Periphytic biomas in net cages of nile tilapia - Oreochromis niloticus (Linneau, 1758)
Keywords:
aquaculture, periphyton, tilapia, artificial substrate, chlorophyll-aAbstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomass of the periphytic community in aquaculture net cages of Oreochromis niloticus. We determined the time required to stabilize this community and contributed to the knowledge of its potential to sustain the fish production. For this, 15 net cages were set in an arm of the Rosana Reservoir (Paranapanema River), the Corvo River. In these net cages, artificial substrates were used to allow the development of the periphytic community, which had its biomass monitored fortnightly, indexed as chlorophyll-a, dry weight, ash-free dry weight and percentage of ash. The biomass of periphytic community found in the net cages of the Corvo River was high. In fact, it was higher than the values already reported by other authors in a variety of cultivation systems. Considering chlorophyll-a, the time for the community be considered mature, with uniform pattern of colonization and maximum concentration was four weeks. The knowledge of this time, necessary for the stabilization of the periphytic community, is of great importance to aquaculture. The use of this community as natural food may contribute to the sustainable management of systems and reduce costs for the producer, with reduction of the use of commercial food, for the environment with less addition of nutrients.
References
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pesqueiros em reservatórios do Brasil. Maringá:Eduem. 501p.
ALMEIDA, A.C.G. 2001 Desenvolvimento da comunidade perifítica sobre substrato artificial em um Reservatório Paranaense. Maringá. 28p.(Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual de Maringá).
AYROSA, L.M.S.; FURLANETO, F.P.B.; AYROSA,D.M.R.; SUSSEL, F.R. 2005 Piscicultura no
médio Paranapanema: situação e perspectivas.Aqüicultura e Pesca, São Paulo, 12: 27-32.
AYROSA, D.M.R; FURLANETO, F.P.B.; AYROSA,L.M.S. 2006 Regularização de projetos de cultivo de peixes em tanques-rede no estado de São Paulo. Panorama da Aquicultura, Rio de Janeiro, 16 (94): 38-42.
AZIM, M.E.; WAHAB, M.A.; VAN DAM, A.A.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; HUISMAN, E.A.;
VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2001a Optimization of stocking ratios of two Indian major carps,
rohu Labeo rohita Ham. and catla Catla catla Ham. in a periphyton- based aquaculture system. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 203: 33- 49.
AZIM, M.E.; WAHAB, M.A.; VAN DAM, A.A.;BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; MILSTEIN, A.;
VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2001b Optimization of the fertilization rate for maximizing
periphyton production on artificial substrates and the implications for periphyton- based aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 32:749- 760.
AZIM, M.E.; WAHAB, M.A.; VAN DAM, A.A.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; VERDEGEM, M.C.J.
2001c The potential of periphyton-based culture of two Indian major carps, rohu Labeo rohita Hamilton and Labeo gonius Linnaeus.Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 32: 209- 216.
AZIM, M.E.; VERDEGEM, M.C.J.; RAHMAN,M.M.; WAHAB, M.A.; VAN DAM, A.A.;
BEVERIDGE, M.C.M. 2002a Evaluation of polyculture of Indian major carps in
periphyton-based ponds. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 213: 131- 149.
AZIM, M.E.; WAHAB, M.A.; VERDEGEM, M.C.J.;VAN DAM, A.A.; VAN ROOIJ, J.M.;
BEVERIDGE, M.C.M. 2002b The effects of artificial substrates on freshwater pond
productivity and water quality and the implications for periphyton- based
aquaculture. Aquatic Living Resources, Paris,15: 231-241.
AZIM, M.E.; VERDEGEM, M.C.J.; MANTINGH,I.; VAN DAM, A.A.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.
2003 Ingestion and utilization of periphyton grown on artificial substrates by Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.. Aquaculture Research,Oxford, 34: 85- 92.
BICUDO, D.C.; NECCHI-JíÅ¡NIR, O.;CHAMIXAES, B.C.B. 1995 Periphyton studies
in Brazil: present status and perspectives. In: TUNDISI, J.G.; BICUDO, C.E.M.;
MATSUMURA-TUNDISI, T. (Eds) Limnology in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: ABC/SLC. p. 37- 58.
CACECI, T.; EL- HABBACK, H.A.; SMITH, S.A.;SMITH, B.J. 1997 The stomach of Oreochromis niloticus has three regions. Journal of Fish Biology, London, 50: 939- 952.
CERRAO, G.C.; MOSQUINI-CARLOS, V.;SANTOS, M. J.; RIGOLIN, O. 1991 Efeito do
enriquecimento artificial sobre a biomassa de perifíton em tanques artificiais na represa do Lobo Broa. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, São Carlos, 51: 71-78.
DEMPSTER, P.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; BAIRD,D.J. 1993 Herbivory in the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: a comparison of feeding rates on phytoplankton and periphyton. Journal of Biology, New York, 43: 385- 392.
FELISBERTO, S. A. 2007 Algas perifítica sobre substrato artificial e natural no rio do Corvo (tributário do reservatório de Rosana): composição, abundí¢ncia,biomassa e produtividade. Maringá. 98p. (Tese de Doutoramento. Universidade Estadual de
Maringá).
FILHO, L. A.; RIBEIRO, R.P. 2006 Avaliação do desempenho de cultivo de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), em tanques-rede de pequeno volume, associado í s avaliações das variáveis fisico-químicas da água para a busca da sustentabilidade do sistema de produção. In: AGOSTINHO, A.A (Coord.) Avaliação preliminar da viabilidade econômica e ambiental de cultivo de inverno de tilápia nilótica em tanquesrede. Relatório complementar. PRONEX/Nupélia/Universidade Estadual de Maringá. p. 107- 110.
FISH, G.R. 1960 The comparative activity of some digestive enzymes in the alimentary canal of tilapia and perch. Hydrobiologia, Dordrecht, 15 (1-2): 161- 178.
GETACHEW, T. 1987 A study on na herbivorous fish, Oreochromis niloticus L. diet and its quality in two Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes,Awasa and Zwai. Journal of Fish Biology,
London, 30: 439- 449.
GOLTERMAN, H.L.; CLYMO, R.S.; OHNSTAD,M.A.M. 1978 Methods for physical and chemical analyses of Fresh water. 2a ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 215p.
HEN, S. e AVIT, J.L.B. 1994 First results on ‘acadja-enclos’ as an extensive aquaculture
system (west Africa). Bulletin of Marine Science, Lawrence, 55: 1038- 1049.
HUCHETTE, S.M.H.; BEVERIGDE, M.C.M.; BAIRD, D.J.; IRELAND, M. 2000 The impacts
of grazing by tilápias Oreochromis niloticus L.on periphyton communities growing on artificial substrates in cages Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 186: 45- 60.
HUCHETTE, S.M.H. e BEVERIGDE, M.C.M. 2003 Periphyton-based cage aquaculture. In: AZIM, M.E.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M., VAN DAM, A.A;VERDEGEM, M.C.J. (Eds.) Periphyton: ecology, exploitation and management. Cambridge: CABI Publishing, p. 237-245.
JANA, S.N.; GARG, S.K.; PATRA, B.C. 2004 Effects of periphyton performance of grey
mullet, Mugil cephalus Linn., in inland saline groundwater ponds. Journal of Applied
Ichthyology, Berlin, 20: 110- 117.
JíÅ¡LIO- JíÅ¡NIOR, H. F.; THOMAZ, S.M.;AGOSTINHO, A.A.; LATINI, J.D. 2005 Distribuição e Caracterização de Reservatórios In: RODRIGUES, L.; THOMAZ,S. M.; AGOSTINHO, A.A.; GOMES, L.C. (Orgs.) Biocenose em reservatórios: padrões espaciais e temporais. São Carlos: RiMa. p.1-16.
KESHAVANATH, P.; GANGADHAR, B.; RAMESH, T.J.; VAN ROOIJ, J.M.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M; BAIRD, D.J.;VERDEGEM, M.C.J.; VAN DAM A.A. 2001 Use of artificial substrates to enhance the production of freshwater herbivorous fish in pond culture. Aquaculture Research, Oxford,32: 189- 197.
KESHAVANATH, P.; GANGADHAR, B.;RAMESH, T.J.; VAN DAM A.A.; BEVERIDGE,
M.C.M; VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2002 The effect of periphyton and supplemental feeding on the production of the indigenous carps Tot khudree and Labeo fimbriatus. Aquaculture, Amsterdam,231: 207- 218.
KESHAVANATH, P.; GANGADHAR, B.;RAMESH, T.J.; VAN DAM A.A.; BEVERIDGE,
M.C.M; VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2004 Effects of bamboo substrates and supplemental feeding on growth and production of hybrid red tilapia fingerlings Oreochromis mossambicus X Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, Amsterdam,235: 303- 314.
KIBRIA, G. e AHMED, K.K.U. 2005 Diversity of selective and non-selective fishing gear and the impact on inland fisheries in Bangladesh.NAGA. World Fish Centers Newsletter, Penang,28: 43- 48.
LEGENDRE, M.; HEM, S.; CISSE, A. 1989 Suitability of brackish water tilápias species
from the Ivory Coast for lagoon aquaculture.II- Growth and rearing methods. Aquatic Living Resources, Paris, 2: 81- 89.
MARENGONI, N.G. 2006 Produção de tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus (Linhagem Chitralada), cultivada em tanques-rede, sob diferentes densidades de estocagem. Archivos de Zootecnia, Córdoba, 55(210): 127-138.
MILSTEIN, A.; AZIM, M.E; WAHAB, M.A.;VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2003 The effects of
periphyton, fish and fertilizer dose on biological process affecting water quality in
earthen fish ponds. Environmental Biology of Fishes, Dordrecht, 68: 247- 260.
MOSCHINI-CARLOS, V. 1996 Diní¢mica e estrutura da comunidade perifítica substratos artificial e natural, na zona de desembocadura do rio Paranapanema, represa Jurumirim, SP. São Carlos. 172p. (Tese Doutoramento.Universidade Federal de São Carlos).
MOSCHINI-CARLOS, V.; HENRY, R.; POMPíÅ O,M.L.M. 2000 Seasonal variation of biomass and productivity of the periphyton community on artificial substrata in the
Jurumirim Reservoir São Paulo, Brazil. Hydrobiologia, Dordrecht, 434: 35-40.
NORBERG, J. 1999 Periphyton fouling as a marginal energy source in tropical tilapia
cage farming. Aquaculture Research, Oxford,30: 427- 430.
NUí"˜ER, A.P.O. Limnologia e piscicultura. In:CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE
LIMNOLOGIA, 10.; Ilhéus, 24-29/jul./2005.Anais...v.33, p. 3-5.
POMPíÅ O, M.L.M. e MOSCHINI-CARLOS, V. 2003 Macrófitas aquáticas e perifíton, aspectos ecológicos e metodológicos. São Carlos: RiMa.134p.
RAMESH, M.R.; SHANKAR, K.M.; MOHAN,C.V.; VARGHESE, T.J. 1999 Comparison of
three plat substrates for enhancing carp growth through bacterial biofilm. Aquaculture Engineering, Amsterdan, 19: 119- 131.
SAMPAIO, J.M.C. e BRAGA, L.G.T. 2005 Cultivo de tilápia em tanques-rede na barragem do Ribeirão de Saloméa í Floresta Azul- Bahia. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal,Salvador, 6(2): 45- 52.
SCHWARZBOLD, A. 1990 Métodos Ecológicos Aplicados ao Estudo do Perifíton. Acta
Limnologica Brasiliensia, Botucatu, 3: 545-592.
STEVENSON, J. R. 1996 An introduction to algal ecology in freshwater benthic habitats. In: STEVENSON, J. R.; BOTHWELL, M.L.; LOWE, R.L. (Eds) Algal Ecology: freshwater benthic ecosystems. San Diego: Academic Press.p.3-30.
UDDIN, M.S.; AZIM, M.E.; WAHAB, M.A.;VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2006 The potential of
mixed culture of genetically improved farmed tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and freshwater giant prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in periphyton-based systems. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 37: 241- 247.
UDDIN, M.S.; FARZANA, A.; FATEMA, M.K.;AZIM, M.E.; WAHAB, M.A.; VERDEGEM,
M.C.J. 2007 Technical evaluation of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus monoculture and tilapiaprawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii polyculture in earthen ponds with and without substrates for periphyton development. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 269: 232- 240.
VAN DAM, A.A. e VERDEGEM M.C.J. 2005 Utilization of Periphyton for Fish Production
in Ponds: a Systems Ecology Perspectives. In: AZIM, M.E.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M., VAN
DAM, A.A; VERDEGEM, M.C.J. (Eds). Periphyton: ecology, exploitation and
management. Cambridge: CABI Publishing, p.91-112.
WAHAB, M.A. e KIBRIA, G. 1994 Katha and kua fisheries- unsual fishing methods in
Bangladesh. Aquaculture News, Stirling, 18: 24.
WAHAB, M.A.; AZIM, M.E., ALI, M.H.;BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; KHAN, S. 1999 The
potential of periphyton-based culture of the native major carp calbaush, Labeo calbasu Hamilton. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 30:409- 419.
WETZEL, R.G. 1983 Recomendation for future research on periphyton. In: WETZEL, R.G. (Eds.).Periphyton of Freshwater Ecosystems. The Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, p. 339- 346.
pesqueiros em reservatórios do Brasil. Maringá:Eduem. 501p.
ALMEIDA, A.C.G. 2001 Desenvolvimento da comunidade perifítica sobre substrato artificial em um Reservatório Paranaense. Maringá. 28p.(Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual de Maringá).
AYROSA, L.M.S.; FURLANETO, F.P.B.; AYROSA,D.M.R.; SUSSEL, F.R. 2005 Piscicultura no
médio Paranapanema: situação e perspectivas.Aqüicultura e Pesca, São Paulo, 12: 27-32.
AYROSA, D.M.R; FURLANETO, F.P.B.; AYROSA,L.M.S. 2006 Regularização de projetos de cultivo de peixes em tanques-rede no estado de São Paulo. Panorama da Aquicultura, Rio de Janeiro, 16 (94): 38-42.
AZIM, M.E.; WAHAB, M.A.; VAN DAM, A.A.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; HUISMAN, E.A.;
VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2001a Optimization of stocking ratios of two Indian major carps,
rohu Labeo rohita Ham. and catla Catla catla Ham. in a periphyton- based aquaculture system. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 203: 33- 49.
AZIM, M.E.; WAHAB, M.A.; VAN DAM, A.A.;BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; MILSTEIN, A.;
VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2001b Optimization of the fertilization rate for maximizing
periphyton production on artificial substrates and the implications for periphyton- based aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 32:749- 760.
AZIM, M.E.; WAHAB, M.A.; VAN DAM, A.A.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; VERDEGEM, M.C.J.
2001c The potential of periphyton-based culture of two Indian major carps, rohu Labeo rohita Hamilton and Labeo gonius Linnaeus.Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 32: 209- 216.
AZIM, M.E.; VERDEGEM, M.C.J.; RAHMAN,M.M.; WAHAB, M.A.; VAN DAM, A.A.;
BEVERIDGE, M.C.M. 2002a Evaluation of polyculture of Indian major carps in
periphyton-based ponds. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 213: 131- 149.
AZIM, M.E.; WAHAB, M.A.; VERDEGEM, M.C.J.;VAN DAM, A.A.; VAN ROOIJ, J.M.;
BEVERIDGE, M.C.M. 2002b The effects of artificial substrates on freshwater pond
productivity and water quality and the implications for periphyton- based
aquaculture. Aquatic Living Resources, Paris,15: 231-241.
AZIM, M.E.; VERDEGEM, M.C.J.; MANTINGH,I.; VAN DAM, A.A.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.
2003 Ingestion and utilization of periphyton grown on artificial substrates by Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.. Aquaculture Research,Oxford, 34: 85- 92.
BICUDO, D.C.; NECCHI-JíÅ¡NIR, O.;CHAMIXAES, B.C.B. 1995 Periphyton studies
in Brazil: present status and perspectives. In: TUNDISI, J.G.; BICUDO, C.E.M.;
MATSUMURA-TUNDISI, T. (Eds) Limnology in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: ABC/SLC. p. 37- 58.
CACECI, T.; EL- HABBACK, H.A.; SMITH, S.A.;SMITH, B.J. 1997 The stomach of Oreochromis niloticus has three regions. Journal of Fish Biology, London, 50: 939- 952.
CERRAO, G.C.; MOSQUINI-CARLOS, V.;SANTOS, M. J.; RIGOLIN, O. 1991 Efeito do
enriquecimento artificial sobre a biomassa de perifíton em tanques artificiais na represa do Lobo Broa. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, São Carlos, 51: 71-78.
DEMPSTER, P.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; BAIRD,D.J. 1993 Herbivory in the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: a comparison of feeding rates on phytoplankton and periphyton. Journal of Biology, New York, 43: 385- 392.
FELISBERTO, S. A. 2007 Algas perifítica sobre substrato artificial e natural no rio do Corvo (tributário do reservatório de Rosana): composição, abundí¢ncia,biomassa e produtividade. Maringá. 98p. (Tese de Doutoramento. Universidade Estadual de
Maringá).
FILHO, L. A.; RIBEIRO, R.P. 2006 Avaliação do desempenho de cultivo de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), em tanques-rede de pequeno volume, associado í s avaliações das variáveis fisico-químicas da água para a busca da sustentabilidade do sistema de produção. In: AGOSTINHO, A.A (Coord.) Avaliação preliminar da viabilidade econômica e ambiental de cultivo de inverno de tilápia nilótica em tanquesrede. Relatório complementar. PRONEX/Nupélia/Universidade Estadual de Maringá. p. 107- 110.
FISH, G.R. 1960 The comparative activity of some digestive enzymes in the alimentary canal of tilapia and perch. Hydrobiologia, Dordrecht, 15 (1-2): 161- 178.
GETACHEW, T. 1987 A study on na herbivorous fish, Oreochromis niloticus L. diet and its quality in two Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes,Awasa and Zwai. Journal of Fish Biology,
London, 30: 439- 449.
GOLTERMAN, H.L.; CLYMO, R.S.; OHNSTAD,M.A.M. 1978 Methods for physical and chemical analyses of Fresh water. 2a ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 215p.
HEN, S. e AVIT, J.L.B. 1994 First results on ‘acadja-enclos’ as an extensive aquaculture
system (west Africa). Bulletin of Marine Science, Lawrence, 55: 1038- 1049.
HUCHETTE, S.M.H.; BEVERIGDE, M.C.M.; BAIRD, D.J.; IRELAND, M. 2000 The impacts
of grazing by tilápias Oreochromis niloticus L.on periphyton communities growing on artificial substrates in cages Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 186: 45- 60.
HUCHETTE, S.M.H. e BEVERIGDE, M.C.M. 2003 Periphyton-based cage aquaculture. In: AZIM, M.E.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M., VAN DAM, A.A;VERDEGEM, M.C.J. (Eds.) Periphyton: ecology, exploitation and management. Cambridge: CABI Publishing, p. 237-245.
JANA, S.N.; GARG, S.K.; PATRA, B.C. 2004 Effects of periphyton performance of grey
mullet, Mugil cephalus Linn., in inland saline groundwater ponds. Journal of Applied
Ichthyology, Berlin, 20: 110- 117.
JíÅ¡LIO- JíÅ¡NIOR, H. F.; THOMAZ, S.M.;AGOSTINHO, A.A.; LATINI, J.D. 2005 Distribuição e Caracterização de Reservatórios In: RODRIGUES, L.; THOMAZ,S. M.; AGOSTINHO, A.A.; GOMES, L.C. (Orgs.) Biocenose em reservatórios: padrões espaciais e temporais. São Carlos: RiMa. p.1-16.
KESHAVANATH, P.; GANGADHAR, B.; RAMESH, T.J.; VAN ROOIJ, J.M.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M; BAIRD, D.J.;VERDEGEM, M.C.J.; VAN DAM A.A. 2001 Use of artificial substrates to enhance the production of freshwater herbivorous fish in pond culture. Aquaculture Research, Oxford,32: 189- 197.
KESHAVANATH, P.; GANGADHAR, B.;RAMESH, T.J.; VAN DAM A.A.; BEVERIDGE,
M.C.M; VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2002 The effect of periphyton and supplemental feeding on the production of the indigenous carps Tot khudree and Labeo fimbriatus. Aquaculture, Amsterdam,231: 207- 218.
KESHAVANATH, P.; GANGADHAR, B.;RAMESH, T.J.; VAN DAM A.A.; BEVERIDGE,
M.C.M; VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2004 Effects of bamboo substrates and supplemental feeding on growth and production of hybrid red tilapia fingerlings Oreochromis mossambicus X Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, Amsterdam,235: 303- 314.
KIBRIA, G. e AHMED, K.K.U. 2005 Diversity of selective and non-selective fishing gear and the impact on inland fisheries in Bangladesh.NAGA. World Fish Centers Newsletter, Penang,28: 43- 48.
LEGENDRE, M.; HEM, S.; CISSE, A. 1989 Suitability of brackish water tilápias species
from the Ivory Coast for lagoon aquaculture.II- Growth and rearing methods. Aquatic Living Resources, Paris, 2: 81- 89.
MARENGONI, N.G. 2006 Produção de tilápia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus (Linhagem Chitralada), cultivada em tanques-rede, sob diferentes densidades de estocagem. Archivos de Zootecnia, Córdoba, 55(210): 127-138.
MILSTEIN, A.; AZIM, M.E; WAHAB, M.A.;VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2003 The effects of
periphyton, fish and fertilizer dose on biological process affecting water quality in
earthen fish ponds. Environmental Biology of Fishes, Dordrecht, 68: 247- 260.
MOSCHINI-CARLOS, V. 1996 Diní¢mica e estrutura da comunidade perifítica substratos artificial e natural, na zona de desembocadura do rio Paranapanema, represa Jurumirim, SP. São Carlos. 172p. (Tese Doutoramento.Universidade Federal de São Carlos).
MOSCHINI-CARLOS, V.; HENRY, R.; POMPíÅ O,M.L.M. 2000 Seasonal variation of biomass and productivity of the periphyton community on artificial substrata in the
Jurumirim Reservoir São Paulo, Brazil. Hydrobiologia, Dordrecht, 434: 35-40.
NORBERG, J. 1999 Periphyton fouling as a marginal energy source in tropical tilapia
cage farming. Aquaculture Research, Oxford,30: 427- 430.
NUí"˜ER, A.P.O. Limnologia e piscicultura. In:CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE
LIMNOLOGIA, 10.; Ilhéus, 24-29/jul./2005.Anais...v.33, p. 3-5.
POMPíÅ O, M.L.M. e MOSCHINI-CARLOS, V. 2003 Macrófitas aquáticas e perifíton, aspectos ecológicos e metodológicos. São Carlos: RiMa.134p.
RAMESH, M.R.; SHANKAR, K.M.; MOHAN,C.V.; VARGHESE, T.J. 1999 Comparison of
three plat substrates for enhancing carp growth through bacterial biofilm. Aquaculture Engineering, Amsterdan, 19: 119- 131.
SAMPAIO, J.M.C. e BRAGA, L.G.T. 2005 Cultivo de tilápia em tanques-rede na barragem do Ribeirão de Saloméa í Floresta Azul- Bahia. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal,Salvador, 6(2): 45- 52.
SCHWARZBOLD, A. 1990 Métodos Ecológicos Aplicados ao Estudo do Perifíton. Acta
Limnologica Brasiliensia, Botucatu, 3: 545-592.
STEVENSON, J. R. 1996 An introduction to algal ecology in freshwater benthic habitats. In: STEVENSON, J. R.; BOTHWELL, M.L.; LOWE, R.L. (Eds) Algal Ecology: freshwater benthic ecosystems. San Diego: Academic Press.p.3-30.
UDDIN, M.S.; AZIM, M.E.; WAHAB, M.A.;VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2006 The potential of
mixed culture of genetically improved farmed tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and freshwater giant prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in periphyton-based systems. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 37: 241- 247.
UDDIN, M.S.; FARZANA, A.; FATEMA, M.K.;AZIM, M.E.; WAHAB, M.A.; VERDEGEM,
M.C.J. 2007 Technical evaluation of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus monoculture and tilapiaprawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii polyculture in earthen ponds with and without substrates for periphyton development. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 269: 232- 240.
VAN DAM, A.A. e VERDEGEM M.C.J. 2005 Utilization of Periphyton for Fish Production
in Ponds: a Systems Ecology Perspectives. In: AZIM, M.E.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M., VAN
DAM, A.A; VERDEGEM, M.C.J. (Eds). Periphyton: ecology, exploitation and
management. Cambridge: CABI Publishing, p.91-112.
WAHAB, M.A. e KIBRIA, G. 1994 Katha and kua fisheries- unsual fishing methods in
Bangladesh. Aquaculture News, Stirling, 18: 24.
WAHAB, M.A.; AZIM, M.E., ALI, M.H.;BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; KHAN, S. 1999 The
potential of periphyton-based culture of the native major carp calbaush, Labeo calbasu Hamilton. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 30:409- 419.
WETZEL, R.G. 1983 Recomendation for future research on periphyton. In: WETZEL, R.G. (Eds.).Periphyton of Freshwater Ecosystems. The Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, p. 339- 346.
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