Liver response to dietary supplementation in bullfrog under stress condition
Keywords:
liver, probiotic, beta-glucan, Bacillus subtillis, Agaricus blazei, Lithobates catesbeianusAbstract
The hepatoprotective effect of dietary supplementation with the probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) and with beta-glucan on bullfrog in stress of high stocking density were evaluated . Animals were assigned in treatments: T1: 100 animals m-2 (control), T2: 236 animals m-2 and T3: 236 animals m-2, supplemented with probiotic; T4: 236 animals m-2, supplemented with beta-glucan. Survival, weight gain (WG) and the condition of liver biochemistry and histopathology were evaluated. There was no statistical difference in survival between treatments (P>0.05), but were observed significant differences for WG at 30 days, between unsupplemented treatments and supplemented treatments (P<0.001). Biochemical analysis showed conditions very near among animals of control treatment and animals supplemented with beta-glucan. Histopathological analysis revealed lesions and cytoplasmic rarefaction in 100% of the samples, suggesting protein deficiency. The beta-glucan reduced the effects of stress in bullfrog and has shown hepatoprotective effect, but the probiotic Bacillus subtilis was did not demonstrated the same effect.
References
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FRANCIS, G.; MAKKAR, H.P.S.; BECKER, K. 2001 Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture, 199: 197í 227.
FUJIMIYA, Y.; SUZUKI, Y.; OSHIMAN, K.; KOBORI,H.; MORIGUCHI, K.; NAKASHIMA, H.;
MATUMOTO, Y.; TAKAHARA, S.; EBINA, T.; KATAKURA, R. 1998 Selective tumoricidal
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GUYTON, A.C. e HALL, J.E. 2002 Tratado de fisiologia médica. 10a ed. Rio de Janeiro: GuanabaraKoogan. 611p.
HI, E.M.B.; AZEVEDO, M.R.A; BACH, E.E.; OGATA,T.R.P. 2008 Efeito protetor do extrato de Agaricus sylvaticus em fígado de ratos do tipo wistar inoculado com pristane. Revista Saúde Coletiva, 5:76-79.
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HIPOLITO, M.; RIBEIRO FILHO, O.P.; BACH, E.E. 2007 Aspecto bioquímico em fígados de Rana catesbeiana (SHAW, 1802) submetida a diferentes dietas. ConScientiae Saúde, 6(1): 49-56.
HODGSON, E. 2004 A textbook of modern toxicology. 3a ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Incorporation. 557p.
LEENHOUWERS, J.I.; ADJEI-BOATENG, D.; VERRETH, J.A.J.; SCHRAMA, J.W. 2006 Digesta
viscosity, nutrient digestibility and organ weights in african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets supplemented with different levels of a soluble non-starch polysaccharide. Aquaculture Nutrition, 12: 111-116.
LOWRY, O.H.; ROSENBROUGH, N.J.; FARR, A.L.;RANDAL, R.J. 1951 Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biology Chemistry, 193: 265-274.
MIZUNO, M.; MINATO, K.; ITO, H.; KAWADE, M.; TERAI, H.; TSUCHIDA, H. 1999 The extraction and development of antitumour-active polysaccharides from medicinal mushrooms in Japan. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International, 47: 707í 714.
MC EWEN, B.S. 2008 Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583(2-3): 174-185.
MOERSCHBACHER, B.M.; HECK, B.; KOGEL, K.H.; OBST, O.; REISNER, H.J. 1986 An elicitor of the hypersensitive lignification response in wheat leaves isolated from the rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Biosciences, 41(9-10): 32-37.
PLANAS, M. e CUNHA, I. 1999 Larviculture of marine fish: problems and perspectives.
Aquaculture, 177: 171-190.
ROBERTSEN, B.; RORSTAD, G.; ENGSTAD, R.;RAA, J. 1990 Enhancement of non-specific
disease resistance in atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.by a glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls. Journal of fish diseases, 13(5): 391-400.
ROMERO, L.M. 2002 Seasonal changes in plasma glucocorticoid concentrations in free-living vertebrates. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 128: 1-24.
SEIXAS-FILHO, J, T.; ALMEIDA, L. H. O.; AGUIAR,D. V.; CARVALHO, G. A. 2006 Avaliação do trato gastrintestinal em girinos de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana) submetidos í alimentação com três níveis de proteína bruta em rações comerciais.In: SIMPÓSIO DE ANFÍBIOS DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2., Macaé, 08/jun./2006. Resumos... Macaé: UFRJ. p.16.
SILVEIRA, U.S.; LOGATO, P.V.R.; PONTES, E.C. 2009 Utilização e metabolismo dos carboidratos em peixes. Revista Eletrônica Nutritime, 6(1):817-836.
SOUTHERTON, S.G. e DEVERALL, B.J. 1990 Changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase activities in wheat cultivars expressing resistance to the leaf-rust fungus. Plant Pathology, 39(2): 223-230.
SRIVASTAVA, S.K. 1987 Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in Brassica juncea plants infected with Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassai) Goid, and their implication in disease resistence. Journal of Phytopathology, 120(3): 249-254.
SWAIN, R. e HILLIS, W.E. 1959 The phenolic constituents of Prunus domestica.The quantitative analysis of phenolic constituents. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 10: 63-68.
WENDELAAR-BONGA, E.E. 1997 The stress response in fish. Phisiological Reviews, 77(3):592-625.
ZAR, J.H. 1999 Biostatistical analysis. 3a ed. New Jersey, Prentice Hall. 662p.
BELDEN, L.K.; MOORE, I.T.; WINGFIELD, J.C.; BLAUSTEN, A.R. 2005 Corticosterone and
growth in pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla) tadpoles.Copeia, 2: 424-430.
BRAGA, L.G.T. e LIMA, S.L. 2001 Influência da temperatura ambiente no desempenho da rãtouro, Rana catesbeiana (Shaw 1802) na fase da recria. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 30(06): 1659-1663.
BUENO-GUIMARíES, H.M. 1999 Avaliação da resposta da Rana catesbeiana frente í s variações ambientais: determinação das condições ideais de manutenção em biotério e da resposta aos poluentes aquáticos. São Paulo. 180 p. (Dissertação de
Mestrado. Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo).CAMPBELL, G.L.; CLASSEN, H.L. GOLDSMITH, K.A. 1983 Effect of fat retention on the rachitogenic effect of rye fed to broiler chicks. Poultry Science Journal, 62: 2218-2213.
COTRAN, R.S.; KUMAR, V.; COLLINS, T.R. 2000 Patologia estrutural e funcional. Rio de Janeiro:Guanabara-Koogam. 1251p.
CRAWSHAW, G.J. e WEINKLE, T.K. 2000 Clinical and pathological aspects of the amphibian liver.Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 9(3): 165-173.
COPPOLA, M.M. e GIL-TURNES, C. 2004 Probióticos e resposta imune. Ciência Rural,
34(4): 1297-1303.
DENVER, R.J. 2009 Stress hormones mediate environment-genotype interactions during amphibian development. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 164: 20-31.
DENVER, R.J.; GLENNEMEIER, K.A.; BOORSE, G.C. 2002 Endocrinology of complex life cicles: Amphibians. In: PFAFF, D.W.; ARNOLD, A.P.; ETGEN, A.M.; FAHRBACH, S.E.; RUBIN, R.T. Hormones, Brain and Behavior. Elsevier Science,2(28): 469-513.
DIAS, D.C.; DE STEFANI, M.V.; FERREIRA, C.M.;FRANí"¡A, F.M.; PAIVA, M.J.T.R.; SANTOS,
A.A. 2010 Haematologic and immunologic parameters of bullfrogs, Lithobates catesbeianus,fed probiotics. Aquaculture Research, 41(7):1064-1071.
DILUZIO, N.R. 1985 Update on the immunomodulating activities of glucans.
Springer Seminary of Immunopathology, 8: 387-400.
DISCHE, Z. 1962 Anthrone assay. In: Methods carbohydrate chemistry. New York, Academic Press Inc. p. 478-512.
EL NAGDY, S.A.; ZAHRA, M.H.; AL ZAHABY, A.A.; EL SABBAGH, M.E. 1995 Biochemical
studies on the blood and tissue components of the common egyptian toad Bufo regularis. Qatar University Science Journal, 15: 37-49.
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2012 Cultured aquatic species information programme. Rana catesbeiana (Shaw,
1862). Disponível em: http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Rana_catesbeiana/en Acesso em: ago. 2012.
FERREIRA, C.M.; PIMENTA, A.G.C; PAIVA-NETO, J.S. 2002 Introdução í Ranicultura. Boletim Técnico do Instituto de Pesca, 33:1-15.
FRANí"¡A, F.M.; DIAS, D.C.; TEIXEIRA, P.C.; MARCANTÔNIO, A.S.; STÉFANI, M.V.;
ANTONUCCI, A.; ROCHA, G.; RANZANIPAIVA, M.J. T.; FERREIRA, C.M. 2008 Efeito do
probiótico Bacillus subtilis no crescimento, sobrevivência e fisiologia de rãs-touro (Rana catesbeiana). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34(3):403-412.
FRANCIS, G.; MAKKAR, H.P.S.; BECKER, K. 2001 Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture, 199: 197í 227.
FUJIMIYA, Y.; SUZUKI, Y.; OSHIMAN, K.; KOBORI,H.; MORIGUCHI, K.; NAKASHIMA, H.;
MATUMOTO, Y.; TAKAHARA, S.; EBINA, T.; KATAKURA, R. 1998 Selective tumoricidal
effect of soluble proteoglucan extracted from basidiomycete, Agaricus blazei Murrill, mediated via natural killer cell activation and apoptosis.Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy, 46: 147-159.
GARTNER, L.P. e HIATT, J.L. 1999 Tratado de Histologia. 1a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan. 426p.
GUYTON, A.C. e HALL, J.E. 2002 Tratado de fisiologia médica. 10a ed. Rio de Janeiro: GuanabaraKoogan. 611p.
HI, E.M.B.; AZEVEDO, M.R.A; BACH, E.E.; OGATA,T.R.P. 2008 Efeito protetor do extrato de Agaricus sylvaticus em fígado de ratos do tipo wistar inoculado com pristane. Revista Saúde Coletiva, 5:76-79.
HIPOLITO, M.; MARTINS, A.M.C.R.P.F.; BACH, E.E. 2004 Aspectos bioquímicos em fígados de rãs-touro (Rana Catesbeiana SHAW, 1802) sadias e doentes. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 71(2):147-153.
HIPOLITO, M.; RIBEIRO FILHO, O.P.; BACH, E.E. 2007 Aspecto bioquímico em fígados de Rana catesbeiana (SHAW, 1802) submetida a diferentes dietas. ConScientiae Saúde, 6(1): 49-56.
HODGSON, E. 2004 A textbook of modern toxicology. 3a ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Incorporation. 557p.
LEENHOUWERS, J.I.; ADJEI-BOATENG, D.; VERRETH, J.A.J.; SCHRAMA, J.W. 2006 Digesta
viscosity, nutrient digestibility and organ weights in african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets supplemented with different levels of a soluble non-starch polysaccharide. Aquaculture Nutrition, 12: 111-116.
LOWRY, O.H.; ROSENBROUGH, N.J.; FARR, A.L.;RANDAL, R.J. 1951 Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biology Chemistry, 193: 265-274.
MIZUNO, M.; MINATO, K.; ITO, H.; KAWADE, M.; TERAI, H.; TSUCHIDA, H. 1999 The extraction and development of antitumour-active polysaccharides from medicinal mushrooms in Japan. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International, 47: 707í 714.
MC EWEN, B.S. 2008 Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583(2-3): 174-185.
MOERSCHBACHER, B.M.; HECK, B.; KOGEL, K.H.; OBST, O.; REISNER, H.J. 1986 An elicitor of the hypersensitive lignification response in wheat leaves isolated from the rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Biosciences, 41(9-10): 32-37.
PLANAS, M. e CUNHA, I. 1999 Larviculture of marine fish: problems and perspectives.
Aquaculture, 177: 171-190.
ROBERTSEN, B.; RORSTAD, G.; ENGSTAD, R.;RAA, J. 1990 Enhancement of non-specific
disease resistance in atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.by a glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls. Journal of fish diseases, 13(5): 391-400.
ROMERO, L.M. 2002 Seasonal changes in plasma glucocorticoid concentrations in free-living vertebrates. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 128: 1-24.
SEIXAS-FILHO, J, T.; ALMEIDA, L. H. O.; AGUIAR,D. V.; CARVALHO, G. A. 2006 Avaliação do trato gastrintestinal em girinos de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana) submetidos í alimentação com três níveis de proteína bruta em rações comerciais.In: SIMPÓSIO DE ANFÍBIOS DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2., Macaé, 08/jun./2006. Resumos... Macaé: UFRJ. p.16.
SILVEIRA, U.S.; LOGATO, P.V.R.; PONTES, E.C. 2009 Utilização e metabolismo dos carboidratos em peixes. Revista Eletrônica Nutritime, 6(1):817-836.
SOUTHERTON, S.G. e DEVERALL, B.J. 1990 Changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase activities in wheat cultivars expressing resistance to the leaf-rust fungus. Plant Pathology, 39(2): 223-230.
SRIVASTAVA, S.K. 1987 Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in Brassica juncea plants infected with Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassai) Goid, and their implication in disease resistence. Journal of Phytopathology, 120(3): 249-254.
SWAIN, R. e HILLIS, W.E. 1959 The phenolic constituents of Prunus domestica.The quantitative analysis of phenolic constituents. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 10: 63-68.
WENDELAAR-BONGA, E.E. 1997 The stress response in fish. Phisiological Reviews, 77(3):592-625.
ZAR, J.H. 1999 Biostatistical analysis. 3a ed. New Jersey, Prentice Hall. 662p.
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