Larviculture of siamese fighting fish <i>Betta splendens</i> in low-salinity water
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017v43n2p164Keywords:
intensive larviculture, toxicity, live food, salinity, ornamental fishAbstract
The low-salinity water may improve live food utilization during larviculture, mainly when larvae are fed with salt water organisms. This study aimed to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of NaCl in water for larvae of Betta splendens, an important ornamental species, and to evaluate the effect of low-salinity on the larviculture during the first 15 days of exogenous feeding. In the first experiment, 400 larvae were stocked in forty 250 mL aquariums and exposed to ten saline concentrations. In the second experiment, 360 larvae were distributed in 24 aquariums of 1 L each, in a factorial design 2 x 3 comprising two increasing prey densities, starting with 50 and 100 Artemia nauplii larva-1, and three concentrations of NaCl (0, 2 and 4 g NaCl L-1). After 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure, the LC50 were 11.7, 10.1, 8.2 and 7.1 g NaCl L-1 respectively. At the end of the experiment 2, larvae reared in salinity of 2 and 4 g NaCl L-1 and fed with the initial prey density of 100 nauplii larvae-1 were bigger and heavier. The use of low-saline water (2 to 4 g NaCl L-1) is a safe protocol for larviculture of Siamese fighting fish, as it does not affect the survival and optimizes the use of Artemia nauplii when higher prey densities are used.
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ESTUDILLO, C.B.; DURAY, M.N.; MARASIGAN,E.T.; EMATA, A.C. 2000 Salinity tolerance of larvae of the mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) during ontogeny. Aquaculture,190(1-2): 155-167.
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HAMILTON, M.A.; RUSSO, R.C.; THURSON,R.V. 1997 Trimmed Spearmaní Karber method for estimating median-lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays. Environmental Science Technology, 11(7): 714-719.
JOMORI, R.K.; LUZ, R.K.; PORTELLA, M.C. 2012 Effect of salinity on larval rearing of pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus, a freshwater species. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 43(3):423-432.
JOMORI, R.K.; LUZ, R.K.; TAKATA, R.; FABREGAT,T.E.H.P.; PORTELLA, M.C. 2013 Água levemente
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LUZ, R.K.; SANTOS, J.C.E. 2010 Effect of salt addition and feeding frequency on cascudo preto Rhinelepis aspera (Pisces: Loricariidae)larviculture. Journal of Applied Ichthyology,26(3): 453-455.
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PELICICE, F.M.; AGOSTINHO, A.A. 2005 Perspectives on ornamental fisheries in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Fisheries Research, 72(1): 109-119.
PFEILER, E. 1981 Salinity tolerance of leptocephalous larvae and juveniles of the bonefish (Albulidae: Albula) from the Gulf of California. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,52(1): 37-45.
PORTELLA, M.C.; DABROWSKI, K. Diets. 2008,physiology, biochemistry and digestive tract
development of freshwater fish larvae. In:CYRINO, J.E.P.; BUREAU, D.P.; KAPOOR,B.G. Feeding and digestive functions of fishes.Science Publishers, New Hampshire. p. 227-279.
PORTELLA, M.C.; JOMORI, R.K.; LEITÃO, N.J.;MENOSSI, O.C.C.; FREITAS, T.M.; KOJIMA,J.T.; LOPES, T.S.; CLAVIJO-AYALA, J.A.;CARNEIRO, D.J. 2014 Larval development of indigenous South American freshwater fish species, with particular reference to pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus): A review.
Aquaculture, 432(1): 402-417.
PUELLO-CRUZ, A.C.; VELASCO-BLANCO, G.;MARTÍNEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, I.E. 2010 Growth and survival of Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, larvae at low salinity and with different diets. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41(5): 823-828.
RAGHAVAN, R.; DAHANUKAR, N.; TLUSTY, M.F.; RHYNE, A.L.; KUMAR, K.K.; MOLUR,S.; ROSSER, A.M. 2013 Uncovering an obscure trade: Threatened freshwater fishes and the aquarium pet markets. Biological Conservation,164(1): 158í 169.
ROY, P.E.; YANONG, V.M.D. 1996 Reproductive management of freshwater ornamental fish.
Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 5(4):222-235.
SALARO, A.L.; CAMPELO, D.A.V.; PONTES, M.D.;TAVARES, M.M.; ZUANON, J.A.S.; LUZ, R.K.2012 Saline water for juvenile giant traira during feed training. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(6):
1342-1345.
SAMPAIO, F.D.F.; OSTRENSKY, A. 2013 Brazilian environmental legislation as tool to conserve
marine ornamental fish. Marine Policy, 42(1):280í 285.
SANTOS, J.C.E.; LUZ, R.K. 2009 Effect of salinity and prey concentrations on Pseudoplatystoma
corruscans, Prochilodus costatus and Lophiosilurus alexandri larviculture. Aquaculture, 287(3-4):
324í 328.
THONGPRAJUKAEW, K.; KOVITVADHI, U.; KOVITVADHI, S.; SOMSUEB, P.; RUNGRUANGSAK-TORRISEN, K. 2011 Effects of different modified diets on growth, digestive enzyme activities and muscle compositions in juvenile Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens Regan, 1910). Aquaculture, 322-323(1): 1-9.
TLUSTY, M. 2002 The benefits and risks of aquacultural production for the aquarium trade.
Aquaculture, 205(3-4): 203-219.
VARSAMOS, S.; NEBEL, C.; CHARMANTIER,G. 2005 Ontogeny of osmoregulation in postembryonic fish: A review. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 141(4): 401-429.
ZUANON, J.A.S.; ASSANO, M.; FERNANDES, J.B.K.2004 Desempenho de tricogaster (Trichogaster
trichopterus) submetido a diferentes níveis de arraçoamento e densidades de estocagem.Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33(6): 1639-1645.
ZUANON, J.A.S.; SALARO, A.L.; FURUYA, W.M.2011 Produção e nutrição de peixes ornamentais.
Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(1): 165-174.
ZUANON, J.A.S.; SALARO, A.L.; VERAS, G.C.;TAVARES, M.M.; CHAVES, W. 2009 Tolerí¢ncia aguda e crônica de adultos de beta, Betta splendens, í salinidade da água. Revista Brasileira
de Zootecnia, 38(11): 2106-2110.
absorption efficiency by juveniles euryhaline and freshwater stenohaline fishes. Journal of
Fish Biology, 59(5): 1142-1152.
ANJOS, H.D.B.; AMORIM, R.M.S.; SIQUEIRA, J.A.; ANJOS, C.R. 2009 Exportação de peixes
ornamentais do estado do Amazonas, Bacia Amazônica, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca,
35(2): 259-274.
BARBIERI, E.; BONDIOLI, A. C. V.; MELO, C. B.;HENRIQUES, M. H. 2014 Effects of low salinity
on juvenile pink shrimp (Perez-Farfante 1967,Crustacea). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour
and Physiology, 47(4): 273-283.
BORODE, A.O.; BALOGUM, A.M.; OMOYENI,B.A. 2002 Effect of salinity on embryonic development, hatchability, and growth of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, eggs and larvae. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 12(4):89-93.
CHAPMAN, F.A.; FITZ-COY, S.A.; THUMBERG,E.M.; ADAMS, C.M. 1997 United States of America trade in ornamental fish. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 28(1): 1-10.
ESTUDILLO, C.B.; DURAY, M.N.; MARASIGAN,E.T.; EMATA, A.C. 2000 Salinity tolerance of larvae of the mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) during ontogeny. Aquaculture,190(1-2): 155-167.
FOSSE, P.J.; MATTOS, D.C.; CARDOSO, L.D.;MOTTA, J.H.S.; JASPER, A.P.S.; RADAEL, M.C.; ANDRADE, D.R.; VIDAL-JíÅ¡NIOR, M.V. 2013 Estratégia de coalimentação na sobrevivência e no crescimento de larvas de Betta splendens durante a transição alimentar. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia,65(6): 1801-1807.
GARCIA, L.O.; BECKER, A.G.; COPATTI, C.E.;BALDISSEROTTO, B.; NETO, J.R. 2007 Salt in the food and water as a supportive therapy for Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infestation on silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, fingerlings. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 38(1): 1-11.
HALACHMI, I. 2006 Systems engineering for ornamental fish production in a recirculating aquaculture system. Aquaculture, 259(1-4):300-314.
HALLER, J.; WITTENBERGER, C. 1987 Biochemical energetic of hierarchy formation in Betta
splendens. Physiology and Behavior, 43(4): 447-450.
HAMILTON, M.A.; RUSSO, R.C.; THURSON,R.V. 1997 Trimmed Spearmaní Karber method for estimating median-lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays. Environmental Science Technology, 11(7): 714-719.
JOMORI, R.K.; LUZ, R.K.; PORTELLA, M.C. 2012 Effect of salinity on larval rearing of pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus, a freshwater species. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 43(3):423-432.
JOMORI, R.K.; LUZ, R.K.; TAKATA, R.; FABREGAT,T.E.H.P.; PORTELLA, M.C. 2013 Água levemente
salinizada aumenta a eficiência da larvicultura de peixes neotropicais. Pesquisa Agropecuária
Brasileira, 48(8): 809-815.
LUZ, R.K.; SANTOS, J.C.E. 2010 Effect of salt addition and feeding frequency on cascudo preto Rhinelepis aspera (Pisces: Loricariidae)larviculture. Journal of Applied Ichthyology,26(3): 453-455.
LUZ, R.K.; SILVA, W.S.; MELILLO-FILHO, R.; SANTOS, A.E.H.; RODRIGUES, L.A.; TAKATA,R.; ALVARENGA, É.R.; TURRA, E.M. 2012 Stocking density in the larviculture of Nile tilapia in saline water. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(12): 2385-2389.
NG, W.J.; KHO, K.; HO, L.M.; ONG, S.L.; SIM, T.S.;TAY, S.H.; GOH, C.C.; CHEONG, L. 1992 Water
quality within a recirculation system for tropical ornamental fish culture. Aquaculture, 103(2):
123-134.
OGATA, Y.; KUROKURA, H. 2012 Use of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus angularis as the first food for larvae of the Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens. Fisheries Science, 78(1): 109-112.
PELICICE, F.M.; AGOSTINHO, A.A. 2005 Perspectives on ornamental fisheries in the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Fisheries Research, 72(1): 109-119.
PFEILER, E. 1981 Salinity tolerance of leptocephalous larvae and juveniles of the bonefish (Albulidae: Albula) from the Gulf of California. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,52(1): 37-45.
PORTELLA, M.C.; DABROWSKI, K. Diets. 2008,physiology, biochemistry and digestive tract
development of freshwater fish larvae. In:CYRINO, J.E.P.; BUREAU, D.P.; KAPOOR,B.G. Feeding and digestive functions of fishes.Science Publishers, New Hampshire. p. 227-279.
PORTELLA, M.C.; JOMORI, R.K.; LEITÃO, N.J.;MENOSSI, O.C.C.; FREITAS, T.M.; KOJIMA,J.T.; LOPES, T.S.; CLAVIJO-AYALA, J.A.;CARNEIRO, D.J. 2014 Larval development of indigenous South American freshwater fish species, with particular reference to pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus): A review.
Aquaculture, 432(1): 402-417.
PUELLO-CRUZ, A.C.; VELASCO-BLANCO, G.;MARTÍNEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, I.E. 2010 Growth and survival of Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, larvae at low salinity and with different diets. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41(5): 823-828.
RAGHAVAN, R.; DAHANUKAR, N.; TLUSTY, M.F.; RHYNE, A.L.; KUMAR, K.K.; MOLUR,S.; ROSSER, A.M. 2013 Uncovering an obscure trade: Threatened freshwater fishes and the aquarium pet markets. Biological Conservation,164(1): 158í 169.
ROY, P.E.; YANONG, V.M.D. 1996 Reproductive management of freshwater ornamental fish.
Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 5(4):222-235.
SALARO, A.L.; CAMPELO, D.A.V.; PONTES, M.D.;TAVARES, M.M.; ZUANON, J.A.S.; LUZ, R.K.2012 Saline water for juvenile giant traira during feed training. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 41(6):
1342-1345.
SAMPAIO, F.D.F.; OSTRENSKY, A. 2013 Brazilian environmental legislation as tool to conserve
marine ornamental fish. Marine Policy, 42(1):280í 285.
SANTOS, J.C.E.; LUZ, R.K. 2009 Effect of salinity and prey concentrations on Pseudoplatystoma
corruscans, Prochilodus costatus and Lophiosilurus alexandri larviculture. Aquaculture, 287(3-4):
324í 328.
THONGPRAJUKAEW, K.; KOVITVADHI, U.; KOVITVADHI, S.; SOMSUEB, P.; RUNGRUANGSAK-TORRISEN, K. 2011 Effects of different modified diets on growth, digestive enzyme activities and muscle compositions in juvenile Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens Regan, 1910). Aquaculture, 322-323(1): 1-9.
TLUSTY, M. 2002 The benefits and risks of aquacultural production for the aquarium trade.
Aquaculture, 205(3-4): 203-219.
VARSAMOS, S.; NEBEL, C.; CHARMANTIER,G. 2005 Ontogeny of osmoregulation in postembryonic fish: A review. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 141(4): 401-429.
ZUANON, J.A.S.; ASSANO, M.; FERNANDES, J.B.K.2004 Desempenho de tricogaster (Trichogaster
trichopterus) submetido a diferentes níveis de arraçoamento e densidades de estocagem.Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 33(6): 1639-1645.
ZUANON, J.A.S.; SALARO, A.L.; FURUYA, W.M.2011 Produção e nutrição de peixes ornamentais.
Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(1): 165-174.
ZUANON, J.A.S.; SALARO, A.L.; VERAS, G.C.;TAVARES, M.M.; CHAVES, W. 2009 Tolerí¢ncia aguda e crônica de adultos de beta, Betta splendens, í salinidade da água. Revista Brasileira
de Zootecnia, 38(11): 2106-2110.
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2017-06-15
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