Toxicity of zinc sulphate for tadpoles of bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus): acute toxicity, chronic toxicity and hematological parameters
Keywords:
hematology, ecotoxicology, LC50Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) on hematological parameters of bullfrog tadpoles, Lithobates catesbeianus, through acute and chronic toxicity tests. Although the toxicity of zinc for several species of fish has been studied, the toxicity of this metal is not well known to all aquatic organisms, especially for amphibians. The action of this metal ion on the respiratory system of fish occurs by precipitation of the mucus produced by the gills of fish that die by asphyxiation. The acute toxicity tests showed that LC50-96h (median lethal concentration) of zinc sulfate was 2.78 mg L-1, level considered below that set by CONAMA. Chronic toxicity tests were performed on three concentrations: CL50-96h/100 (0.0278 mg ZnSO4 L-1), LC50-96h/10 (0.278 mg ZnSO4 L-1) and LC50-96h (2.78 mg ZnSO4 L-1) during 312 hours under semi-static, and a control group (without addition of zinc sulfate). Analyses of hematological parameters indicate the occurrence of changes, showing the possibility of chronic effects in tadpoles of L. catesbeianus, which should be better studied.
References
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ANDREI, E. 1993 Compêndio de defensivos agrícolas.Andrei Editora Ltda, São Paulo-SP. 448p.
ASTM í AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1980 Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes, macroinvertebrates,and amphibians. Philadelphia. 780p.
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BURGER, J. e SNODGRASS, J. 2001 Metal levels in southern leopard frogs from the Savannah River Site: location and body compartment effects. Environmental Research, Baltimore,86(2): 157-166.
CELIK, U. e OEHLENSCHLAGER, J. 2004 Determination of zinc and copper in fish
samples collected from Northeast Atlantic by DPSAV. Food Chemistry, Barking, 87: 343-347.
CETESB, Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental. 1990 Considerações preliminares sobre toxicidade aos organismos aquáticos. São Paulo:CETESB. 11 p.
COLLIER, H.B. 1944 The standardizations of blood haemoglobin determinations. Canadian Medical Association Journal, Ottawa, 50: 550-552.
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DIAS, J.L.C. 1992 Influência da temperatura ambiental sobre a resposta celular inflamatória e a evolução do perfil leuco-trombocitário no sangue periférico de rã touro gigante (Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802). São Paulo, 117p. (Tese de Doutoramento. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP).
FERREIRA, C.M.; BUENO-GUMARíES, H.M.;SOARES, S.R.C.; RANZANIPAIVA, M.J.T.;
RIVERO, D.H.R.F.; SALDIVA, P.H.N. 2003 Hematological markers of cooper toxicity in
Rana catesbeiana tadpoles (Bullfrog). Revista Brasileira de Toxicologia, São Paulo, 16(2): 83-88.
FOSSI, M.C.; CASINI, S.; MARSILI, L.; ANCORA, S.;MORI, G.; NERI, G.; ROMEO, T.; AUSILI, A. 2004 Evaluation of ecotoxicological effects of endocrine disrupters during a fouryear survey of the Mediterranean population of swordfish (Xiphias gladius). Marine Environmental Research,New York, 48: 425í 429.
GHERARDI-GOLDSTEIN, E.; BERTOLETTI, E.;ZAGATTO,P.A.; ARAUJO, R.P.A.; RAMOS,
M.L.L.C. 1990 Procedimentos para utilização de testes de toxicidade no controle de efluentes líquidos.São Paulo. CETESB: Série Manuais, 6. 17p.
GOLDENFARB, P.B.; BOWYER, F.P.; HALL, E.;BROSIUS, E. 1971 Reproducibility in the
hematology laboratory: the microhematocrit determinations. American Journal Clinical Pathology, Hagerstown, 56(1): 35-39.
GíÅ“L, A.; YILMAZ, M.; ISILAK, Z. 2009 Acute Toxicity of Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4.H2O) to
Guppies (Poecilia reticulata P., 1859). Gazi University Journal of Science, Ancara, 22(2): 59-65.
HAMILTON, M.A.; RUSSO, R.C.; THURSTON, V.1977 Trimed Spearman-Karber method for estimating medial lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays. Environmental Science &Technology, Easton, 7: 714-719.
HEIJERICK, D.G.; SCHAMPHELAERE, K.A.C.; JANSEN, C.R. 2002 Predicting acute zinc toxicity for Daphnia magna as a function of key water chemistry characteristics: development and validation of a biotic ligand model.Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, Malden ,21(6): 1309-1315.
HELLAWELL, J.M. 1988 Toxic substances in river and streams. Environmental Pollution, Barking,50: 61-85.
HERSKOWITZ, J. e HELGUERO, L.A. 1998 Copper toxicity and copper-zinc interactions in amphibians embryos. Science of the Total Environment, Amsterdam, 221: 1-10.
HRUBE, T.C. e SMITH, S.A. 1998 Hematology of fish. In: FELDMAN, B.F.; ZINKL, J.G.; JAIN,N.C. (Ed.). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 5th ed.Blackburg: Wiley-Blackwell. p.1120-1125.
JANNINI, P. e JANNINI FILHO, P. 1995 Interpretação clínica do hemograma. 10ª. ed.. São Paulo: Sarvier.625 p.
KARAN, V.; VITOROVIC, S.; TUTUNDZIC, V.; POLEKSIC, V. 1998 Functional enzymes activity and gill histology of carp after copper sulfate exposure and recovery. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, New York, 40: 49-55.
LEBLOND, V. S. e HONTELA, A. 1999 Effects of in vitro exposures to cadmium, mercury, zinc, and 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)- 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane on steroidogenesis by dispersed interrenal cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,New York, 157: 16-22.
LIMA, S.L. e AGOSTINHO, C.A. 1989 A Criação de Rãs. 2ª ed, São Paulo: Globo. 187p.
LOMBARDI, J.V.; PERPÉTUO, T.; FERREIRA,C.M.; MARQUES, H.L.A.; MACHADO-NETO,
J. 1999 Acute toxicity of the fungicide copper oxychloride to tadpoles os the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. Bulletin Archives of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, New York, 69(3):415-420.
MARTINEZ, C.B.R. e CÓLUS, I.M.S. 2002 Biomarcadores em peixes neotropicais para o
monitoramento da poluição aquática na bacia do rio Tibagi In: MEDRI, M.E.; BIANCHINI, E.; SHIBATTA, O.A.; PIMENTA, J.A. (Eds.) A bacia do rio Tibagi. Londrina: Cap.29. p.551í 577.
MCGEER, J.C.; SZEBEDINSZKY, C.; MCDONALD, D.G.; WOOD, C.M. 2000 Effects of chronic sublethal exposure to waterborne Cu, Cd or Zn in rainbow trout. 1: Iono-regulatory disturbance and metabolic costs. Aquatic Toxicology,Amsterdam, 50: 231-243.
MUNTEANU, V. e MUNTEANU, G. 2007 Biomonitoring of mercury pollution: A case
study from the Dniester River. Ecological Indicators, New York, 7: 498-496.
NIGRO, M.; FALLENI, A.; DEL BARGA, I.; SCARCELLI, V.; LUCCHESI, P.; REGOLI, F.;
FRENZILLI, G. 2006 Cellular biomarkers for monitoring estuarine environments:
Transplanted versus native mussels. Aquatic Toxicology, Amsterdam, 77(4): 339-347.
OLIVEIRA RIBEIRO, C.A.; VOLLAIRE, Y.;SANCHEZ-CHARDI, A.; ROCHE, H. 2005
Bioaccumulation and the effects of organochlorine pesticides, PAH and heavy
metals in the Eel (Anguilla anguilla) at the Camargue Nature Reserve, France. Aquatic Toxicology, Amsterdam, 74(1): 53-69.
RAYA-RODRIGUEZ, M. T. 2000 O uso de bioindicadores para avaliação da qualidade do ar de Porto Alegre. In: ZURITA, M.L.L. e TOLFO, A.M. (org.). A qualidade do ar em Porto Alegre. Porto Alegre: Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente, p.68-76.
ROMANI, R.; ANTOGNELLI, C.; BALDRACCHINI, F.; DE SANTIS, A.; ISANI, G.; GIOVANNINI, E.;ROSI, G. 2003 Increased acetylcholinesterase activities in specimens of Sparus auratus exposed to sublethal copper concentrations. ChemicoBiological Interactions, Amsterdam, 145: 321-329.
ROSENFELD, G. 1947 Corante pancrômico para hematologia e citologia clínica. Nova combinação dos componentes do MayGrünwald e do Giemsa num só corante de
emprego rápido. Memórias do Instituto Butantan,São Paulo, 20: 329-334.
SANTOS, D.C.M. 2009 Toxidez aguda do zinco em lambaris (Astyanax aff. bimaculatus). Viçosa,125p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal de Viçosa).
SCHMALZ, W.F.; HERNANDEZ, A.D.; WEIS, P.2002 Hepatic histopathology in two populations of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus. Marine Environmental Research, New York, 54: 539í 542.
SCHUYTEMA, G.S.; NEBEKER, A.V.; GRIFFIS, W.L.;WILSON, K.N. 1991 Teratogenesis, toxicity, and bioconcentration in frogs exposed to dieldrin.Bulletin Archives of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, New York, 21: 332-350.
SIRAJ BASHA, P. e USHA RANI, A. 2003 Cadmiuminduced antioxidant defense mechanism in freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,New York, 56: 218-221.
TURNER, R.J. 1988 Amphibians. In: ROWLEY, A.F. e RATCLIFFE, N.N.A. Vertebrate Blood Cells. New York, Cambridge University Press. p.129-209.
WINTROBE, M.M. 1934 Variations in the size and hemoglobin content of erythrocytes in the blood of various vertebrates. Folia Hematologica,Leipzig, 51: 32-49.
ZAGATTO, P.A e BERTOLETTI, E. 2008 Ecotoxicologia Aquática í Princípios e Aplicações. 2ªEd. São Carlos: Rima. 486p.
ZAR, J.H. 1996 Biostatical Analysis. New Jersey, Prentice Hall. 662p.
examination of water and wastewater, AWWA,20th. 1368p.
ANDREI, E. 1993 Compêndio de defensivos agrícolas.Andrei Editora Ltda, São Paulo-SP. 448p.
ASTM í AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1980 Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes, macroinvertebrates,and amphibians. Philadelphia. 780p.
BASSOI, L.J.; NIETO, R.; TREMAROLI, D. 1990 Implementação de testes de toxicidade no controle de efluentes líquidos. São Paulo, CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental). 7p.
BORDAJANDI, L.R.; GÓMEZ, G.; FERNÁNDEZ,M.A.; ABAD, E.; RIVERA, J.; GONZÁLEZ, M.J.2003 Study on PCBs, PCDD/Fs, organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals and arsenic content in freshwater fish species from the River Turia (Spain). Chemosphere, Amsterdam, 53: 163-171.
BURGER, J. e SNODGRASS, J. 2001 Metal levels in southern leopard frogs from the Savannah River Site: location and body compartment effects. Environmental Research, Baltimore,86(2): 157-166.
CELIK, U. e OEHLENSCHLAGER, J. 2004 Determination of zinc and copper in fish
samples collected from Northeast Atlantic by DPSAV. Food Chemistry, Barking, 87: 343-347.
CETESB, Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental. 1990 Considerações preliminares sobre toxicidade aos organismos aquáticos. São Paulo:CETESB. 11 p.
COLLIER, H.B. 1944 The standardizations of blood haemoglobin determinations. Canadian Medical Association Journal, Ottawa, 50: 550-552.
CONAMA 2005 Resolução CONAMA nº357 de 17/03/2005. Disponível em:
http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/res/res05/res35705.pdf. Acesso em: 27 set. 2010.
DAUTREMEPUITS, C.; PARIS-PALACIOS, S.;BETOULLE, S.; VERNET, G. 2004 Modulation in hepatic and head kidney parameters of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) induced by copper and chitosan. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology,Oxforfd, 137C: 325-333.
DIAS, J.L.C. 1992 Influência da temperatura ambiental sobre a resposta celular inflamatória e a evolução do perfil leuco-trombocitário no sangue periférico de rã touro gigante (Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802). São Paulo, 117p. (Tese de Doutoramento. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP).
FERREIRA, C.M.; BUENO-GUMARíES, H.M.;SOARES, S.R.C.; RANZANIPAIVA, M.J.T.;
RIVERO, D.H.R.F.; SALDIVA, P.H.N. 2003 Hematological markers of cooper toxicity in
Rana catesbeiana tadpoles (Bullfrog). Revista Brasileira de Toxicologia, São Paulo, 16(2): 83-88.
FOSSI, M.C.; CASINI, S.; MARSILI, L.; ANCORA, S.;MORI, G.; NERI, G.; ROMEO, T.; AUSILI, A. 2004 Evaluation of ecotoxicological effects of endocrine disrupters during a fouryear survey of the Mediterranean population of swordfish (Xiphias gladius). Marine Environmental Research,New York, 48: 425í 429.
GHERARDI-GOLDSTEIN, E.; BERTOLETTI, E.;ZAGATTO,P.A.; ARAUJO, R.P.A.; RAMOS,
M.L.L.C. 1990 Procedimentos para utilização de testes de toxicidade no controle de efluentes líquidos.São Paulo. CETESB: Série Manuais, 6. 17p.
GOLDENFARB, P.B.; BOWYER, F.P.; HALL, E.;BROSIUS, E. 1971 Reproducibility in the
hematology laboratory: the microhematocrit determinations. American Journal Clinical Pathology, Hagerstown, 56(1): 35-39.
GíÅ“L, A.; YILMAZ, M.; ISILAK, Z. 2009 Acute Toxicity of Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4.H2O) to
Guppies (Poecilia reticulata P., 1859). Gazi University Journal of Science, Ancara, 22(2): 59-65.
HAMILTON, M.A.; RUSSO, R.C.; THURSTON, V.1977 Trimed Spearman-Karber method for estimating medial lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays. Environmental Science &Technology, Easton, 7: 714-719.
HEIJERICK, D.G.; SCHAMPHELAERE, K.A.C.; JANSEN, C.R. 2002 Predicting acute zinc toxicity for Daphnia magna as a function of key water chemistry characteristics: development and validation of a biotic ligand model.Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, Malden ,21(6): 1309-1315.
HELLAWELL, J.M. 1988 Toxic substances in river and streams. Environmental Pollution, Barking,50: 61-85.
HERSKOWITZ, J. e HELGUERO, L.A. 1998 Copper toxicity and copper-zinc interactions in amphibians embryos. Science of the Total Environment, Amsterdam, 221: 1-10.
HRUBE, T.C. e SMITH, S.A. 1998 Hematology of fish. In: FELDMAN, B.F.; ZINKL, J.G.; JAIN,N.C. (Ed.). Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 5th ed.Blackburg: Wiley-Blackwell. p.1120-1125.
JANNINI, P. e JANNINI FILHO, P. 1995 Interpretação clínica do hemograma. 10ª. ed.. São Paulo: Sarvier.625 p.
KARAN, V.; VITOROVIC, S.; TUTUNDZIC, V.; POLEKSIC, V. 1998 Functional enzymes activity and gill histology of carp after copper sulfate exposure and recovery. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, New York, 40: 49-55.
LEBLOND, V. S. e HONTELA, A. 1999 Effects of in vitro exposures to cadmium, mercury, zinc, and 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)- 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane on steroidogenesis by dispersed interrenal cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,New York, 157: 16-22.
LIMA, S.L. e AGOSTINHO, C.A. 1989 A Criação de Rãs. 2ª ed, São Paulo: Globo. 187p.
LOMBARDI, J.V.; PERPÉTUO, T.; FERREIRA,C.M.; MARQUES, H.L.A.; MACHADO-NETO,
J. 1999 Acute toxicity of the fungicide copper oxychloride to tadpoles os the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. Bulletin Archives of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, New York, 69(3):415-420.
MARTINEZ, C.B.R. e CÓLUS, I.M.S. 2002 Biomarcadores em peixes neotropicais para o
monitoramento da poluição aquática na bacia do rio Tibagi In: MEDRI, M.E.; BIANCHINI, E.; SHIBATTA, O.A.; PIMENTA, J.A. (Eds.) A bacia do rio Tibagi. Londrina: Cap.29. p.551í 577.
MCGEER, J.C.; SZEBEDINSZKY, C.; MCDONALD, D.G.; WOOD, C.M. 2000 Effects of chronic sublethal exposure to waterborne Cu, Cd or Zn in rainbow trout. 1: Iono-regulatory disturbance and metabolic costs. Aquatic Toxicology,Amsterdam, 50: 231-243.
MUNTEANU, V. e MUNTEANU, G. 2007 Biomonitoring of mercury pollution: A case
study from the Dniester River. Ecological Indicators, New York, 7: 498-496.
NIGRO, M.; FALLENI, A.; DEL BARGA, I.; SCARCELLI, V.; LUCCHESI, P.; REGOLI, F.;
FRENZILLI, G. 2006 Cellular biomarkers for monitoring estuarine environments:
Transplanted versus native mussels. Aquatic Toxicology, Amsterdam, 77(4): 339-347.
OLIVEIRA RIBEIRO, C.A.; VOLLAIRE, Y.;SANCHEZ-CHARDI, A.; ROCHE, H. 2005
Bioaccumulation and the effects of organochlorine pesticides, PAH and heavy
metals in the Eel (Anguilla anguilla) at the Camargue Nature Reserve, France. Aquatic Toxicology, Amsterdam, 74(1): 53-69.
RAYA-RODRIGUEZ, M. T. 2000 O uso de bioindicadores para avaliação da qualidade do ar de Porto Alegre. In: ZURITA, M.L.L. e TOLFO, A.M. (org.). A qualidade do ar em Porto Alegre. Porto Alegre: Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente, p.68-76.
ROMANI, R.; ANTOGNELLI, C.; BALDRACCHINI, F.; DE SANTIS, A.; ISANI, G.; GIOVANNINI, E.;ROSI, G. 2003 Increased acetylcholinesterase activities in specimens of Sparus auratus exposed to sublethal copper concentrations. ChemicoBiological Interactions, Amsterdam, 145: 321-329.
ROSENFELD, G. 1947 Corante pancrômico para hematologia e citologia clínica. Nova combinação dos componentes do MayGrünwald e do Giemsa num só corante de
emprego rápido. Memórias do Instituto Butantan,São Paulo, 20: 329-334.
SANTOS, D.C.M. 2009 Toxidez aguda do zinco em lambaris (Astyanax aff. bimaculatus). Viçosa,125p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal de Viçosa).
SCHMALZ, W.F.; HERNANDEZ, A.D.; WEIS, P.2002 Hepatic histopathology in two populations of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus. Marine Environmental Research, New York, 54: 539í 542.
SCHUYTEMA, G.S.; NEBEKER, A.V.; GRIFFIS, W.L.;WILSON, K.N. 1991 Teratogenesis, toxicity, and bioconcentration in frogs exposed to dieldrin.Bulletin Archives of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, New York, 21: 332-350.
SIRAJ BASHA, P. e USHA RANI, A. 2003 Cadmiuminduced antioxidant defense mechanism in freshwater teleost Oreochromis mossambicus (Tilapia). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,New York, 56: 218-221.
TURNER, R.J. 1988 Amphibians. In: ROWLEY, A.F. e RATCLIFFE, N.N.A. Vertebrate Blood Cells. New York, Cambridge University Press. p.129-209.
WINTROBE, M.M. 1934 Variations in the size and hemoglobin content of erythrocytes in the blood of various vertebrates. Folia Hematologica,Leipzig, 51: 32-49.
ZAGATTO, P.A e BERTOLETTI, E. 2008 Ecotoxicologia Aquática í Princípios e Aplicações. 2ªEd. São Carlos: Rima. 486p.
ZAR, J.H. 1996 Biostatical Analysis. New Jersey, Prentice Hall. 662p.
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