Evaluation of three different methods for control of monogeneans and Capillaria sp. (Nematoda:Capillariidae) parasites of angel fish (Pterophyllum scalare Liechtenstein, 1823)
Keywords:
helminths, monogeneans, nematodes, control, Pterophyllum scalareAbstract
The aim of this assay was to evaluate three methods for control of helminth parasites of angel fish fry. Fifteen young were used for the initial parasites counts: the average number of monogeneans in the gills was 50 ± 28, and that of nematodes in the intestine was 14 ± 9. Statistical test was used following randomized delineation (RD) with four treatments and 15 replicates for the parameters of average infestation, and a RD of four treatments and three repetitions for the prevalence parameter. The used treatments were: T1 - consisted in change of fish from one to another aquarium; T2 - fish fed with ration containing 1,000 mg of levamisole/kg+2,000 mg of praziquantel/kg, with aquarium change; T3 - fish submitted to aquarium change and treatment (bath) with 15 mg of formalin (37%) per liter of water for 6 alternated days; and the Control. The analysis of the results shows that the aquarium change and the treatment with formalin decrease the number of monogenean parasites (p < 0.01); however, significant differences with relation to the prevalence of this parasite were not found, demonstrating that although the decrease of the number, it was present in all fish. For nematodes, significant decrease in the number was observed (p < 0.01) in the fish treated with ration containing levamisole and praziquantel, and the decrease of prevalence can also be verified in the aquarium change and ration treatments, meaning that some fish did not present the parasite after the treatment. In conclusion, the treatment with formalin was efficient for the monogenean parasites control, however a constant accomplishment is necessary, since even after the treatment the fish presented the parasites, and the treatment with ration was efficient for the nematodes control. It was still verified that the change of aquarium allowed a smaller number of parasites, indicating there were a smaller infestation rate due to the break of the parasite life cycle.
References
AMATO, J.R.F.; BOEGER, W.A.; AMATO, S.B. 1991 Protocolos para laboratórios í Coleta e processamento
de parasitas e pescados. 1.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Universitária, UFRRJ. 81p.
BUSH, A.O.; LAFFERTY, K.D; LOTZ, J.M.; SHOSTAK, A.W. 1997 Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms. Margolis et al. Revisited. Journal of Parasitology, 83(4): 575-583.
HIRASAWA, N.; OHTAKA, T.; HATA, K. 2000 Challenge trials on the anthelmintic effect of drugs and natural agents against the monogenean Heterobothrium okamotoi in the tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes. Aquaculture, 188: 1-13.
LIMA, A.O.; BERNARDINO, G.; PROENí"¡A, C.E.M. 2001 Agronegócio de peixes ornamentais no Brasil e no mundo. Panorama da Aqüicultura, 65:14-24.
MARTINS, M.L.; MORAES, F.R.; FUJIMOTO, R.Y.; ONAKA, E.M.; SCHALCH, S.H.C.; SILVA, E.D.; NOMURA, D.T.; SILVA, C.A.H. 2000 Parasitic infections in cultivated brazilian freshwater fishes. A survey of diagnosticated cases. Revista
Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 9(1): 23-28.
MARTINS, M.L.; ONAKA, E.M.; FUJIMOTO, R.Y.; MORAES, F.R. 2001 Mebendazole treatment against Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) gill parasite of cultivated Piaractus mesopotamicus (Osteichthyes:
Characidae) in Brazil. Efficacy and haematology.Acta Parasitologica, 46(4): 332-336.
MARTINS, M.L.; ONAKA, E.M.; MORAES, F.R.; BOZZO, F.R.; PAIVA, A.M.F.C.; ADRIANO, G. 2002 Recent studies on parastic infections of freshwaater cultivated fish in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Acta Scientiarum, 24(4): 981-985.
NOGA, E.J. 1996 Fish Disease. Diagnosis and Treatment. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.367p.
ONAKA, E.M; SCHALCH, S.H.C; MARTINS, M.L.; MORAES, F.R. 1999 Adição de sulfóxido de albendazole e praziquantel na ração de pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887: Efeitos sobre helmintos monogenóides parasitos de brí¢nquias e em parí¢metros hematológicos. In: SEMINÁRIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINÁRIA, 11., Salvador, out./ 1999. Anais... p.185.
ONAKA, E.M.; MARTINS, M.L.; MORAES, F.R. 2003 Eficácia do albendazol e praziquantel no controle de Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae), parasito de pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Osteichthyes: Characidae). I. Banhos terapêuticos. B. Inst. Pesca, São Paulo, 29(2): 101-107.
OSTRENSKY, A. e Bí–EGER, W. 1998 Fundamentos e técnicas de manejo. Guaíba: Livraria e Editora Agropecuária. 203p
POST, G. 1987 Textbook of fish health. Neptune City: TFH publications. 288p.
REDMAN, C.A.; ROBERTSON, A.P.; FALLON, P.G.; MODHA, J.; KUSEL, J.R.; DOENHOFF, M.J.; MARTIN, R.J. 1996 Praziquantel: an urgent and exciting challenge. Parasitol. Today,12: 14í 20.
ROBERTSON, S.J. e MARTIN, R.J. 1993 Levamisoleactivated single-channel currents from muscle of the nematode parasites Ascaris suum. Br. J.Pharmacol., 108: 170í 178.
SCHMAHL, G. 1991 The chemotherapy of monogeneans which parasitize fish: a review.Folia Parasitologica, 38: 97-106.
SCHMAHL, G. e MEHLHORN, H. 1985 Treatment of fish parasites. Z. Parasitenkd, 71: 727-737.
SCHUBERT, G. 1987 Fish Disease. A complete introduction. Neptune City: TFH publications.125p.
UNTERGASSER, D. 1989 Handbook of fish disease. Neptune City: TFH publications. 160p.
VIDAL JUNIOR, M.V. 2003 Peixes Ornamentais. Reprodução em aqüicultura. Panorama da Aqüicultura, 79: 22-27.
YADAV, J. e AKELA, B.P. 1993 Aldrin induced haematological changes on the common indian catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 18(4): 156-159.
