbstract
Studies on parasites of wild fish populations are important for knowledge of biodiversity, since parasites represent a great fraction of the planet's biodiversity. The present study investigated the helminths fauna of Leporinus friderici, Mylossoma duriventre, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Osteoglossum bicirrhosum collected from the lower Jari River, in the state of Amapá in the eastern Amazon region, Brazil. These fish, which have varying eating habits, were caught using gill nets with different mesh sizes for analysis of helminths, using standard methodologies. The helminths collected from these hosts were: Procamallanus (Spirocamallnus) inopinatus, Guyanema seriei seriei, Contracaecum sp., Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda), Clinostomum marginatum, Dadaytrema oxycephala, Caballerotrema aruanense, Posthodiplostomum sp. (Digenea), Quadrigyrus nickoli and Neoechinorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala). Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus presented the highest prevalence, intensity and mean abundance of C. marginatum, while M. duriventre was the host with lowest level of this parasite. The greatest diversity was of Contracaecum sp., sole helminth found in all species of fish studied. The presence of larvae of endoparasites indicates that these fish are intermediate hosts in the Jari River basin.
References
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Benigno, R.N.M.; São Clemente, S.C.; Matos, E.R.; Pinto, R.M.; Gomes, D.C.; Knoff, M. 2012. Nematodes in Hoplerytrinus unitaeniatus, Hoplias malabaricus and Pygocentrus nattereri (Pisces, Characiformes) in Marajó Island, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 21(2): 165-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000200018.
Bush, A.O.; Lafferty, K.D.; Lotz, J.M.; Shostak, W. 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. The Journal of Parasitology, 83(4): 575-583. PMid:9267395. http:// dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284227.
Caffara, M.; Locke, S.A.; Gustinelli, A.; Marcogliese, D.J.; Fioravanti, M.L. 2011. Morphological and molecular differentiation of Clinostomum complanatum and Clinostomum marginatum (Digenea: Clinostomidae) metacercariae end adults. The Journal of Parasitology, 97(5): 884-891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2781.1.
Claro-Júnior, L.H.; Ferreira, E.; Zuanon, J.; Araújo-Lima, C.A.R.M. 2004. O efeito da floresta alagada na alimentação de três espécies de peixes onívoros em lagos de várzea da Amazônia central, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 34(1): 133-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672004000100018.
Dias, M.L.G.G.; Eiras, J.C.; Machado, M.H.; Souza, G.T.R.; Pavanelli, G.C. 2003. The life cycle of Clinostomum complanatum Rudolphi, 1814 (Digenea, Clinostomidae) on the floodplain of the high Paraná river, Brazil. Parasitology Research, 89(6): 506-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-002-0796-z.
Eiras, J.C.; Takemoto, R.M.; Pavanelli, G.C. 2006. Métodos de estudo e técnicas laboratoriais em parasitologia de peixes. Maringá: Ed. EDUEM; 171 p.
Epe 2010. Bacia hidrográfica do Rio Jari / PA-AP: Estudos de inventário hidrelétrico. vol. 8/9. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética; 302 p.
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Froese, R.; Pauly, D. 2017. FishBase. [online] URL: <www.fishbase.org>.
Fujimoto, R.Y.; Barros, Z.M.N.; Diniz, D.G.; Marinho-Filho, A.N.; Eiras, J.C. 2013. First occurrence of Quadrigyrus nickoli (Acanthocephala) in the ornamental fish Hyphessobrycon eques. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 22(1): 110-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000100020.
Guidelli, G.; Tavechio, W.L.G.; Takemoto, R.M.; Pavanelli, G.C. 2006. Fauna parasitária de Leporinus lacustris e Leporinus friderici (Characiformes, Anostomidae) da planície de inundação do alto Rio Paraná, Brasil. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 28(3): 281-290. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v28i3.228.
Klaas, E.E. 1963. Ecology of the trematode Clinostomum marginatum, and its hosts in eastern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 66(3): 519-538. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3626552
Kohn, A.; Fernandes, B.M.M.; Cohen, S. 2007. South American trematodes parasites of fishes. Rio de Janeiro; 318 p.
Lizama, M.A.P.; Takemoto, R.M.; Pavanelli, G. 2008. Ecological aspects of metazoan parasites of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Characidae) of the upper Paraná river floodplain, Brazil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34(4): 527-533.
Luque J.L.; Aguiar, J.C.; Vieira, F.M.; Gibson, D.I.; Santos, C.P. 2011. Checklist of Nematoda associated with the fishes of Brazil. Zootaxa, 3082(10): 1-88.
Martins, M.L.; Santos, R.S.; Marengoni, N.G.; Takahashi, H.K.; Onaka, E.M. 2009 Seasonality of Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) larvae in fishes from Paraná river, South-Estern Brazil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 35(1): 29-37.
Meneguetti, D.U.O.; Laray, M.P.O.; Camargo, L.M.A. 2013. Primeiro relato de larvas de Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) em Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) no Estado de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil. Revista Pan-Amazônica de Saúde, 4(3): 55-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5123/S2176-62232013000300008.
Moravec, F. 2009. Experimental studies on the development of Contracaecum rudolphii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in copepod and fish paratenic hosts. Folia Parasitologica, 56(3): 185-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2009.023.
Moravec, F. 1998. Nematodes of freshwater fishes of the Neotropical region. Academia: Praha, hard cover 64 p.
Moravec, F. 2004. Some aspects of the taxonomy and biology of dracunculoid nematodes parasitic in fishes: a review. Folia Parasitologica, 51(1): 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2004.001.
Moreira, L.H.A.; Takemoto, R.M.; Yamada, F.H.; Ceschini, T.L.; Pavanelli, G.C. 2009. Ecological aspects of metazoan endoparasites of Metynnis lippincottianus (Cope, 1870) (Characidae) from upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Helminthologia, 46(4): 214-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-009-0040-9.
Navone, G.T.; Etchegoin, J.A.; Cremonte, F. 2000. Contracaecum multipapillatum (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from Egretta alba (Aves: Ardeidae) and comments on other species of this genus in Argentina. The Journal of Parasitology, 86(4): 807-810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0807:CMNAFE]2.0.CO;2
Oliveira, M.S.B.; Gonçalves, R.A.; Neves, L.R.; Tavares-Dias, M. 2015. Endohelmintos parasitos de Metynnis hypsauchen (Characidae) da bacia do Rio Jari, Amazônia brasileira. Neotropical helminthology, 9(2): 235-242.
Oliveira, M.S.B.; Tavares-Dias, M. 2016. Communities of parasite metazoans in Piaractus brachypomus (Pisces, Serrasalmidae) in the lower Amazon River (Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 25(2): 151-157. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016022
Oliveira, M.S.B.; Gonçalves, R.A.; Ferreira, D.O.; Pinheiro, D.A.; Neves, L.R.; Dias, M.K.R.; Tavares-Dias, M. 2017. Metazoan parasite communities of wild Leporinus friderici (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from Amazon River system in Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 52(2): 146-156. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/01650521.2017.1312776
Oliveira, M.S.B.; Corrêa, L.L.; Prestes, L.; Neves, L.R.; Brasiliense, A.R.P.; Ferreira, D.O.; Tavares-Dias, M. 2018. Comparison of the endoparasite fauna of Hoplias malabaricus and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Erythrinidae), sympatric hosts in the eastern Amazon region (Brazil). Helminthologia, 55(2): 157-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2018-0003
Petter, A.J. 1974. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Characidac, Cypriniformes) en Guyane; création d'une nouvelle famille: les Guyanemidae (Dracunculoidea). Zoologie, 156(7): 803-812.
Ritossa, L.; Flores, V.R.; Viozzi, G. 2013. Life cycle of a Posthodiplostomum species (Digenea: Diplostomidae) in Patagonia, Argentina. The Journal of Parasitology, 99(5): 777-780. https://doi.org/10.1645/12-170.1.
Rohde, K.; Hayward, C.; Heap, M. 1995. Aspects of the ecology of metazoan ectoparasites of marine fishes. Internatinal Journal for Parasitology, 25(8), 945-970. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(95)00015-T.
Santos, G.M.; Ferreira, E.J.G.; Zuanon, J.A.S. 2006. Peixes comerciais de Manaus. Manaus: Ibama/AM-PróVárzea, 144 p.
Schmidt, G.D. 1985 Development and Life Cycles: [Chapter 8 in Biology of the Acanthocephala]. Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, 504. [online] URL: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ parasitology facpubs/504.
Schmidt, G.D.; Hugghins, E.J. 1973. Acanthocephala of South American Fishes. Part I, Eoacanthocephala. The Journal of Parasitology, 59(5): 829-835. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/3278417
Silva, E.F.; Tavares-Dias, M. 2012. Infection by helminths in Mylossoma duriventre Cuvier, 1817, a characid from the central Amazon, Brazil. Neotropical helminthology, 6(1): 67-73.
Soares, M.G.M.; Costa, E.L.; Siqueira-Souza, F.K.; Anjos, H.D.B.; Yamamoto, K.C.; Freitas, C.E.C. 2011. Peixes de lagos do médio Rio Solimões. 2nd ed. Manaus: Instituto Piatam: 160 p.
Takemoto, R.M.; Pavanelli, G.C.; Lizama, M.A.P.; Lacerda, A.C.F.; Yamada, F.H.; Moreira, L.H.A. 2009. Diversity of parasites of fish from the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Brazilian Journal Biology, 69(2, Suppl.): 691-705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000300023
Taraschewski, H. 2008. Acanthocephala. In: Eiras JC, Segner H, Wahli T, Kapoor BG. Fish diseases. Enfield: Science Publishers, 1025-1062 p.
Tavares-Dias, M.; Sousa, T.J.S.M.; Neves, L.R. 2014. Parasitic Infections in two benthopelagic fish from Amazon: The Arowana Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Osteoglossidae) and Oscar Astronotus ocellatus (Cichlidae). Biosci Journal. 30(2): 546-555.
Thatcher, V.E. 1980. Duas novas espécies de Caballerotrema (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) do pirarucu e aruanã (Osteoglossidae), com uma redefinição do gênero e uma redescrição de Caballerotrema brasiliense Prudhoe, 1960. Acta Amazonica, 10(2): 419-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921980102419
Thatcher V.E. 2006. Amazon fish parasites. 2nd ed. Moscow: Sofia, 507 p.
Vicente, J.J.; Pinto, R.M. 1999. Nematoides do Brasil. Nematoides de peixes Atualização: 1985-1998. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16(3): 561-610. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1590/S0101-81751999000300001.
Alcí¢ntara, N.M.; Tavares-Dias, M. 2015. Structure of the parasites communities in two Erythrinidae fish from Amazon River system (Brazil). Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 24(2) 183-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015039.
Amapá 2012. Áreas protegidas do Estado do Amapá. Macapá: Coordenação geoprocessamento e tecnologia da informação ambiental (CGTIA); 113 p.
Ambiental 2013. Programa de Monitoramento da Ictiofauna - Ahe Santo Antônio do Jari. Consultoria, Estudos e Projetos Ltda; 199 p.
Barros, L.A.; Filho, J.M.; Oliveira, R.L. 2006. Nematóides com potencial zoonótico em peixes com importí¢ncia econômica provenientes do rio Cuiabá. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Veterinária, 13(1): 55-57. https://doi.org/10.22409/rbcv.v13i1.453.
Benigno, R.N.M.; São Clemente, S.C.; Matos, E.R.; Pinto, R.M.; Gomes, D.C.; Knoff, M. 2012. Nematodes in Hoplerytrinus unitaeniatus, Hoplias malabaricus and Pygocentrus nattereri (Pisces, Characiformes) in Marajó Island, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 21(2): 165-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612012000200018.
Bush, A.O.; Lafferty, K.D.; Lotz, J.M.; Shostak, W. 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. The Journal of Parasitology, 83(4): 575-583. PMid:9267395. http:// dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284227.
Caffara, M.; Locke, S.A.; Gustinelli, A.; Marcogliese, D.J.; Fioravanti, M.L. 2011. Morphological and molecular differentiation of Clinostomum complanatum and Clinostomum marginatum (Digenea: Clinostomidae) metacercariae end adults. The Journal of Parasitology, 97(5): 884-891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2781.1.
Claro-Júnior, L.H.; Ferreira, E.; Zuanon, J.; Araújo-Lima, C.A.R.M. 2004. O efeito da floresta alagada na alimentação de três espécies de peixes onívoros em lagos de várzea da Amazônia central, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 34(1): 133-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672004000100018.
Dias, M.L.G.G.; Eiras, J.C.; Machado, M.H.; Souza, G.T.R.; Pavanelli, G.C. 2003. The life cycle of Clinostomum complanatum Rudolphi, 1814 (Digenea, Clinostomidae) on the floodplain of the high Paraná river, Brazil. Parasitology Research, 89(6): 506-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-002-0796-z.
Eiras, J.C.; Takemoto, R.M.; Pavanelli, G.C. 2006. Métodos de estudo e técnicas laboratoriais em parasitologia de peixes. Maringá: Ed. EDUEM; 171 p.
Epe 2010. Bacia hidrográfica do Rio Jari / PA-AP: Estudos de inventário hidrelétrico. vol. 8/9. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética; 302 p.
Epe 2011. Estudo de inventário hidrelétrico/Relatório final: Avaliação ambiental integrada. vol. 1/2. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética; 302 p.
Froese, R.; Pauly, D. 2017. FishBase. [online] URL: <www.fishbase.org>.
Fujimoto, R.Y.; Barros, Z.M.N.; Diniz, D.G.; Marinho-Filho, A.N.; Eiras, J.C. 2013. First occurrence of Quadrigyrus nickoli (Acanthocephala) in the ornamental fish Hyphessobrycon eques. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 22(1): 110-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000100020.
Guidelli, G.; Tavechio, W.L.G.; Takemoto, R.M.; Pavanelli, G.C. 2006. Fauna parasitária de Leporinus lacustris e Leporinus friderici (Characiformes, Anostomidae) da planície de inundação do alto Rio Paraná, Brasil. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 28(3): 281-290. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v28i3.228.
Klaas, E.E. 1963. Ecology of the trematode Clinostomum marginatum, and its hosts in eastern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 66(3): 519-538. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3626552
Kohn, A.; Fernandes, B.M.M.; Cohen, S. 2007. South American trematodes parasites of fishes. Rio de Janeiro; 318 p.
Lizama, M.A.P.; Takemoto, R.M.; Pavanelli, G. 2008. Ecological aspects of metazoan parasites of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Characidae) of the upper Paraná river floodplain, Brazil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34(4): 527-533.
Luque J.L.; Aguiar, J.C.; Vieira, F.M.; Gibson, D.I.; Santos, C.P. 2011. Checklist of Nematoda associated with the fishes of Brazil. Zootaxa, 3082(10): 1-88.
Martins, M.L.; Santos, R.S.; Marengoni, N.G.; Takahashi, H.K.; Onaka, E.M. 2009 Seasonality of Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) larvae in fishes from Paraná river, South-Estern Brazil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 35(1): 29-37.
Meneguetti, D.U.O.; Laray, M.P.O.; Camargo, L.M.A. 2013. Primeiro relato de larvas de Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) em Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) no Estado de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil. Revista Pan-Amazônica de Saúde, 4(3): 55-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5123/S2176-62232013000300008.
Moravec, F. 2009. Experimental studies on the development of Contracaecum rudolphii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in copepod and fish paratenic hosts. Folia Parasitologica, 56(3): 185-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2009.023.
Moravec, F. 1998. Nematodes of freshwater fishes of the Neotropical region. Academia: Praha, hard cover 64 p.
Moravec, F. 2004. Some aspects of the taxonomy and biology of dracunculoid nematodes parasitic in fishes: a review. Folia Parasitologica, 51(1): 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2004.001.
Moreira, L.H.A.; Takemoto, R.M.; Yamada, F.H.; Ceschini, T.L.; Pavanelli, G.C. 2009. Ecological aspects of metazoan endoparasites of Metynnis lippincottianus (Cope, 1870) (Characidae) from upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Helminthologia, 46(4): 214-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-009-0040-9.
Navone, G.T.; Etchegoin, J.A.; Cremonte, F. 2000. Contracaecum multipapillatum (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from Egretta alba (Aves: Ardeidae) and comments on other species of this genus in Argentina. The Journal of Parasitology, 86(4): 807-810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0807:CMNAFE]2.0.CO;2
Oliveira, M.S.B.; Gonçalves, R.A.; Neves, L.R.; Tavares-Dias, M. 2015. Endohelmintos parasitos de Metynnis hypsauchen (Characidae) da bacia do Rio Jari, Amazônia brasileira. Neotropical helminthology, 9(2): 235-242.
Oliveira, M.S.B.; Tavares-Dias, M. 2016. Communities of parasite metazoans in Piaractus brachypomus (Pisces, Serrasalmidae) in the lower Amazon River (Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 25(2): 151-157. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016022
Oliveira, M.S.B.; Gonçalves, R.A.; Ferreira, D.O.; Pinheiro, D.A.; Neves, L.R.; Dias, M.K.R.; Tavares-Dias, M. 2017. Metazoan parasite communities of wild Leporinus friderici (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from Amazon River system in Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 52(2): 146-156. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/01650521.2017.1312776
Oliveira, M.S.B.; Corrêa, L.L.; Prestes, L.; Neves, L.R.; Brasiliense, A.R.P.; Ferreira, D.O.; Tavares-Dias, M. 2018. Comparison of the endoparasite fauna of Hoplias malabaricus and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Erythrinidae), sympatric hosts in the eastern Amazon region (Brazil). Helminthologia, 55(2): 157-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2018-0003
Petter, A.J. 1974. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Characidac, Cypriniformes) en Guyane; création d'une nouvelle famille: les Guyanemidae (Dracunculoidea). Zoologie, 156(7): 803-812.
Ritossa, L.; Flores, V.R.; Viozzi, G. 2013. Life cycle of a Posthodiplostomum species (Digenea: Diplostomidae) in Patagonia, Argentina. The Journal of Parasitology, 99(5): 777-780. https://doi.org/10.1645/12-170.1.
Rohde, K.; Hayward, C.; Heap, M. 1995. Aspects of the ecology of metazoan ectoparasites of marine fishes. Internatinal Journal for Parasitology, 25(8), 945-970. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(95)00015-T.
Santos, G.M.; Ferreira, E.J.G.; Zuanon, J.A.S. 2006. Peixes comerciais de Manaus. Manaus: Ibama/AM-PróVárzea, 144 p.
Schmidt, G.D. 1985 Development and Life Cycles: [Chapter 8 in Biology of the Acanthocephala]. Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, 504. [online] URL: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ parasitology facpubs/504.
Schmidt, G.D.; Hugghins, E.J. 1973. Acanthocephala of South American Fishes. Part I, Eoacanthocephala. The Journal of Parasitology, 59(5): 829-835. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/3278417
Silva, E.F.; Tavares-Dias, M. 2012. Infection by helminths in Mylossoma duriventre Cuvier, 1817, a characid from the central Amazon, Brazil. Neotropical helminthology, 6(1): 67-73.
Soares, M.G.M.; Costa, E.L.; Siqueira-Souza, F.K.; Anjos, H.D.B.; Yamamoto, K.C.; Freitas, C.E.C. 2011. Peixes de lagos do médio Rio Solimões. 2nd ed. Manaus: Instituto Piatam: 160 p.
Takemoto, R.M.; Pavanelli, G.C.; Lizama, M.A.P.; Lacerda, A.C.F.; Yamada, F.H.; Moreira, L.H.A. 2009. Diversity of parasites of fish from the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Brazilian Journal Biology, 69(2, Suppl.): 691-705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000300023
Taraschewski, H. 2008. Acanthocephala. In: Eiras JC, Segner H, Wahli T, Kapoor BG. Fish diseases. Enfield: Science Publishers, 1025-1062 p.
Tavares-Dias, M.; Sousa, T.J.S.M.; Neves, L.R. 2014. Parasitic Infections in two benthopelagic fish from Amazon: The Arowana Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Osteoglossidae) and Oscar Astronotus ocellatus (Cichlidae). Biosci Journal. 30(2): 546-555.
Thatcher, V.E. 1980. Duas novas espécies de Caballerotrema (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) do pirarucu e aruanã (Osteoglossidae), com uma redefinição do gênero e uma redescrição de Caballerotrema brasiliense Prudhoe, 1960. Acta Amazonica, 10(2): 419-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921980102419
Thatcher V.E. 2006. Amazon fish parasites. 2nd ed. Moscow: Sofia, 507 p.
Vicente, J.J.; Pinto, R.M. 1999. Nematoides do Brasil. Nematoides de peixes Atualização: 1985-1998. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16(3): 561-610. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1590/S0101-81751999000300001.
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2019-02-13
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