Efficacy of the methyl parathion and the aqueous extract of dry neem leaves in the control of Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenoidea) in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)
Keywords:
Piaractus mesopotamicus, treatment, efficacy, parasites, methyl parathion, neemAbstract
This work determined the efficacy of the insecticide methyl parathion and the natural pesticide azadirachtin present in the aqueous extract of dry neem leaves (AEDNL) to Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenoidea) control in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). The efficacy of methyl parathion was evaluated in an experiment consisting of six treatments (0.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 mg methyl parathion/L water) and five exposure times (2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 hr). The efficacy of azadirachtin present in AEDNL was assessed in an experiment consisting of seven treatments (0.0; 25; 50; 75; 100; 125; and 150 mL/L water) and five exposure times (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hr). The efficacy of methyl parathion increased with increasing concentration and exposure time. The highest control efficacy was obtained with a concentration of 7 mg methyl parathion/L at all exposure times. In this treatment, the highest efficacies were observed at 16 and 24 hr of exposure, with a control rate of 96.2 and 97.0%, respectively. For the AEDNL, the highest control efficacy (89.2%) was obtained with a concentration of 2.9 mg/L after 120 hr of exposure. The efficacy in the treatments employing 1.47 and 1.18 mg/L was 83.9 and 82.5%, respectively, after 120 hr of exposure. Methyl parathion presented a higher efficacy in the control of A. penilabiatus than the AEDNL. The AEDNL was moderately effective in the control of the parasite.
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COHEN, S.C. e KOHN, A. 2005 A new species of Mymarothecium and new host and geographical r e c o r d s f o r M . v i a t o r u m ( M o n o g e n e a :Dactylogyridae), parasites of freshwater fishes in Brazil. Folia Parasitologica, Prague, 52: 307-310.
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KIM, K.H. e CHOI, E.S. 1998 Treatment of Microcotyle sebastis (Monogenea) on the gills of cultured rockfish (Sebastes schelegeli) with oral administration of mebendazole and bitrionol. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 167: 115-121.
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J. Med. Biol. Ver, Ribeirão Preto, 31: 655-658.
MARTINS, M.L. e ROMERO, N.G. 1996 Efectos del parasitismo sobre el tejido branquial em peces
cultivados: estúdio parasitologico e histopatologico.Rev. Bras. Zool, São Carlos, 13(2): 489-500.
MARTINS, M.L. ONAKA, E.M. MORAES, F.R. FUJIMOTO, R.Y. 2001 Mebendazole treatment against Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) gill parasite of cultuvated Piaractus mesopotamicus (Osteichthyes, Characidae) in Brazil. Efficacy and hematology. Acta. Parasitol,Warsaw, 46(4): 332-336
MENEZES, M.L. DALBERTO, A. C. CRUZ, C.MACHADO-NETO, J. G. 2004 Determination of biopesticide azadirachtin in samples of fish and in samples of water of fish ponds, using cromatography liquid pf high performance.
Salusvita, Bauru, 23: 401-414.
MERCOSUL. 2004 Normas mercosul para registro de produtos parasiticidas. Regulamento técnico para licenciamento e/ou renovação de licença de produtos antiparasitários de uso veterinário. Portaria 048.h. 3p. Disponível em: http://www.rr.ameicas.oie.int. Acesso em: 01 jul 2004.
MOLNAR, K. 1994 Effect of decreased water oxygen content on common carp fry with Dactylogyrus evacuator (Monogena) infection of varying severity. Diseas. Aquat. Organ, Oldendorf, 20:153-157.
NOGA, E.J. 1996 Fish disease: diagnosis and treatment. Mosby, North Carolina State University, College
of Veterinary Medicine, 367p.
OIE, World Organization for Animal Health. 2006 Animal diseases data. OIE listed diseases.Disponível em: www.oie.int/eng/maladies/en_classification.htm. Acesso em: 19 fev. 2007.
PIRONET, F.N. e JONES, J.B. 2000 Treatments for ectoparasites and diseases in captive western australian dhufish. Aquacult. Intern, London, 8: 349-361.
SCHAAF, O. JARVIS, A. P. ESCH, A.V.D. GIAGNACOVO, G. OLDHAM, N.J. 2000 Rapid and sensitive analysis of azadachtin and related triterpenoids from neem (Azadirachta indica) by high-performance liquid chromatographyatmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrmetry. J. Chromat. A, Amsterdam, 886:
89-97.
SHARP, N.J. DIGGLES, B.K. POORTENAAR, C.W.WILLIS, T.J. 2004 Efficacy of Aqui-S formalin and praziquantel against the monogeneans, Benedenia seriolae and Zeuxapta seriolae, infecting yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi in New Zeland. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 236: 67-83.
SENG, L.K. e SENG, L.T. 1992 Treatment of cultured golden snapper, Litjanus johni, infected with monogeneans. Aquaculture, Amsterdam,106:1-8.
SIPAUBA-TAVARES, L.H. 1994 Limnologia aplicada í aqüicultura, Jaboticabal: Funep. 70p.
SOLENG, A. POLÉO, A.B.S. ALSTAD, N.E.W. BAKKE,T.A. 1999 Aqueous aluminium eliminates Gyrodactylus salaris (Platyhelminthes, Monognea) infections in atlantic salmon. Parasitol. Cambridge,119: 19-25.
STEPHENS, F.J. CLEARY, J.J. JENKINS, G. JONES, J.B. RAIDAL, S.R. THOMAS, J.B. 2003 Treatments to control Haliotrema abaddon in the west Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 215: 1-10.
SZÉKELY, C. e MOLNAR, K. 1987 Mebendazole is an afficacious drug against pseudo dactylogyrosis in the european eel (Anguilla anguilla). J. Appl.Ichthyol, Berlin, 3: 183-186.
THATCHER, V.E. e BRITES-NETO, J. 1994 Diagnóstico, prevenção e tratamento das enfermidades de peixes neotropicais de água doce. Rev. Bras. Med.Vet, Ribeirão Preto, 16(3): 111-128.
TREVES-BROWN, K.M. 2000 Applied fish pharmacology. Aqualcuture Series, v. 3. Ed. Kluwer Academic Plushers, Dordrecht, 309p.
TOJO, J.L. SANTAMARIA. M.T. UBEIRA, F.M. ESTEVEZ; J. SANMARTIN, M.L. 1992 Anthelmintic activity of benzimidazoles against Gyrodactylus sp. Infecting rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Diseas. Aquat.,
Org, Oldendorf, 12: 185-189.
UMEDA, N. NIBE, H. HARA, T. HIRAZAWA, N. 2006 Effects of various treatments on hatching of eggs and viability of oncomiracidia of the monogenean Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae and Pseudodactylogyrus bini. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 253: 148í 153.
Zucker E. 1985 Hazard Evaluation Division. Standard Evaluation Procedure - Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Fish. U. S. EPA Publication 540/9-85- 006. Washington, 17p
em produtos desinfestantes Ed. Anvisa, 1° edição,Brasília, DF, 33p.
APPLEBY, C. MO, T.A. 1997 Populations dynamics of Gyrodactylus derjavini (Monogenea) infecting atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, parr in the river batnfjorselva. J. Parasitol, Lawrence, 83(6): 23-30.
BOEGER, W.A. DOMINGUES, M. PAVANELLI, G.C. 1995a Neotropical monogenoidea. 24. Rhinoxenus bulbovaginatus (Dactylogyridae) from the nasal cavity of Salminus maxillosus from Rio Paraná, Paraná, Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 90(6): 695-698.
BOEGER, W.A. HUSACK, W.S. MARTINS, M.L. 1995b Neotropical monogenoidea. 25. Anacanthorus
penilabiatus (Dactylogyridea: Anacanthorinae) from Piaractus mesopotamicus, cultivated in the State
of São Paulo, Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 90(6): 699-701.
BUCHMANN, K. e BJERREGAARD, J. 1990 Mebendazole treatment of Pseudodactylogyrosis in the intensive eel-culture system. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 86: 139-153.
CECCHINI, S. e COGNETTI-VARRIALE, A.M. 2003 Dehydration is more effective for control of embryonic development and larval hatching of Diplectanum aequans (Monogenoidea, Diplectanidae) than formalin and trichlorfon. Aquacult. Intern, Aquacult. Intern,London, 11: 261-265.
COHEN, S.C. e KOHN, A. 2005 A new species of Mymarothecium and new host and geographical r e c o r d s f o r M . v i a t o r u m ( M o n o g e n e a :Dactylogyridae), parasites of freshwater fishes in Brazil. Folia Parasitologica, Prague, 52: 307-310.
CRUZ, C. MACHADO-NETO, J. G. MENEZES, M.L. 2004 Toxicidade aguda do insetida parathion metílico e do biopesticida azadiractina de folhas de neem (Azadirachta indica) para alevino e juvenil de pacu (Piractus mesopotamicus). Pesticas: R.Ecotoxicol. e Meio Amb. Curitiba, 14, 93-102.
CRUZ-SILVA, M.P. CARVALHO-VARELLA, M. CARVALHO, S.P. GRAZINA-FREITAS, S. 1990/1991 Parasitas e parasitoses dos animais aquáticos em estuário e maricultura em Portugal. Resultados preliminares. An. Fac. Medic. Vet, Lisboa, 27/28: 223-236.
DUNKEL, F.V. e RICILARDS, D.C. 1998 Effect of an azadirachtin formulation on six non target aquatic macroinvertabrados. Environ. Entomol, College Park, 27(3): 667-673.
EIRAS, J.C. RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T. ISHIKAWA, C.M. ALEXANDRINO, A.C. EIRAS, A.C. 1995 Ectoparasites of semi intensively farmed tropical freswater fish Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochilodus lineatus and Colossoma macropomum in Brazil. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish. Pathol, 15(5): 148-151.
Guidelines for the Testing of Veterinary Medicinal Products. 1994 The rules governing medicinal products in
the European Union. v. 7.
GOKTEPE I. e PLHAK L. 2002 Comparative toxicity of two Azadirachtin-based neem pesticides to Daphnia pulex. Environ. Toxicol. Chem, New York,21(1): 31-36.
GOVEN, B.A. e AMEND, D.F. 1982 Mebendazole/trichlorfon combination: a new anthelmintic for removing monogenetic trematodes form fish.J. Fish. Biol, London, 20: 373-378.
GUTIERREZ, P.A. e MARTORELLI, S.R. 1999 The structure of the monogenean community on the gills of Pimelodus maculates in rio de la plata. Parasitol, Cambridge, 119: 177-182.
HIRAZAWA, N. OHTAKA, T. KAZUHIKO, H. 2000 Challenge trials on the anthelmintic effect of drugs and natural agents against the monogenean Heterobothrium okamotoi in the tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 188: 1-13.
HIRAZAWA, N. MITSUBOSHI, T. HIRATA, T.SHIRASU, K. 2004 Susceptibility of spotted halibut Verasper variegatus (Pleuronectidae) to infection by the monogenean Neobenedenia girellae (Capsalidae) and oral therapy trials using praziquantel. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 238: 83-95.
K A T H A R I O S , P . P A P A N D R O U L A K I S , N . DIVANACH, P. 2006 Treatment of Microcotyle sp. (Monogenoidea) on the gills of cage-cultured red porgy, Pagrus pagrus following baths with formalin and mebendazole. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 251: 167-171.
KIM, K.H. e CHOI, E.S. 1998 Treatment of Microcotyle sebastis (Monogenea) on the gills of cultured rockfish (Sebastes schelegeli) with oral administration of mebendazole and bitrionol. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 167: 115-121.
KOHN, A. FERNANDES, B.M.M. MACEDO, B. ABRAMSON, B. 1985 Helminths parasites of freshwater fishes from Pirassununga, SP. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 80(3): 327-336.
KRITSKY, D.C. e BOEGER, W.A. 1983 Neotropical monogenea. Five new species form the aruanã Osteoglossum bicirrosum, a freshwater teleost from the Brazil, with proposal of Gonocleithrum n. gen. (Dactylogyridae, Ancyrocephalinea). Proc. Biol. Soc. Was. Washington, Washington, 96: 581-597.
MARTINS, M.L. 1998 Evaluation of the addition of ascorbic acid to the ration of cultivated Piaractus mesopotamicus (Characidae) on the infrapopulation of Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenoidea). Bras.
J. Med. Biol. Ver, Ribeirão Preto, 31: 655-658.
MARTINS, M.L. e ROMERO, N.G. 1996 Efectos del parasitismo sobre el tejido branquial em peces
cultivados: estúdio parasitologico e histopatologico.Rev. Bras. Zool, São Carlos, 13(2): 489-500.
MARTINS, M.L. ONAKA, E.M. MORAES, F.R. FUJIMOTO, R.Y. 2001 Mebendazole treatment against Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) gill parasite of cultuvated Piaractus mesopotamicus (Osteichthyes, Characidae) in Brazil. Efficacy and hematology. Acta. Parasitol,Warsaw, 46(4): 332-336
MENEZES, M.L. DALBERTO, A. C. CRUZ, C.MACHADO-NETO, J. G. 2004 Determination of biopesticide azadirachtin in samples of fish and in samples of water of fish ponds, using cromatography liquid pf high performance.
Salusvita, Bauru, 23: 401-414.
MERCOSUL. 2004 Normas mercosul para registro de produtos parasiticidas. Regulamento técnico para licenciamento e/ou renovação de licença de produtos antiparasitários de uso veterinário. Portaria 048.h. 3p. Disponível em: http://www.rr.ameicas.oie.int. Acesso em: 01 jul 2004.
MOLNAR, K. 1994 Effect of decreased water oxygen content on common carp fry with Dactylogyrus evacuator (Monogena) infection of varying severity. Diseas. Aquat. Organ, Oldendorf, 20:153-157.
NOGA, E.J. 1996 Fish disease: diagnosis and treatment. Mosby, North Carolina State University, College
of Veterinary Medicine, 367p.
OIE, World Organization for Animal Health. 2006 Animal diseases data. OIE listed diseases.Disponível em: www.oie.int/eng/maladies/en_classification.htm. Acesso em: 19 fev. 2007.
PIRONET, F.N. e JONES, J.B. 2000 Treatments for ectoparasites and diseases in captive western australian dhufish. Aquacult. Intern, London, 8: 349-361.
SCHAAF, O. JARVIS, A. P. ESCH, A.V.D. GIAGNACOVO, G. OLDHAM, N.J. 2000 Rapid and sensitive analysis of azadachtin and related triterpenoids from neem (Azadirachta indica) by high-performance liquid chromatographyatmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrmetry. J. Chromat. A, Amsterdam, 886:
89-97.
SHARP, N.J. DIGGLES, B.K. POORTENAAR, C.W.WILLIS, T.J. 2004 Efficacy of Aqui-S formalin and praziquantel against the monogeneans, Benedenia seriolae and Zeuxapta seriolae, infecting yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi in New Zeland. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 236: 67-83.
SENG, L.K. e SENG, L.T. 1992 Treatment of cultured golden snapper, Litjanus johni, infected with monogeneans. Aquaculture, Amsterdam,106:1-8.
SIPAUBA-TAVARES, L.H. 1994 Limnologia aplicada í aqüicultura, Jaboticabal: Funep. 70p.
SOLENG, A. POLÉO, A.B.S. ALSTAD, N.E.W. BAKKE,T.A. 1999 Aqueous aluminium eliminates Gyrodactylus salaris (Platyhelminthes, Monognea) infections in atlantic salmon. Parasitol. Cambridge,119: 19-25.
STEPHENS, F.J. CLEARY, J.J. JENKINS, G. JONES, J.B. RAIDAL, S.R. THOMAS, J.B. 2003 Treatments to control Haliotrema abaddon in the west Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 215: 1-10.
SZÉKELY, C. e MOLNAR, K. 1987 Mebendazole is an afficacious drug against pseudo dactylogyrosis in the european eel (Anguilla anguilla). J. Appl.Ichthyol, Berlin, 3: 183-186.
THATCHER, V.E. e BRITES-NETO, J. 1994 Diagnóstico, prevenção e tratamento das enfermidades de peixes neotropicais de água doce. Rev. Bras. Med.Vet, Ribeirão Preto, 16(3): 111-128.
TREVES-BROWN, K.M. 2000 Applied fish pharmacology. Aqualcuture Series, v. 3. Ed. Kluwer Academic Plushers, Dordrecht, 309p.
TOJO, J.L. SANTAMARIA. M.T. UBEIRA, F.M. ESTEVEZ; J. SANMARTIN, M.L. 1992 Anthelmintic activity of benzimidazoles against Gyrodactylus sp. Infecting rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Diseas. Aquat.,
Org, Oldendorf, 12: 185-189.
UMEDA, N. NIBE, H. HARA, T. HIRAZAWA, N. 2006 Effects of various treatments on hatching of eggs and viability of oncomiracidia of the monogenean Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae and Pseudodactylogyrus bini. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 253: 148í 153.
Zucker E. 1985 Hazard Evaluation Division. Standard Evaluation Procedure - Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Fish. U. S. EPA Publication 540/9-85- 006. Washington, 17p
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