Importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids present in pond-reared and wild fish for human nutrition
Keywords:
fish, omega-3, EPA, DHA, essential fatty acids, human nutritionAbstract
The present review article deals with the importance of omega-3 fatty acids in human nutrition, as well as with fish consumption as a functional food in the prevention of certain diseases that currently affect man. Studies have demonstrated that some pond-reared fish contain larger amounts of fatty acids n-3 in their meat, when compared to fish captured in the natural environment. Consequently, fish reared in captivity can supply more Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) n-3 per consumed gram, than the wild one. This fact becomes an advantage to fish farming and an incentive for the development of aquaculture techniques, which, in turn, facilitates product standardization for international trade.
References
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ANDRADE, A.D.; RUBIRA, A.F.; MATSUSHITA, M.; SOUZA, N.E.1995 Omega-3 fatty acids in freshwater fish from south Brazil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72: 1207-1210.
ANDRADE, D.A.; VISENTAINER, V.J.; MATSHUSHITA, M.; de SOUZA, E. 1997 Omega-3 fatty acids in baked freshwater fish from south of Brazil. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 47 (1): 73:76.
BELADA, M.C.R. e CAMPOS, M.A.P. 1991 Ácidos graxos essenciais em nutrição: uma visão atualizada. Ciênc.
Tecnol. Aliment., 11: 5-33.
BELL, M.V.; HENDERSON, R.J.; SARGENT, J.R. 1986 Minireview. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 83B: 711-719.
BNF 1992 Unsaturated fatty acids: Nutritional and physiological significance. The report of the British
Nutrition Foundation’s task force.
BURR, G.O. e BURR, M.M. 1929 A new deficiency disease produced by rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J. Biol. Chem., 82: 345-367. A importí¢ncia dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados presentes em peixes
CHANMUGAM, P.; BOUDREAU, M.; HWANG, D.H. 1986 Differences in the n-3 fatty acid contents in pondreared and wild fish and shellfish. J. Food Sci., 51: 1556-1557.
CHAWFORD, M.A. 1992 The role of dietary fatty acids in biology: Their place in the evolution of the human brain. Nutr. Rev., 50: 3-11.
CONNOR, W.E. 2000 Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71(suppl):171s-175s.
CUNNANE, S.C. 1999 Modeling human infant requirements for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition, 82:163-164.
FAST FORWARD INTO FUNCTIONAL FOODS. 1995 Prepared Foods. New York: Virginia Dare Company Inc. p.38-48.
FAO/WHO 1994 Lipids in early development in fats and oil in human nutrition. n.57. p.49-55.
HARRIS, W.S. 1999 Nonpharmacologic treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: focus on fish oils. Clin.Cardiol., 22(suppl. II): 40-43.
HEARN, T.L.; SGOUTAS, S.A.; HEARN, J.A.; SGOUTAS, D.S. 1987 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and fat in fish flesh
for selecting species for health benefits. J. Food Sci., 52: 1209-1211.
HIRAYARA, T. 1994 Japanese studies on diet and cancer. In: HILL, M.J.; GIACOSA, A.; CAYGILL, C.P.J. eds. Epidemiology of diet and cancer. Chichester: Ellis Horwood. p.17-64.
JAHNCKE, M.L.; HALE, M.B.; GOOCH, J.A.; ANDHOPKINS, J.S. 1988 Comparison of pondraised and wild red
drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) with respect to proximate composition, fatty acid profiles, and sensory evaluations. J. Food Sci., 53: 286-287
JOSUPEIT, H.; LEM, A.; LUPIN, H. 2001 Aquaculture products: quality, safety, marketing and trade. In: R.P. SUBASINGHE, P. BUENO, M.J. PHILLIPS, C. HOUGH, S.E. MCGLADDERY, J.R. ARTHUR eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Bangkok: NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome, 20-25
February. p.249-257.
KINSELLA, J.E. 1990 Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 52: 1-28.
KRIS-ETHERTON, P.M.; SHAFFER, T.D.; YU-POTH, S.; HUTH, P.; MORIARTY, K.; FISHELLL, V.; HARGROVE, L.R.; ZHAO,
G.; ETHERTON, D.T. 2000 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am. J.
Clin. Nutr., 71: (suppl): 179s-188s.
LANDS, W.E.M. 1986 Fish in human health. Orlando: Academic Press, Florida.167p.
LIN, D.S.; CONNOR, W.E.; WOLF, D.P.; NEURINGER, M.; HACHEY, D. L. 1993 Unique lipids of primate spermatozoa: demosterol and docosahexaenoic acid. J. Lipid Res., 34: 491-499.
MAIA, E.L.; CARVALHO, N.L.; OGAWA, N.B.P.; UEDA, B.; YAMASHI, T.; WATANABE, E.; OGAWA, M. 1998 Fatty acids composition of Amazon river fishes. In: BRAZILIAN CONGRESS OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 16, Rio de Janeiro, 1998.Annals... Rio de Janeiro. p.1154-1157.
________; RODRIGEZ-AMAYA, D.B.; FACO, M.R.B. 1994 Fatty acids of the total, neutral, and phospholipids of the Brazilian freshwater fish Prochilodus scrofa. J. Food Comp. Anal.,7: 240-251.
MAYSER, P.; MROWIETZ, U.; ARENBERGER, P.; BARTAK, P.; BUCHVALD, J., CRISTHOPHER, E.; JABLONSKA, S.; SALMOHOFER, W.; SCHILL, W.B.; KRAMER, H.J.; SCHLOTZER, E.; MAYER, K.; SEEGER, W.; GRIMMINGER, F. 1998 Omega-3 fatty acid-based lipid infusion in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 38: 421.
MENEGALDO, T.J. 1999 Enriquecimento de alimentos com ácidos graxos n-3. Engenharia de Alimentos, 27: 2.
METZ, D.A.; KRIST-THERTON, P.M.; MORRIS, C.D.; MU STAD, V.A.; STERN, J.S.; OPARIL, S.; CHAIT, A.; HAYNES,
R.B.; RSNICK, L.M.; CLARK, S.; HATTON, D.C.; MCMAHON, M.; HOLCOMB, S.; SNYDER, G.W.; PISUNYER, X.; MCARRON, D.A. 1997 Dietary compliance and cardiovascular risk reduction with a prepared meal plan compared with a self-selected diet.Am. J. Clin. Nutr., Bethesda, 66: 373-385.
MEYDANI, M. 2000 Omega-3 fatty acids alter soluble markers of endothelial function in coronary heath disease patients. Nutrition Reviews, 58(2): 56-59. SUÁREZ-MAHECHA et al.
MOREIRA, A.B.; VISENTAINER, J.V.; de SOUZA, N.;MATSUSHITA, M. 2001 Fatty Acids Profile and Cholesterol Contents of Three Brazilian Brycon Freshwater Fishes. J. Food Comp. Anal., 14:565-574.
NETTLETON, J.A. 1985 Seafood nutrition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 362p.
NEURINGER, M.; CONNOR, W.E.; LINS, D.S.; BARSTAD, L.; LUCK, S. 1986 Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal omega-3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 83: 4021-4025.
NEWTON, I.S. 1996 Food enrichment with long-chain n-3 PUFA. Food Technology, 7(2): 169-177.
PIGOTT, G.M. e TUCKER, W.B. 1990 Seafood effects of technology on nutrition. In: MARCEL DEKKER, Inc.
p.263.
RAMOS FILHO, M.M.; FERREIRA, A.A.; RAMOS, M.I.L.; HIANE, PA. 2001 Alimentos para o século 21 í desafios e tendências para a América Latina. In: SIMPÓSIO LATINO AMERICANO DE CIíÅ NCIA DE ALIMENTOS, 4, 2001. p.43.
SAITO, H.; YAMASHIRO, R.; ALASALVAR, C.; KONNO, T. 1999 Influence of diet on fatty acids of three subtropical
fish, subfamily Caesioninae (Caesio diagramma and C. tile) and family Siganidae (Siganus canaliculatus).Lipids, 34: 1073-1082.
SANDER, A.B.T. 2000 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in Europe. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,71(suppl): 176s-178s.
SATOH, S.; POE, W.E.; WILSON, R.P. 1989 Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on weight gain and liver polar lipid fatty acid composition of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutrition, 119: 23-28.
SCHMIDT, E.B. e DYERBERG, J. 1994 Omega-3 fatty acids current status in cardiovascular medicine.Drugs, 47: 405-424.
SIMOPOULOS, A.P. e SALEM, N.J. 1989 Purslane: a terrestrial source of omega-3 fatty acids. N. Engl. J. Med.,
321: 1412-1415.
SIMOPOULOS, A. 1990 Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Nutrition and aging, 1:129-156.
STANSBY, M.E. 1982 Properties of fish oils and their application to handling of fish and to nutritional and industry use, in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Marine Food Products. In: MARTIN, R.E.; FLICK,G.J.; HEBARD, C.E.; WARD, D.R. Eds. Wesport: AVI Publishing, CT. p.75.
STICKNEY, R.R.M. e ANDREWS, J.W. 1972 Effects of dietary lipids on growth, food conversion, lipid and fatty acid composition of channel catfish.J. Nutrition, 102: 249-258.
SUGANO, M. e HIRAHARA, F. 2000 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in Japan. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,
71(suppl): 189s-196s.
SUZUKI, H.; OKAZAKI, K.; HAYAKAWA, S.; WADA,S.; TAMURA, S. 1986 Influence of commercial dietary fatty acids on polyunsaturated fatty acids of cultured freshwater fish and comparison with those of wild fish of the same
species. J. Agric.Food Chem., 34: 58-60.
VANNUCCHI, H. 1990 Aplicações das recomen-dações nutricionais adaptadas í população brasileira.Cadernos de Nutrição, São Paulo, 2: 63-67.
VANVLIET, T. e KATAN, M.B. 1990 Lower ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids in cultured than in wild fish. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 51: 1-2
WARD, O.P. 1995 Microbial production of long-chain PUFAs. Biotechnology Inform, 6(6): 683-687.
WEBER, P.C. e LEAF, A. 1991 World. Rev. Nutr. Diet.,66: 218.
WILEY, J. e SONS 1979 Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. In: SWERN, D. Ed. Structure and composition of fats and oils. v.1, 841p.
ANDRADE, A.D.; RUBIRA, A.F.; MATSUSHITA, M.; SOUZA, N.E.1995 Omega-3 fatty acids in freshwater fish from south Brazil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72: 1207-1210.
ANDRADE, D.A.; VISENTAINER, V.J.; MATSHUSHITA, M.; de SOUZA, E. 1997 Omega-3 fatty acids in baked freshwater fish from south of Brazil. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 47 (1): 73:76.
BELADA, M.C.R. e CAMPOS, M.A.P. 1991 Ácidos graxos essenciais em nutrição: uma visão atualizada. Ciênc.
Tecnol. Aliment., 11: 5-33.
BELL, M.V.; HENDERSON, R.J.; SARGENT, J.R. 1986 Minireview. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 83B: 711-719.
BNF 1992 Unsaturated fatty acids: Nutritional and physiological significance. The report of the British
Nutrition Foundation’s task force.
BURR, G.O. e BURR, M.M. 1929 A new deficiency disease produced by rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J. Biol. Chem., 82: 345-367. A importí¢ncia dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados presentes em peixes
CHANMUGAM, P.; BOUDREAU, M.; HWANG, D.H. 1986 Differences in the n-3 fatty acid contents in pondreared and wild fish and shellfish. J. Food Sci., 51: 1556-1557.
CHAWFORD, M.A. 1992 The role of dietary fatty acids in biology: Their place in the evolution of the human brain. Nutr. Rev., 50: 3-11.
CONNOR, W.E. 2000 Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71(suppl):171s-175s.
CUNNANE, S.C. 1999 Modeling human infant requirements for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition, 82:163-164.
FAST FORWARD INTO FUNCTIONAL FOODS. 1995 Prepared Foods. New York: Virginia Dare Company Inc. p.38-48.
FAO/WHO 1994 Lipids in early development in fats and oil in human nutrition. n.57. p.49-55.
HARRIS, W.S. 1999 Nonpharmacologic treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: focus on fish oils. Clin.Cardiol., 22(suppl. II): 40-43.
HEARN, T.L.; SGOUTAS, S.A.; HEARN, J.A.; SGOUTAS, D.S. 1987 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and fat in fish flesh
for selecting species for health benefits. J. Food Sci., 52: 1209-1211.
HIRAYARA, T. 1994 Japanese studies on diet and cancer. In: HILL, M.J.; GIACOSA, A.; CAYGILL, C.P.J. eds. Epidemiology of diet and cancer. Chichester: Ellis Horwood. p.17-64.
JAHNCKE, M.L.; HALE, M.B.; GOOCH, J.A.; ANDHOPKINS, J.S. 1988 Comparison of pondraised and wild red
drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) with respect to proximate composition, fatty acid profiles, and sensory evaluations. J. Food Sci., 53: 286-287
JOSUPEIT, H.; LEM, A.; LUPIN, H. 2001 Aquaculture products: quality, safety, marketing and trade. In: R.P. SUBASINGHE, P. BUENO, M.J. PHILLIPS, C. HOUGH, S.E. MCGLADDERY, J.R. ARTHUR eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Bangkok: NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome, 20-25
February. p.249-257.
KINSELLA, J.E. 1990 Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 52: 1-28.
KRIS-ETHERTON, P.M.; SHAFFER, T.D.; YU-POTH, S.; HUTH, P.; MORIARTY, K.; FISHELLL, V.; HARGROVE, L.R.; ZHAO,
G.; ETHERTON, D.T. 2000 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am. J.
Clin. Nutr., 71: (suppl): 179s-188s.
LANDS, W.E.M. 1986 Fish in human health. Orlando: Academic Press, Florida.167p.
LIN, D.S.; CONNOR, W.E.; WOLF, D.P.; NEURINGER, M.; HACHEY, D. L. 1993 Unique lipids of primate spermatozoa: demosterol and docosahexaenoic acid. J. Lipid Res., 34: 491-499.
MAIA, E.L.; CARVALHO, N.L.; OGAWA, N.B.P.; UEDA, B.; YAMASHI, T.; WATANABE, E.; OGAWA, M. 1998 Fatty acids composition of Amazon river fishes. In: BRAZILIAN CONGRESS OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 16, Rio de Janeiro, 1998.Annals... Rio de Janeiro. p.1154-1157.
________; RODRIGEZ-AMAYA, D.B.; FACO, M.R.B. 1994 Fatty acids of the total, neutral, and phospholipids of the Brazilian freshwater fish Prochilodus scrofa. J. Food Comp. Anal.,7: 240-251.
MAYSER, P.; MROWIETZ, U.; ARENBERGER, P.; BARTAK, P.; BUCHVALD, J., CRISTHOPHER, E.; JABLONSKA, S.; SALMOHOFER, W.; SCHILL, W.B.; KRAMER, H.J.; SCHLOTZER, E.; MAYER, K.; SEEGER, W.; GRIMMINGER, F. 1998 Omega-3 fatty acid-based lipid infusion in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 38: 421.
MENEGALDO, T.J. 1999 Enriquecimento de alimentos com ácidos graxos n-3. Engenharia de Alimentos, 27: 2.
METZ, D.A.; KRIST-THERTON, P.M.; MORRIS, C.D.; MU STAD, V.A.; STERN, J.S.; OPARIL, S.; CHAIT, A.; HAYNES,
R.B.; RSNICK, L.M.; CLARK, S.; HATTON, D.C.; MCMAHON, M.; HOLCOMB, S.; SNYDER, G.W.; PISUNYER, X.; MCARRON, D.A. 1997 Dietary compliance and cardiovascular risk reduction with a prepared meal plan compared with a self-selected diet.Am. J. Clin. Nutr., Bethesda, 66: 373-385.
MEYDANI, M. 2000 Omega-3 fatty acids alter soluble markers of endothelial function in coronary heath disease patients. Nutrition Reviews, 58(2): 56-59. SUÁREZ-MAHECHA et al.
MOREIRA, A.B.; VISENTAINER, J.V.; de SOUZA, N.;MATSUSHITA, M. 2001 Fatty Acids Profile and Cholesterol Contents of Three Brazilian Brycon Freshwater Fishes. J. Food Comp. Anal., 14:565-574.
NETTLETON, J.A. 1985 Seafood nutrition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 362p.
NEURINGER, M.; CONNOR, W.E.; LINS, D.S.; BARSTAD, L.; LUCK, S. 1986 Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal omega-3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 83: 4021-4025.
NEWTON, I.S. 1996 Food enrichment with long-chain n-3 PUFA. Food Technology, 7(2): 169-177.
PIGOTT, G.M. e TUCKER, W.B. 1990 Seafood effects of technology on nutrition. In: MARCEL DEKKER, Inc.
p.263.
RAMOS FILHO, M.M.; FERREIRA, A.A.; RAMOS, M.I.L.; HIANE, PA. 2001 Alimentos para o século 21 í desafios e tendências para a América Latina. In: SIMPÓSIO LATINO AMERICANO DE CIíÅ NCIA DE ALIMENTOS, 4, 2001. p.43.
SAITO, H.; YAMASHIRO, R.; ALASALVAR, C.; KONNO, T. 1999 Influence of diet on fatty acids of three subtropical
fish, subfamily Caesioninae (Caesio diagramma and C. tile) and family Siganidae (Siganus canaliculatus).Lipids, 34: 1073-1082.
SANDER, A.B.T. 2000 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in Europe. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,71(suppl): 176s-178s.
SATOH, S.; POE, W.E.; WILSON, R.P. 1989 Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on weight gain and liver polar lipid fatty acid composition of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutrition, 119: 23-28.
SCHMIDT, E.B. e DYERBERG, J. 1994 Omega-3 fatty acids current status in cardiovascular medicine.Drugs, 47: 405-424.
SIMOPOULOS, A.P. e SALEM, N.J. 1989 Purslane: a terrestrial source of omega-3 fatty acids. N. Engl. J. Med.,
321: 1412-1415.
SIMOPOULOS, A. 1990 Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Nutrition and aging, 1:129-156.
STANSBY, M.E. 1982 Properties of fish oils and their application to handling of fish and to nutritional and industry use, in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Marine Food Products. In: MARTIN, R.E.; FLICK,G.J.; HEBARD, C.E.; WARD, D.R. Eds. Wesport: AVI Publishing, CT. p.75.
STICKNEY, R.R.M. e ANDREWS, J.W. 1972 Effects of dietary lipids on growth, food conversion, lipid and fatty acid composition of channel catfish.J. Nutrition, 102: 249-258.
SUGANO, M. e HIRAHARA, F. 2000 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in Japan. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,
71(suppl): 189s-196s.
SUZUKI, H.; OKAZAKI, K.; HAYAKAWA, S.; WADA,S.; TAMURA, S. 1986 Influence of commercial dietary fatty acids on polyunsaturated fatty acids of cultured freshwater fish and comparison with those of wild fish of the same
species. J. Agric.Food Chem., 34: 58-60.
VANNUCCHI, H. 1990 Aplicações das recomen-dações nutricionais adaptadas í população brasileira.Cadernos de Nutrição, São Paulo, 2: 63-67.
VANVLIET, T. e KATAN, M.B. 1990 Lower ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids in cultured than in wild fish. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 51: 1-2
WARD, O.P. 1995 Microbial production of long-chain PUFAs. Biotechnology Inform, 6(6): 683-687.
WEBER, P.C. e LEAF, A. 1991 World. Rev. Nutr. Diet.,66: 218.
WILEY, J. e SONS 1979 Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. In: SWERN, D. Ed. Structure and composition of fats and oils. v.1, 841p.
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2018-06-30
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