Feeding frequency affects growth of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum cultured in near-shore cages
Keywords:
feed management, growth performance, marine fishAbstract
Growth performance of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum (15.7 ± 0.4 g; mean ± SD) reared in 1 m3 near-shore cages, 24.0 ± 2.1°C, fed a Brazilian commercial feed (45% crude protein and 16% lipid) until apparent satiation, in a single feeding (F1), two (F2) or three (F3) feedings per day, for 30 days was assessed. The initial stocking density was 0.6 kg m-3. Production performance of juvenile cobia was affected significantly by feeding frequency. Groups fed two and three equal feedings per day presented greater and more efficient growth than F1 groups. There was no difference between F2 and F3 treatments for weight gain (15.6 ± 1.5 g and 16.3 ± 2.0 g, respectively), specific growth rate (SGR: 2.3 ± 0.3% and 2.5 ± 0.4% of body weight per day, respectively) and feed conversion ratio (FCR: 2.3 ± 0.2 and 2.5 ± 0.3, respectively). However, these parameters were reduced in F1 treatment (weight gain of 8.4 ± 1.1 g; SGR = 1.4 ± 0.2% and FCR = 3.2 ± 0.6) (P<0.05). The coefficient of variation was inversely proportional to the increase in feeding frequency. There was no significant difference in terms of survival rates, being superior to 90% in all treatments. We suggest that growth performance of juvenile cobia cultured in near-shore cages can be optimized at a feeding frequency of two times a day, facilitating husbandry procedures and minimizing costs related to labor and vessel utilization.
References
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Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,104(2): 317-321.
ARNOLD, C.R.; KAISER, J.B.; HOLT, G.J. 2002 Spawning of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in
captivity. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 33(2): 205-208.
AYDIN, I.; KíÅ“ÇÃÅ“K, E.; ÅžAHIN, T.; KOLOTOÄžLU, L. 2011 The effect of feeding frequency and feeding
rate on growth performance of juvenile black sea turbot (Psetta maxima, Linneaus, 1758). Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 5(1): 35-42.
AZZAYDI, M.; MADRID, J.A.; ZAMORA, S.;SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J.; MARTÍNEZ, F.J.1998 Effect of three feeding strategies (automatic, ad libitum demand-feeding and timerestricted demand-feeding) on feeding rhythms and growth in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Aquaculture, 163(3-4): 285í 296
BENETTI, D.D.; O'HANLON, B.; RIVERA, J.A.;WELCH, A.W.; MAXEY, C.; ORHUN, M.R. 2010
Growth rates of cobia (Rachycentron canadum)cultured in open ocean submerged cages in the
Caribbean. Aquaculture, 302(3-4): 195-201.
BOOTH, M.A.; TUCKER, B.J.; ALLAN, G.L.;FIELDER, D.S. 2008 Effect of feeding regime and
fish size on weight gain, feed intake and gastric evacuation in juvenile Australia snapper Pagrus
auratus. Aquaculture, 282(1-4): 104-110.
BOUJARD, T. and LEATHERLAND, J.F. 1992 Circadian rhythms and feeding time in fishes. Environmental Biology Fish, 35(2): 109í 131.
BUURMA, B.J. and DIANA, J.S. 1994 Effects of feeding frequency and handling on growth and
mortality of cultured walking catfish Clarias fuscus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,
25(2): 175í 182.
CARLOS, M.H. 1988 Growth and survival of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fry fed at different
intake levels and feeding frequencies.Aquaculture, 68(3): 267í 276.
CHIU, Y.N.; SUMAGAYSAY, N.S.; SASTRILLO,M.A.S. 1987 Effect of feeding frequency and feeding rate on the growth and feed efficiency of milkfish Chanos chanos juveniles. Asian Fisheries
Science, 1(1): 27í 31.
CHO, S.H.; LIM, Y.S.; LEE, J.H.; LEE, J.K.; PARK, S.;LEE, S.M. 2003 Effect of feeding rate and feeding
frequency on survival, growth, and body composition of ayu post-larvae Plecoglossus altivelis. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,34(1): 85í 91.
CHOU, R.L.; SU, M.S.; CHEN, H.Y. 2001 Optimal dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile cobia
(Rachycentron canadum). Aquaculture, 193(1-2):81-89.
CHUA, T.E. and TENG, S.K. 1978 Effects of feeding frequency on the growth of young estuary
grouper, Epinephelus tauvina, cultured in floating net-cages. Aquaculture, 14(1): 31-47.
DENLINGER, B.L. 2007 Testing aquaculture performance of juvenile cobia Rachycentron
canadum, using diets containing different percentages of protein and fat. Miami. 17p. (M.A.
Thesis. University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science).
DWYER, K.S.; BROWN, J.A.; PARRISH, C.; LALL,S.P. 2002 Feeding frequency affects food consumption, feeding pattern and growth of juvenile yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea).
Aquaculture, 213(1-4): 279-292.
FAULK, C.K.; KAISER, J.B.; HOLT, J.G. 2007 Growth and survival of larval and juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum in a recirculating raceway system. Aquaculture, 270(1-4): 149-157.
FOLKVORD, A. and OTTERA, H. 1993 Effects of initial size distribution, day length, and feeding
frequency on growth, survival, and cannibalism in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.).
Aquaculture, 114(3-4): 243-260.
FRANKS, J.S.; OGLE, J.T.; LOTZ, J.M.; NICHOLSON, L.C.; BARNES, D.N.; LARSEN, K.M. 2001 Spontaneous spawning of cobia Rachycentron canadum, induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), with comments on fertilization, hatching and larval development.
Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 52(4): 589-609.
GIBERSON, A.V. and LITVAK, M.K. 2003 Effect of feeding frequency on growth, food conversion
efficiency, and meal size of juvenile atlantic sturgeon and shortnose sturgeon. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 65(2): 99-105.
GODDARD, S. 1996 Feed management in intensive aquaculture. New York: Chapman and Hall.
194p.
GOLDAN, O.; POPPER, D.; KARPLUS, L. 1997 Management of size variation in juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), I: particle size and frequency of feeding dry and live food. Aquaculture, 152(1-4): 181í 190.
GREAVES, K. and TUENE, S. 2001 The form and context of aggressive behaviour in farmed
atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Aquaculture, 193(1-2): 139-147.
JOHANSEN, S.J.S. and JOBLING, M. 1998 The influence of feeding regime on growth and
slaughter traits of cage-reared Atlantic salmon.Aquaculture International, 6(1): 1í 17.
LAWRENCE, C.; BEST, J.; JAMES, A.; MALONEY, K. 2012 The effects of feeding frequency on
growth and reproduction in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquaculture, 368-369: 103-108.
LAZO, J.P.; DAVIS, D.A.; ARNOLD, C.R. 1998 The effects of dietary protein level on growth, feed
efficiency and survival of juvenile Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus. Aquaculture,
169(3-4): 225í 232.
LEE, S. M. and PHAM, M.A. 2010 Effects of feeding frequency and feed type on the growth, feed
utilization and body composition of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture
Research, 41(9): e166-e171.
LEE, S.; HWANG, U.; CHO, S.H. 2000 Effects of feeding frequency and dietary moisture content
on growth, body composition and gastric evacuation of juvenile Korean rockfish (Sebastes
schlegeli). Aquaculture, 187(3-4): 399-409.
LE CREN, E.D. 1951 The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and
condition in the perch (Perca fluvialis). Journal of Animal Ecology, 20(2): 201-219.
LIAO, C.I.; HUANG, T.S.; TSAI, W.S.; HSUEH, C.M.; CHANG, E.M.L. 2004 Cobia culture in Taiwan:
current status and problems. Aquaculture, 237 (1-4): 55-165.
LIU, F.G. and LIAO, I.C. 1999 Effect of feeding regime on the food consumption, growth, and
body composition in hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis X M. chrysops. Fisheries Science, 6(1):
513í 519.
MIHELAKAKIS, A.; TSOLKAS, C.; YOSHIMATSU,T. 2002 Optimization of feeding rate for hatchery-produced juvenile gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Journal of the World Aquaculture
Society, 33(2): 169-175.
RUOHONEN, K.; VIELMA, J.; GROVE, D.J. 1998 Effects of feeding frequency on growth and food
utilization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed low-fat herring or dry pellets. Aquaculture, 165(1-2): 111-121.
SALAMA, A.J. 2008 Effects of different feeding frequency on the growth, survival and feed conversion ratio of the asian sea bass Lates calcarifer juveniles reared under hypersaline
seawater of the red sea. Aquaculture Research,39(6): 561-567.
SAMPAIO, L.A.; TESSER, M.B.; WASIELESKY JR.,W. 2010 Avanços da maricultura na primeira
década do século XXI: piscicultura e carcinocultura marinha. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(1): 102-111.
SAMPAIO, L.A.; MOREIRA, C.B.; MIRANDAFILHO, K.C.; ROMBENSO, A.N. 2011 Culture of cobia Rachycentron canadum (L) in near-shore cages off the Brazilian coast. Aquaculture Research, 42(6): 832-834.
SCHNAITTACHER, G.; WILLIAM, K.V.; BERLINSKY, D.L. 2005 The effects of feeding frequency on growth of juvenile Atlantic halibut,Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. Aquaculture Research,
36(4): 370í 377.
SHAFFER, R.V. and NAKAMURA, E.L. 1989 Synopsis of biological data on the cobia Rachycentron canadum (Pisces: Rachycentridae). FAO Fisheries Synopsis. Washington, DC, USA.21p.
SILVA, C.R.; GOMES, L.C.; BRANDÃO, F.R. 2007 Effect of feeding rate and frequency on tambaqui
(Colossoma macropomum) growth, production and feeding costs during the first growth phase in
cage. Aquaculture, 264(1-4): 135-139.
SU, M.S.; CHIEN, Y.H.; LIAO, I.C. 2000 Potential of marine cage aquaculture in Taiwan: cobia
culture. In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CAGE AQUACULTURE IN ASIA, 1., Taiwan, 2-6/Nov./1999. Proceedings… Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, and World Aquaculture Society, Bangkok. p.97-106.
TRUSHENSKI, J.; ROMBENSO, A.; SCHWARZ, M.H.; BOWZER, J.; GAUSE, B.; DELBOS, B;
SAMPAIO, L.A. 2012a Feeding rate and frequency affect growth of juvenile Atlantic Spadefish. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 74(1): 107-112.
TRUSHENSKI, J.; SCHWARZ, M.H.; BERGMAN, A.;ROMBENSO, A.N.; DELBOS, B. 2012b DHA is
essential, EPA appears largely expendable, in meeting the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated
fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture, 326-329: 81-89.
TUCKER, B.J.; BOOTH, M.A.; ALLAN, G.L.; BOOTH, D.; FIELDER, D.S. 2006 Effects of photoperiod and feeding frequency on performance of newly weaned Australian snapper Pagrus auratus. Aquaculture, 258(1-4):514-520.
WANG, N.; HAYWARD, R.S.; NOLTIE, N.B. 1998 Effect of feeding frequency on food consumption, growth, size variation, and feeding pattern of age-0 hybrid sunfish. Aquaculture, 165(3-4): 261í 267.
WEIRICH, C.R.; GROAT, D.R.; REIGH, R.C.; CHESNEY, E.J.; MALONE, R.F. 2006 Effect of feeding strategies on production characteristics and body composition of florida pompano reared in marine recirculating systems. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 68(4): 330-338.
XIE, F.; AI, Q.; MAI, K.; XU, W.; MA, H. 2011 The optimal feeding frequency of large yellow
croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea, Richardson) larvae. Aquaculture, 311(1-4): 162-167.
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,104(2): 317-321.
ARNOLD, C.R.; KAISER, J.B.; HOLT, G.J. 2002 Spawning of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in
captivity. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 33(2): 205-208.
AYDIN, I.; KíÅ“ÇÃÅ“K, E.; ÅžAHIN, T.; KOLOTOÄžLU, L. 2011 The effect of feeding frequency and feeding
rate on growth performance of juvenile black sea turbot (Psetta maxima, Linneaus, 1758). Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 5(1): 35-42.
AZZAYDI, M.; MADRID, J.A.; ZAMORA, S.;SÁNCHEZ-VÁZQUEZ, F.J.; MARTÍNEZ, F.J.1998 Effect of three feeding strategies (automatic, ad libitum demand-feeding and timerestricted demand-feeding) on feeding rhythms and growth in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Aquaculture, 163(3-4): 285í 296
BENETTI, D.D.; O'HANLON, B.; RIVERA, J.A.;WELCH, A.W.; MAXEY, C.; ORHUN, M.R. 2010
Growth rates of cobia (Rachycentron canadum)cultured in open ocean submerged cages in the
Caribbean. Aquaculture, 302(3-4): 195-201.
BOOTH, M.A.; TUCKER, B.J.; ALLAN, G.L.;FIELDER, D.S. 2008 Effect of feeding regime and
fish size on weight gain, feed intake and gastric evacuation in juvenile Australia snapper Pagrus
auratus. Aquaculture, 282(1-4): 104-110.
BOUJARD, T. and LEATHERLAND, J.F. 1992 Circadian rhythms and feeding time in fishes. Environmental Biology Fish, 35(2): 109í 131.
BUURMA, B.J. and DIANA, J.S. 1994 Effects of feeding frequency and handling on growth and
mortality of cultured walking catfish Clarias fuscus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,
25(2): 175í 182.
CARLOS, M.H. 1988 Growth and survival of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fry fed at different
intake levels and feeding frequencies.Aquaculture, 68(3): 267í 276.
CHIU, Y.N.; SUMAGAYSAY, N.S.; SASTRILLO,M.A.S. 1987 Effect of feeding frequency and feeding rate on the growth and feed efficiency of milkfish Chanos chanos juveniles. Asian Fisheries
Science, 1(1): 27í 31.
CHO, S.H.; LIM, Y.S.; LEE, J.H.; LEE, J.K.; PARK, S.;LEE, S.M. 2003 Effect of feeding rate and feeding
frequency on survival, growth, and body composition of ayu post-larvae Plecoglossus altivelis. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,34(1): 85í 91.
CHOU, R.L.; SU, M.S.; CHEN, H.Y. 2001 Optimal dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile cobia
(Rachycentron canadum). Aquaculture, 193(1-2):81-89.
CHUA, T.E. and TENG, S.K. 1978 Effects of feeding frequency on the growth of young estuary
grouper, Epinephelus tauvina, cultured in floating net-cages. Aquaculture, 14(1): 31-47.
DENLINGER, B.L. 2007 Testing aquaculture performance of juvenile cobia Rachycentron
canadum, using diets containing different percentages of protein and fat. Miami. 17p. (M.A.
Thesis. University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science).
DWYER, K.S.; BROWN, J.A.; PARRISH, C.; LALL,S.P. 2002 Feeding frequency affects food consumption, feeding pattern and growth of juvenile yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea).
Aquaculture, 213(1-4): 279-292.
FAULK, C.K.; KAISER, J.B.; HOLT, J.G. 2007 Growth and survival of larval and juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum in a recirculating raceway system. Aquaculture, 270(1-4): 149-157.
FOLKVORD, A. and OTTERA, H. 1993 Effects of initial size distribution, day length, and feeding
frequency on growth, survival, and cannibalism in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.).
Aquaculture, 114(3-4): 243-260.
FRANKS, J.S.; OGLE, J.T.; LOTZ, J.M.; NICHOLSON, L.C.; BARNES, D.N.; LARSEN, K.M. 2001 Spontaneous spawning of cobia Rachycentron canadum, induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), with comments on fertilization, hatching and larval development.
Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 52(4): 589-609.
GIBERSON, A.V. and LITVAK, M.K. 2003 Effect of feeding frequency on growth, food conversion
efficiency, and meal size of juvenile atlantic sturgeon and shortnose sturgeon. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 65(2): 99-105.
GODDARD, S. 1996 Feed management in intensive aquaculture. New York: Chapman and Hall.
194p.
GOLDAN, O.; POPPER, D.; KARPLUS, L. 1997 Management of size variation in juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), I: particle size and frequency of feeding dry and live food. Aquaculture, 152(1-4): 181í 190.
GREAVES, K. and TUENE, S. 2001 The form and context of aggressive behaviour in farmed
atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Aquaculture, 193(1-2): 139-147.
JOHANSEN, S.J.S. and JOBLING, M. 1998 The influence of feeding regime on growth and
slaughter traits of cage-reared Atlantic salmon.Aquaculture International, 6(1): 1í 17.
LAWRENCE, C.; BEST, J.; JAMES, A.; MALONEY, K. 2012 The effects of feeding frequency on
growth and reproduction in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquaculture, 368-369: 103-108.
LAZO, J.P.; DAVIS, D.A.; ARNOLD, C.R. 1998 The effects of dietary protein level on growth, feed
efficiency and survival of juvenile Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus. Aquaculture,
169(3-4): 225í 232.
LEE, S. M. and PHAM, M.A. 2010 Effects of feeding frequency and feed type on the growth, feed
utilization and body composition of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture
Research, 41(9): e166-e171.
LEE, S.; HWANG, U.; CHO, S.H. 2000 Effects of feeding frequency and dietary moisture content
on growth, body composition and gastric evacuation of juvenile Korean rockfish (Sebastes
schlegeli). Aquaculture, 187(3-4): 399-409.
LE CREN, E.D. 1951 The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and
condition in the perch (Perca fluvialis). Journal of Animal Ecology, 20(2): 201-219.
LIAO, C.I.; HUANG, T.S.; TSAI, W.S.; HSUEH, C.M.; CHANG, E.M.L. 2004 Cobia culture in Taiwan:
current status and problems. Aquaculture, 237 (1-4): 55-165.
LIU, F.G. and LIAO, I.C. 1999 Effect of feeding regime on the food consumption, growth, and
body composition in hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis X M. chrysops. Fisheries Science, 6(1):
513í 519.
MIHELAKAKIS, A.; TSOLKAS, C.; YOSHIMATSU,T. 2002 Optimization of feeding rate for hatchery-produced juvenile gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Journal of the World Aquaculture
Society, 33(2): 169-175.
RUOHONEN, K.; VIELMA, J.; GROVE, D.J. 1998 Effects of feeding frequency on growth and food
utilization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed low-fat herring or dry pellets. Aquaculture, 165(1-2): 111-121.
SALAMA, A.J. 2008 Effects of different feeding frequency on the growth, survival and feed conversion ratio of the asian sea bass Lates calcarifer juveniles reared under hypersaline
seawater of the red sea. Aquaculture Research,39(6): 561-567.
SAMPAIO, L.A.; TESSER, M.B.; WASIELESKY JR.,W. 2010 Avanços da maricultura na primeira
década do século XXI: piscicultura e carcinocultura marinha. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(1): 102-111.
SAMPAIO, L.A.; MOREIRA, C.B.; MIRANDAFILHO, K.C.; ROMBENSO, A.N. 2011 Culture of cobia Rachycentron canadum (L) in near-shore cages off the Brazilian coast. Aquaculture Research, 42(6): 832-834.
SCHNAITTACHER, G.; WILLIAM, K.V.; BERLINSKY, D.L. 2005 The effects of feeding frequency on growth of juvenile Atlantic halibut,Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. Aquaculture Research,
36(4): 370í 377.
SHAFFER, R.V. and NAKAMURA, E.L. 1989 Synopsis of biological data on the cobia Rachycentron canadum (Pisces: Rachycentridae). FAO Fisheries Synopsis. Washington, DC, USA.21p.
SILVA, C.R.; GOMES, L.C.; BRANDÃO, F.R. 2007 Effect of feeding rate and frequency on tambaqui
(Colossoma macropomum) growth, production and feeding costs during the first growth phase in
cage. Aquaculture, 264(1-4): 135-139.
SU, M.S.; CHIEN, Y.H.; LIAO, I.C. 2000 Potential of marine cage aquaculture in Taiwan: cobia
culture. In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CAGE AQUACULTURE IN ASIA, 1., Taiwan, 2-6/Nov./1999. Proceedings… Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, and World Aquaculture Society, Bangkok. p.97-106.
TRUSHENSKI, J.; ROMBENSO, A.; SCHWARZ, M.H.; BOWZER, J.; GAUSE, B.; DELBOS, B;
SAMPAIO, L.A. 2012a Feeding rate and frequency affect growth of juvenile Atlantic Spadefish. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 74(1): 107-112.
TRUSHENSKI, J.; SCHWARZ, M.H.; BERGMAN, A.;ROMBENSO, A.N.; DELBOS, B. 2012b DHA is
essential, EPA appears largely expendable, in meeting the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated
fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture, 326-329: 81-89.
TUCKER, B.J.; BOOTH, M.A.; ALLAN, G.L.; BOOTH, D.; FIELDER, D.S. 2006 Effects of photoperiod and feeding frequency on performance of newly weaned Australian snapper Pagrus auratus. Aquaculture, 258(1-4):514-520.
WANG, N.; HAYWARD, R.S.; NOLTIE, N.B. 1998 Effect of feeding frequency on food consumption, growth, size variation, and feeding pattern of age-0 hybrid sunfish. Aquaculture, 165(3-4): 261í 267.
WEIRICH, C.R.; GROAT, D.R.; REIGH, R.C.; CHESNEY, E.J.; MALONE, R.F. 2006 Effect of feeding strategies on production characteristics and body composition of florida pompano reared in marine recirculating systems. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 68(4): 330-338.
XIE, F.; AI, Q.; MAI, K.; XU, W.; MA, H. 2011 The optimal feeding frequency of large yellow
croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea, Richardson) larvae. Aquaculture, 311(1-4): 162-167.
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