Efectos del carbofuran en juveniles de Oreochromis niloticus en la toxicidad, metabólica de rutina y los parámetros hematológicos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017v43n4p513Keywords:
carbofuran, tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, temperature, toxicityAbstract
Oreochromis niloticus juveniles (total length 12±0.5 mm) were exposed to different concentrations of carbofuran using the static renewal method at different temperatures (15, 20 and 25°C) at pH 7. The 24, 48, 72, 96 h LC50 values of carbofuran in Oreochromis niloticus juveniles were 3.00, 2.84, 2.71 and 2.45 mg Lâˆ"™1 at 15°C; 3.00, 2.69, 2.33 and 2.20 mg Lâˆ"™1 at 20°C; and 2.84, 2.44, 1.7 1 and 1.62 mg Lâˆ"™1 at 25°C, respectively. Results show that a temperature increment from 15 to 25°C increased the carbofuran susceptibility in fish by 21.80%, 9.55%, 31.92% and 30.87%, after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of exposure respectively. Furthermore, we found that exposure of fish to carbofuran caused an elevation in total hemoglobin and blood glucose concentration of 2 mg L-1. These results indicate that exposure to carbofuran, especially at lower temperatures, is a significant factor to be considered in aquaculture management.
References
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Mestrado. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz- ESALQ.
BARBIERI, E. 2007 The use of active metabolism and swimming activity to evaluate the
toxicity of dodecyl benzene sodium sulfonate (LAS-C12) on the Mugil platanus (Mullet)
according to temperature and salinity. Water Environment Research, 79(7): 707í 719.
BARBIERI, E. 2009 Effect of 2, 4-D herbicide (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion of juveniles of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Osteichthyes, Cichlidae). Ecotoxicology, 18(1): 55í 60.
BARBIERI, E.; BRANCO, J. O.; FERRÃO, M.C.; HIDALGO, K. R. 2013 Effects of Cadimium and Zinc on Oxygen vonsumption and ammonia excretion of the Sea-bob-shrimp, according to temperature. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 39(3): 299-309.
BARBIERI, E.; MOREIRA, P.; LUCHINI, L.A.; HIDALGO, K.R.; MUNOZ, A. 2016 Assessment of acute toxicity of carbofuran in Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 1836) at different temperature levels. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 32(1): 7-14.
BARBIERI, E.; BONDIOLI, A.C.V. 2013 Acute toxicity of ammonia in Pacu fish (Piaractus
mesopotamicus, Holmberg, 1887) at different temperatures levels. Aquaculture Research,
44(5): 543-551.
BEGUM, G. 2004 Carbofuran insecticide induced biochemical alterations in liver and muscle
tissues of the fish Clarias batrachus (linn) and recovery response. Aquatic Toxicology, 66(1):
83í 92.
BOSISIO, F.; REZENDE, K.F.O.; BARBIERI, E. 2017 Alterations in the hematological parameters of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) submitted to different salinities. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 12(2):146-154.
BOUDOU, A.; RIBEYRE, F. 1989 Fish as ‘‘biological model’’ for experimental studies in ecotoxicology. In: BOUDOU, A. y RIBEYRE, F. (eds) Aquatic ecotoxicology fundamental
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CAMPOS-GARCIA, J.; MARTINEZ, D.S.T.; REZENDE, K.F.O.; SILVA, J.R.M.C.; ALVES, O.L., BARBIERI, E. 2016 Histopathological alterations in the gills of Nile tilapia exposed to carbofuran and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 133: 481-488.
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CARR, L.R.; CHAMBERS, J.E. 1996 Kinetic analysis of in vitro inhibition, aging, and reactivation of brain acetylcholinesterase from rat and channel cat fish by paraoxon and chloropyrifos-oxon. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 139(3): 365í 373.
CHRISTIANSEN, P.D.; BROZEK, K.; HANSEN, B.W. 1998 Energetic and behavioral responses by the common goby, Pomatoschistus microps (Kroyer), exposed to linear alkybenzene sulfonate. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry,17(10): 2051í 2057.
COA, F.; MEDEIROS, A.M.Z.; BARBIERI, E. 2017 Record of nile tilapia in the Mandira River, Cananéia, São Paulo State. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 43(1): 87-91.
DAMATO, M.; BARBIERI, E. 2012 Estudo da toxicidade aguda e alterações metabólicas provocadas pela exposição do cádmio sobre o peixe Hyphessobrycon callistus utilizado como indicador de saúde ambiental. Mundo Saúde, 36(4), 574-81
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HAMILTON, M.A.; RUSSO, R.C.; THURSTON, R.V. 1977. Trimmed Spearman-Karber Method
for Estimating Median Lethal Concentrations in Toxicity Bioassays. Environmental Science &
Technology, 11(7): 714í 719.
HANSEN, B.; FOTEL, R.L.; JESEN, N.J.; WITTRUP, L. 1997 Physiological effects of the detergent linear alkylbenzene sulphonate on blue mussel larvae Mytilus edulis in laboratory and mesocosm experiments. Marine Biology,128(6): 627í 637
HERNÁNDEZ-MORENO, D.; PÉREZLÓPEZ, M.; SOLER, F.; GRAVATO, C.; GUILHERMINO, L. 2011 Effects of carbofuran on the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): Study of biomarkers and behaviour alterations. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74(10): 1905-1912.
JASH, N.B.; BHATTACHARAYA, S. 1983 Delayed toxicity of carbofuran in fresh water teleost Channa punctatus. Indian Journal Experimental Biology, 17(6): 693-697.
JYOTHI, B.; NARAYAN, G. 1999 Certain pesticide-induced carbohydrate metabolic disorders in the serum of freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Food Cheistryand Toxicology, 37(4): 417í 421.
KARASU-BENLI, A.C.; Kí–KSAL, G. 2005 The acute toxicity of ammonia on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) larvae and fingerlings. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 29(3): 339-344.
LEMAIRE, P.; STURVE, J.; FORLIN, L.; LIVINGSTONE, D.R. 1996 Studies on aromatic hydrocarbon quinone metabolism and DT-diaphorase function in liver of fish species. Marine Environmental Research, 2(1í 4): 317-321.
MACHADO, M.R; FANTA, E. 2003 Effects of the organophosphorous methyl parathion on the branchial epithelium of a freshwater fish Metynnis roosevelti. Brazilian Archive of. Biology
and Technology, 46(3): 361í 372.
MARTINEZ, D.S.T.; ALVES, O.L.; BARBIERI, E. 2013 Carbon nanotubes enhanced the lead toxicity
on the freshwater fish. In: Journal of Physics. Conference Series, IOP Publishing, 12043p.
MAYZAUD, P.; CONOVER, R.J. 1988 O:N atomic ratio as a tool to describe zooplankton metabolism. Marine Ecology Progress Serie, 45(3): 289í 302.
M I S R A , V . ; L A L , H . ; C H A W L A , G . ; V I S W A N A T H A N , P . N . 1 9 8 5 athomorphological changes in gills of fish fingerlings (Cirrhina mrigala) by linear alky benzene sulfonate. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 10(3): 302í 308.
MORAES, G.; POLEZ, V.L.; IWAMA, G.K. 2004 Biochemical responses of two Erythrynidae fish to environmental ammonia. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 64(1): 95-102.
PATHIRATNE, A.; GEORGE, S.G. 1998 Toxicity of malathion to Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and modulation by other environmental contaminants. Aquatic Toxicology, 43(2): 261í 271.
PERSON, L.E.; RUYET, J.; BOEUF, G.; ZAMBONINO, J.I.; HELGASON, S.L.E.; ROUX, A. 1998 Short-term physiological changes in turbot and seabream juveniles exposed to exogenous ammonia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 119(2): 511-518.
RANDALL, D.J; TSUI, T.K.N. 2002 Ammonia toxicity in fish. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 45(1): 17-23.
RANZANI í PAIVA, M. J. T.; PÁDUA, S.B.; TAVARES í DIAS, M.; EGAMI, M.I. Métodos para análise hematologia de peixes. 1 ed. Maringá: Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 2013. 142p
RATH, S; MISRA, B.N. 1980 Age-related changes in oxygen consumption by gill, brain and muscle tissues of Tilapia mossambica Peters exposed to Dichlorvos (DDVP). Environmental Pollution (Ser A), 23(1): 95í 101.
ROSAS, C.; MARTINEZ, E.; GAXIOLA, G.; BRITO, R.; SANCHEZ, A.; SOTO, L.A. 1999 The effect of dissolved oxygen and salinity on oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, and osmotic pressure of Penaeus setiferus Juveniles. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 234(1): 41í 57.
SANTOS, D.B.; BARBIERI, E ; BONDIOLI, A.C. ; MELO, C.B. 2014 Effects of Lead in white shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti) metabolism regarding salinity. O Mundo da Saúde, 38(1):16-23.
SARAVANA, P.B.; GERALDINE, P. 2001 Biochemical stress responses in tissues of the prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii on exposure to endosulfan. Pesticides Biochemistry and Physiology, 70(1): 27í 41.
SCHRECK, C.B. 1990 Physiological, Behavioral and performance indicators of stress. American
Fisheries Society Symposium Series, 8(1): 29í 37.
SILVA, H.C.; MEDINA, H.S.G.; FANTA, E.; BACILA, M. 1993 Sub-lethal effects of the organophosphate Folidol 600 Methyl Parathion on Callichthys callichthys (Pisces, Teleostei). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 105 C(2): 197í 201.
SOLORZANO, L. 1969 Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenolhypochlorite
method. Paraíba. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual da Paraíba). STRAUSS, D.L.; CHAMBERS, J.E. 1995 Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and aliesterase of fingerling channel catfish by chlorpyrifos, parathion and S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF). Aquatic Toxicology, 33(2): 311í 324.
SUKUMAR, A.; KARPAGAGANAPATHY, P.R. 1992 Pesticide-induced atresia in ovary of a fresh water fish, Colisa lalia (HamiltonBuchanan). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48(3): 457-462.
SVOBODA, M.; LUSKOVA, V.; DRASTICHOVA, J.; ILABEK, V. 2001 The effect of diazinon on hematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Acta Veteterinaria (Brno),
70(4): 457-465.
TWITCHEN, I.D.; EDDY, F.B. 1994 Sublethal effects of ammonia on freshwater fish. In:
MíÅ“LLER, R; LLOYD, R. (Eds.) Sublethal and Chronic Effects of Pollutants on Freshwater Fish.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Fishing New Books, Londres, UK. WARING, C.P.; MOORE, A. 1997 Sublethal effects of a carbamate pesticide on pheromonal mediated endocrine function in mature male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 17(2):203-211.
WENDELAAR, B.S. 1997 The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, 77(3): 591-625.
WICKS, B.J; RANDALL, D.J. 2002 The effect of sub-lethal ammonia exposure on fed and unfed rainbow trout: the role of glutamine in regulation ammonia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 132(2): 275í 285.
WINKLER, L. 1888 Methods for measurement of dissolved oxygen. Ber Deutsch Chem Ges 21,
WINTROBE, M.M. 1978 Clinical Hematology. Kipton, London.p132
WU, J.P.; CHEN, H.C. 2004 Effects of cadmium and zinc on oxygen consumption, ammonium
excretion, and osmoregulation of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Chemosphere, 57(11): 1591í 1598.
fish. American Fisheries Society Symposium Series, 8(1): 1í 8.
ADHIKARI, S.; SARKAR, B.; CHATTERJE, E.A.; MAHAPATRA, C.T.; AYYAPPAN, S. 2004 Effects of cypermethrin and carbofuran on certain hematological parameters and prediction of their recovery in a freshwater teleost, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 58(2): 220í 226.
AGUIAR, L.H.; MORAES, G.; AVILEZ, I.M.; ALTRAN, A.E.; CORRíÅ A, C.F. 2004 Metabolical effects of Folidol 600 on the neotropical freshwater fish matrinxã Brycon cephalus. Environmental Research, 95(2):224í 230.
ARTHUR, J.W.; CORLIS, W.W.; ALLEN, K.N.; HEDTKE, S.F. 1987 Seasonal toxicity of ammonia to five fish and nine invertebrate species. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 38(3): 324-331.
ARRUDA, L.F. 2004 Aproveitamento do resíduo do beneficiamento da Tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis
niloticus para obtenção de silagem e óleo como subprodutos. São Paulo. 230f. (Dissertação de
Mestrado. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz- ESALQ.
BARBIERI, E. 2007 The use of active metabolism and swimming activity to evaluate the
toxicity of dodecyl benzene sodium sulfonate (LAS-C12) on the Mugil platanus (Mullet)
according to temperature and salinity. Water Environment Research, 79(7): 707í 719.
BARBIERI, E. 2009 Effect of 2, 4-D herbicide (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion of juveniles of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Osteichthyes, Cichlidae). Ecotoxicology, 18(1): 55í 60.
BARBIERI, E.; BRANCO, J. O.; FERRÃO, M.C.; HIDALGO, K. R. 2013 Effects of Cadimium and Zinc on Oxygen vonsumption and ammonia excretion of the Sea-bob-shrimp, according to temperature. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 39(3): 299-309.
BARBIERI, E.; MOREIRA, P.; LUCHINI, L.A.; HIDALGO, K.R.; MUNOZ, A. 2016 Assessment of acute toxicity of carbofuran in Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 1836) at different temperature levels. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 32(1): 7-14.
BARBIERI, E.; BONDIOLI, A.C.V. 2013 Acute toxicity of ammonia in Pacu fish (Piaractus
mesopotamicus, Holmberg, 1887) at different temperatures levels. Aquaculture Research,
44(5): 543-551.
BEGUM, G. 2004 Carbofuran insecticide induced biochemical alterations in liver and muscle
tissues of the fish Clarias batrachus (linn) and recovery response. Aquatic Toxicology, 66(1):
83í 92.
BOSISIO, F.; REZENDE, K.F.O.; BARBIERI, E. 2017 Alterations in the hematological parameters of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) submitted to different salinities. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 12(2):146-154.
BOUDOU, A.; RIBEYRE, F. 1989 Fish as ‘‘biological model’’ for experimental studies in ecotoxicology. In: BOUDOU, A. y RIBEYRE, F. (eds) Aquatic ecotoxicology fundamental
concepts and methodologies. CRC Press,Boca Raton, 127í 150pp.
BRETAUD, S.; TOUTANT, J.P.; SAGLIO, P. 2000 Effects of Carbofuran, Diuron, and Nicosulfuron on Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Goldfish (Carassius auratus). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 47(2):117í 124.
CAMPOS-GARCIA, J.; MARTINEZ, D.S.T.; REZENDE, K.F.O.; SILVA, J.R.M.C.; ALVES, O.L., BARBIERI, E. 2016 Histopathological alterations in the gills of Nile tilapia exposed to carbofuran and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 133: 481-488.
CAMPOS-GARCIA, J.C.; MARTINEZ, D.S.T.; ALVES, O.L.; BARBIERI, E. 2015 Ecotoxicological effects of carbofuran and oxidised multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the freshwater fish Nile tilapia: Nanotubes enhance pesticide ecotoxicity. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 111: 131-137.
CARR, L.R.; CHAMBERS, J.E. 1996 Kinetic analysis of in vitro inhibition, aging, and reactivation of brain acetylcholinesterase from rat and channel cat fish by paraoxon and chloropyrifos-oxon. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 139(3): 365í 373.
CHRISTIANSEN, P.D.; BROZEK, K.; HANSEN, B.W. 1998 Energetic and behavioral responses by the common goby, Pomatoschistus microps (Kroyer), exposed to linear alkybenzene sulfonate. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry,17(10): 2051í 2057.
COA, F.; MEDEIROS, A.M.Z.; BARBIERI, E. 2017 Record of nile tilapia in the Mandira River, Cananéia, São Paulo State. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 43(1): 87-91.
DAMATO, M.; BARBIERI, E. 2012 Estudo da toxicidade aguda e alterações metabólicas provocadas pela exposição do cádmio sobre o peixe Hyphessobrycon callistus utilizado como indicador de saúde ambiental. Mundo Saúde, 36(4), 574-81
DRABKIN, D. 1949 The standardization of hemoglobin measurement. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 217(5): 710í 711. EPA. UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 2002 Public Health Goal for Carbofuran in drink water. Office of Environmental health Hazard Assessment. Washington.
F R A C A L O S S I , D . M . ; M E Y E R , G . ; SANTAMARÍA, F.M.; WEINGARTNER, M.; ZANIBONI- FILHO, E. 2004 Desempenho do jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, e do dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, em viveiros de terra na região sul do Brasil. Acta Scientiarum, 26(3): 345-352.
FRY, F.E.J. 1971 The Effect of Environmental Factors on the Physiology of Fish. In: HOAR, W.S.; RANDALL, D.J. (Eds.) Fish Physiology. Academic Press, New York, 98p.
HAMILTON, M.A.; RUSSO, R.C.; THURSTON, R.V. 1977. Trimmed Spearman-Karber Method
for Estimating Median Lethal Concentrations in Toxicity Bioassays. Environmental Science &
Technology, 11(7): 714í 719.
HANSEN, B.; FOTEL, R.L.; JESEN, N.J.; WITTRUP, L. 1997 Physiological effects of the detergent linear alkylbenzene sulphonate on blue mussel larvae Mytilus edulis in laboratory and mesocosm experiments. Marine Biology,128(6): 627í 637
HERNÁNDEZ-MORENO, D.; PÉREZLÓPEZ, M.; SOLER, F.; GRAVATO, C.; GUILHERMINO, L. 2011 Effects of carbofuran on the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): Study of biomarkers and behaviour alterations. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 74(10): 1905-1912.
JASH, N.B.; BHATTACHARAYA, S. 1983 Delayed toxicity of carbofuran in fresh water teleost Channa punctatus. Indian Journal Experimental Biology, 17(6): 693-697.
JYOTHI, B.; NARAYAN, G. 1999 Certain pesticide-induced carbohydrate metabolic disorders in the serum of freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Food Cheistryand Toxicology, 37(4): 417í 421.
KARASU-BENLI, A.C.; Kí–KSAL, G. 2005 The acute toxicity of ammonia on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) larvae and fingerlings. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 29(3): 339-344.
LEMAIRE, P.; STURVE, J.; FORLIN, L.; LIVINGSTONE, D.R. 1996 Studies on aromatic hydrocarbon quinone metabolism and DT-diaphorase function in liver of fish species. Marine Environmental Research, 2(1í 4): 317-321.
MACHADO, M.R; FANTA, E. 2003 Effects of the organophosphorous methyl parathion on the branchial epithelium of a freshwater fish Metynnis roosevelti. Brazilian Archive of. Biology
and Technology, 46(3): 361í 372.
MARTINEZ, D.S.T.; ALVES, O.L.; BARBIERI, E. 2013 Carbon nanotubes enhanced the lead toxicity
on the freshwater fish. In: Journal of Physics. Conference Series, IOP Publishing, 12043p.
MAYZAUD, P.; CONOVER, R.J. 1988 O:N atomic ratio as a tool to describe zooplankton metabolism. Marine Ecology Progress Serie, 45(3): 289í 302.
M I S R A , V . ; L A L , H . ; C H A W L A , G . ; V I S W A N A T H A N , P . N . 1 9 8 5 athomorphological changes in gills of fish fingerlings (Cirrhina mrigala) by linear alky benzene sulfonate. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 10(3): 302í 308.
MORAES, G.; POLEZ, V.L.; IWAMA, G.K. 2004 Biochemical responses of two Erythrynidae fish to environmental ammonia. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 64(1): 95-102.
PATHIRATNE, A.; GEORGE, S.G. 1998 Toxicity of malathion to Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and modulation by other environmental contaminants. Aquatic Toxicology, 43(2): 261í 271.
PERSON, L.E.; RUYET, J.; BOEUF, G.; ZAMBONINO, J.I.; HELGASON, S.L.E.; ROUX, A. 1998 Short-term physiological changes in turbot and seabream juveniles exposed to exogenous ammonia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 119(2): 511-518.
RANDALL, D.J; TSUI, T.K.N. 2002 Ammonia toxicity in fish. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 45(1): 17-23.
RANZANI í PAIVA, M. J. T.; PÁDUA, S.B.; TAVARES í DIAS, M.; EGAMI, M.I. Métodos para análise hematologia de peixes. 1 ed. Maringá: Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 2013. 142p
RATH, S; MISRA, B.N. 1980 Age-related changes in oxygen consumption by gill, brain and muscle tissues of Tilapia mossambica Peters exposed to Dichlorvos (DDVP). Environmental Pollution (Ser A), 23(1): 95í 101.
ROSAS, C.; MARTINEZ, E.; GAXIOLA, G.; BRITO, R.; SANCHEZ, A.; SOTO, L.A. 1999 The effect of dissolved oxygen and salinity on oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, and osmotic pressure of Penaeus setiferus Juveniles. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 234(1): 41í 57.
SANTOS, D.B.; BARBIERI, E ; BONDIOLI, A.C. ; MELO, C.B. 2014 Effects of Lead in white shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti) metabolism regarding salinity. O Mundo da Saúde, 38(1):16-23.
SARAVANA, P.B.; GERALDINE, P. 2001 Biochemical stress responses in tissues of the prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii on exposure to endosulfan. Pesticides Biochemistry and Physiology, 70(1): 27í 41.
SCHRECK, C.B. 1990 Physiological, Behavioral and performance indicators of stress. American
Fisheries Society Symposium Series, 8(1): 29í 37.
SILVA, H.C.; MEDINA, H.S.G.; FANTA, E.; BACILA, M. 1993 Sub-lethal effects of the organophosphate Folidol 600 Methyl Parathion on Callichthys callichthys (Pisces, Teleostei). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 105 C(2): 197í 201.
SOLORZANO, L. 1969 Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenolhypochlorite
method. Paraíba. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual da Paraíba). STRAUSS, D.L.; CHAMBERS, J.E. 1995 Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and aliesterase of fingerling channel catfish by chlorpyrifos, parathion and S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF). Aquatic Toxicology, 33(2): 311í 324.
SUKUMAR, A.; KARPAGAGANAPATHY, P.R. 1992 Pesticide-induced atresia in ovary of a fresh water fish, Colisa lalia (HamiltonBuchanan). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48(3): 457-462.
SVOBODA, M.; LUSKOVA, V.; DRASTICHOVA, J.; ILABEK, V. 2001 The effect of diazinon on hematological indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Acta Veteterinaria (Brno),
70(4): 457-465.
TWITCHEN, I.D.; EDDY, F.B. 1994 Sublethal effects of ammonia on freshwater fish. In:
MíÅ“LLER, R; LLOYD, R. (Eds.) Sublethal and Chronic Effects of Pollutants on Freshwater Fish.
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Fishing New Books, Londres, UK. WARING, C.P.; MOORE, A. 1997 Sublethal effects of a carbamate pesticide on pheromonal mediated endocrine function in mature male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 17(2):203-211.
WENDELAAR, B.S. 1997 The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, 77(3): 591-625.
WICKS, B.J; RANDALL, D.J. 2002 The effect of sub-lethal ammonia exposure on fed and unfed rainbow trout: the role of glutamine in regulation ammonia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 132(2): 275í 285.
WINKLER, L. 1888 Methods for measurement of dissolved oxygen. Ber Deutsch Chem Ges 21,
WINTROBE, M.M. 1978 Clinical Hematology. Kipton, London.p132
WU, J.P.; CHEN, H.C. 2004 Effects of cadmium and zinc on oxygen consumption, ammonium
excretion, and osmoregulation of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Chemosphere, 57(11): 1591í 1598.
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