Comparative effect of benzocaine, menthol and eugenol as anesthetics for juvenile fat snook
Keywords:
anesthesia, management, marine fish, Centropomus parallelusAbstract
The present study evaluated different concentrations of benzocaine, eugenol and menthol for induction of anesthesia in juveniles fat snook (Centropomus parallelus), aiming to determine the most suitable product in terms of induction and recovery time, and the minimum optimal dose for each anesthetic. Concentrations of 50, 75, 100 and 150 mg L-1 of benzocaine; 25, 37.5, 62.5 and 50 mg L-1 of eugenol and 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L-1 of menthol were tested at 21°C. During the procedure of anesthesia, four stages, from reduction of opercular movements to total loss of reaction to stimulus were monitored. While anesthetized, fish were subjected to biometric procedure and then were placed in an aquarium anesthetic free, to observe the recovery time. Concentrations of 75, 37.5 and 150 mg L-1 of benzocaine, eugenol and menthol, respectively, were considered optimal. By presenting several qualities as an anesthetic and also because it can be used efficiently (time to anesthesia in approximately three minutes and recovery in less than five minutes) at low concentrations, eugenol is the most recommended for anesthesia of juvenile fat snook.
References
ALVAREZ-LAJONCHíˆRE, L.S.; CERQUEIRA, V.R.;SILVA, I.D.; ARAíÅ¡JO, J.; REIS, M.A. 2002 Mass production of juveniles of the fat snook Centropomus parallelus in Brazil. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 33(4): 506-516.
ANDERSON, W.G.; MCKINLEY, R.S.; COLAVECCHIA, M. 1997 The use of clove oil as
an anesthetic for rainbow trout and its effects on swimming performance. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Bethesda, 17(2): 301-307.
BARTON, B.A. 1997 Stress in finfish: past, present and future - a historical perspective. In: IWAMA, G.K.; PICKERING, A.D.; SUMPTER,J.P.; SCHRECK, C.B. Fish stress and health in aquaculture. Society for Experimental Biology, Seminar Series 62, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.1í 33.
CERQUEIRA, V.R.; TSUZUKI, M.Y. 2009. A review of spawning induction, larviculture, and juvenile rearing of the fat snook, Centropomus parallelus. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,Amsterdam, 35: 17í 28.
CHAROENDAT, U.; AREECHON, N.; SRISAPOOMEL, P.; CHANTASART, D. 2009
Efficacy of synthetic eugenol as an anesthetic for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.). Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science, Thailand, 43: 132-140.
CUNHA, M.A. 2007 Anestesia em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) expostos a substí¢ncias isoladas de plantas. Santa Maria. 65p. (Dissertação de Mestrado.Universidade Federal de Santa Maria).Disponível em: http://w3.ufsm.br/ppgz/conteudo/Defesas/Dissertacoes/Mauro_Alves_da_Cunha.pdf Acesso em: 15 dez. 2011.
FAí"¡ANHA, M.F. e GOMES, L.C. 2005 A eficácia do mentol como anestésico para tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Characiformes: Characidae). Acta Amazônica, Manaus, 35: 71-75.
FERRAZ, E.M.; CERQUEIRA, V.R.; ALVAREZLAJONCHíˆRE, L.; CANDIDO, S. 2002 Indução
da desova do robalo-peva Centropomus parallelus, através de injeção e implante de LHRHa. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, 28(2): 125-133.
FERRAZ, E.M.; ALVAREZ-LAJONCHíˆRE, L.;CERQUEIRA, V.R.; CANDIDO, S. 2004
Validation of an ovarian biopsy method for monitoring oocyte development in the fat snook Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860 in captivity. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,Curitiba, 47(4): 643-648.
GIMBO, R.Y.; SAITA, M.V.; GONí"¡ALVES, A.F.N.;TAKAHASHI, L.S. 2008 Diferentes
concentrações de benzocaína na indução anestésica do lambari-do-rabo amarelo (Astyanax altiparanae). Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, Salvador, 9(2): 350-357.
GILDERHUS, P.A. 1989 Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic for salmonid fishes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Bethesda, 9:150-153.
GILDERHUS, P.A. e MARKING, L.L. 1987 Comparative efficacy of 16 anesthetic chemicals on rainbow trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Bethesda, 7: 288-292.
GOMES, L.C.; CHIPPAR-GOMES, A.R.; LOPES, N.P.; ROUBACH, R.; ARAUJO-LIMA, C.A.R.M.2001 Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 32(4): 426-431.
GONí"¡ALVES, A.F.N.; SANTOS, E.C.C.;FERNANDES, J.B.K.; TAKAHASHI, L.S. 2008
Mentol e eugenol como substitutos da benzocaína na indução anestésica de juvenis de pacu. Acta Scientiarum Animal Science, Maringá,30(3): 339-344.
HOVDA, J. e LINLEY, T.J. 2000 The potential application of hypothermia for anesthesia in adult Pacific salmon. North American Journal of Aquaculture, Bethesda, 62: 67-72.
INOUE, L.A.K.A.; SANTOS-NETO, C.; MORAES, G. 2003 Clove oil anaesthetic for juveniles of matrinxã Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1869). Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 33(5): 943-947.
INOUE, L.A.K.A.; BOIJINK, C.L.; RIBEIRO, P.T.; SILVA, A.M.D.; AFFONSO, E.G. 2011 Avaliação de respostas metabólicas do tambaqui exposto ao eugenol em banhos anestésicos. Acta Amazônica, Manaus, 41(2): 327-332.
IVERSEN, M.; FINSTAD, B.; MCKINLEY, R.S.; ELIASSEN, R.A. 2003 The efficacy of metomidate, clove oil, Aqui-Sâ"ž¢ and Benzoak® as anesthetics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar L.) smolts, and their potential stress-reducing capacity. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 221: 549-566.
IWAMA, G. e ACKERMAN, A. 1994 Anaesthetics. In: HOCHACHKA, P.W. e MOMMSEN, T.P.Analytical techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology of fishes. 3a ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. p.1-5.
KEENE, J.L.; NOAKES, D.L.G.; MOCCIA, R.D.; SOTO, C.G. 1998 The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Research, Oxford,29(2): 89-101.
LORENZO, D.; PAZ, D.; DELLACASSA, E.; DAVIES,P.; VILA, R.; CAí"˜IGUERAL, S. 2002 Essential oils of Mentha pulegium and Mentha rotundifolia from Uruguay. Brazilian Archives of Biology Technology, Curitiba, 45(4): 519-524.
MARKING, L.L. e MEYER, F.P. 1985 Are better fish anesthetics needed in fisheries? Fisheries,Bethesda, 10(6): 2-5.
MARÅÂ IC-LUCIC, J.; MLADINEO, I.; TUDOR, M. 2005 Comparative effectiveness of 2-
phenoxyethanol and propiscin as anesthetics for juvenile sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L.Aquaculture International, Dordrecht, 13: 543-553.
MATOS, F.J.A. 2000 Plantas medicinais: guia de seleção e emprego de plantas usadas em fitoterapia no Nordeste do Brasil. 2a ed. Fortaleza: Imprensa Universitária-UFC. 344p.
MGBENKA, B.O. e EJIOFOR, E.N. 1998 Effects of extracts of dried leaves of Erythrophleum suaveolens as anesthetics on clariid catfish. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, Binghamton, 8: 3-80.
OKAMOTO, M.H.; TESSER, M.B.; LOUZADA, L.R.;SANTOS, R.A.; SAMPAIO, L.A. 2009
Benzocaína e eugenol como anestésicos para juvenis do pampo Trachinotus marginatus. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 39(3): 866-870.
PARK, M.O.; HUR, J.W.; IM, S.Y.; SEOL, D.W.; LEE, J.; PARK, I.S. 2008 Anaesthetic efficacy and physiological responses to clove oil anaesthetized kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus, Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 39(8): 877-884.
PRINCE, A.; POWELL, C. 2000 Clove oil as an anesthetic for invasive field procedures on adult rainbow trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Bethesda, 20(4): 1029-1032.
RIVAS L.R. 1986 Systematic review of the perciforms fishes of the genus Centropomus.Copeia, 3: 579-611.
ROSS, L.G. e ROSS, B. 1999 Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. Oxford: Blackwell Science. 159p.
ROSS, L.G. e ROSS, B. 2008 Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. 3rd ed. Oxford:Blackwell Science. 236p.
ROUBACH, R. e GOMES, L.C. 2001 O uso de anestésicos durante o manejo de peixes. Revista Panorama da Aqüicultura, Rio de Janeiro, 11(66):37-40.
ROUBACH, R.; GOMES, L.C.; FONSECA, F.A.L.;VAL, A.L. 2005 Eugenol as an efficacious
anaesthetic for tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 36: 1-6.
RUPPERT, E.E. e BARNES, R.D. 1996 Zoologia dos invertebrados. 6a ed. São Paulo: Roca. 1029p.
SIMí-ES, L.N. e GOMES, L.C. 2009 Eficácia do mentol como anestésico para juvenis de tilápiado-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, 61(3): 613-620.
SILVA, E.M.P.; OLIVEIRA, R.H.F.; RIBEIRO, M.A.R.;COPPOLA, M.P. 2009 Efeito anestésico do óleo de cravo em alevinos de lambari. Ciência Rural,Santa Maria, 39(6): 1851-1856.
SLADKY, K.K.; SWANSON, C.R.; STOSKOPF, M.K.; LOOMIS, M.R.; LEWBART, G.A. 2001
Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonatea and clove oil for use as an
anaesthetic in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus).American Journal of Veterinary Research, Schaumburg, 62(3): 337-342.
SOTO, C.G. e BURHANUDDIN, G. 1995 Clove oil as a fish anaesthetic for measuring length and weight of rabbitfish (Siganus lineatus). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 136(1-2): 149-152.
SYLVESTER, J.R. 1975 Factors influencing the efficacy of MS-222 to striped mullet (Mugil cephalus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 6(2): 163-169.
TSUZUKI, M.Y.; CERQUEIRA, V.R.; TELES, A.; DONEDA, S. 2007 Salinity tolerance of
laboratory reared juveniles of the fat snook Centropomus parallelus. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, São Paulo, 55(1): 1-5.
TSUZUKI, M.Y. e BERESTINAS, A.C. 2008 Desempenho de juvenis de robalo-peva
Centropomus parallelus com diferentes dietas comerciais e frequências alimentares. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, 34(4): 535-541.
VALISEK, J.; SVOBODOVÁ, Z.; PIACKOVÁ, V.2005a Effects of clove oil on rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Acta Veterinari BRNO,Brno, 74: 139-146.
VALISEK, J.; SVOBODOVÁ, Z.; PIACKOVÁ, V.;GROCH, L.; NEPEJCHALOVA, L. 2005b Effects of clove oil anaesthesia on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Veterinární Medicína, Praha,50(6): 269-275.
VIDAL, L.V.O.; ALBINATI, R.C.B.; ALBINATI,A.C.L.; MECíÅ DO, G.R. 2006 Utilização do
eugenol como anestésico para o manejo de juvenis de Pintado (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans).Acta Scientiarum Biological Science, Maringá,28(3): 275-279.
VIDAL, L.V.O.; ALBINATI, R.C.B.; ALBINATI,A.C.L.; LIRA, A.D.; ALMEIDA, T.R.; SANTOS,
G.B. 2008 Eugenol como anestésico para a tilápia-do-nilo. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira,Brasília, 43(8): 1069-1074.
WAGNER, E.; ARNDT, R.; HILTON, B. 2002 Physiological stress responses, egg survival and sperm motility for rainbow trout broodstock anaesthetized with clove oil, tricaine methanesulfonate or carbon dioxide. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 211(1-4): 353-366.
WALSH, C.T.; PEASE, B.C. 2002 The use of clove oil as an anaesthetic for the longfinned eel, Anguilla reinhardtii (Steindachner). Aquaculture Research,
Oxford, 33: 627-635
WATERSTRAT, P. 1999 Induction and recovery from anesthesia in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings exposed to clove oil. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 30(2): 250-255.
WOODY, C.A.; NELSON, J.; RAMSTAD, K. 2002 Clove oil as an anesthetic for adult sockeye salmon: field trials. Journal of Fish Biology,London, 60: 340-347.
ANDERSON, W.G.; MCKINLEY, R.S.; COLAVECCHIA, M. 1997 The use of clove oil as
an anesthetic for rainbow trout and its effects on swimming performance. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Bethesda, 17(2): 301-307.
BARTON, B.A. 1997 Stress in finfish: past, present and future - a historical perspective. In: IWAMA, G.K.; PICKERING, A.D.; SUMPTER,J.P.; SCHRECK, C.B. Fish stress and health in aquaculture. Society for Experimental Biology, Seminar Series 62, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.1í 33.
CERQUEIRA, V.R.; TSUZUKI, M.Y. 2009. A review of spawning induction, larviculture, and juvenile rearing of the fat snook, Centropomus parallelus. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,Amsterdam, 35: 17í 28.
CHAROENDAT, U.; AREECHON, N.; SRISAPOOMEL, P.; CHANTASART, D. 2009
Efficacy of synthetic eugenol as an anesthetic for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.). Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science, Thailand, 43: 132-140.
CUNHA, M.A. 2007 Anestesia em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) expostos a substí¢ncias isoladas de plantas. Santa Maria. 65p. (Dissertação de Mestrado.Universidade Federal de Santa Maria).Disponível em: http://w3.ufsm.br/ppgz/conteudo/Defesas/Dissertacoes/Mauro_Alves_da_Cunha.pdf Acesso em: 15 dez. 2011.
FAí"¡ANHA, M.F. e GOMES, L.C. 2005 A eficácia do mentol como anestésico para tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Characiformes: Characidae). Acta Amazônica, Manaus, 35: 71-75.
FERRAZ, E.M.; CERQUEIRA, V.R.; ALVAREZLAJONCHíˆRE, L.; CANDIDO, S. 2002 Indução
da desova do robalo-peva Centropomus parallelus, através de injeção e implante de LHRHa. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, 28(2): 125-133.
FERRAZ, E.M.; ALVAREZ-LAJONCHíˆRE, L.;CERQUEIRA, V.R.; CANDIDO, S. 2004
Validation of an ovarian biopsy method for monitoring oocyte development in the fat snook Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860 in captivity. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,Curitiba, 47(4): 643-648.
GIMBO, R.Y.; SAITA, M.V.; GONí"¡ALVES, A.F.N.;TAKAHASHI, L.S. 2008 Diferentes
concentrações de benzocaína na indução anestésica do lambari-do-rabo amarelo (Astyanax altiparanae). Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, Salvador, 9(2): 350-357.
GILDERHUS, P.A. 1989 Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic for salmonid fishes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Bethesda, 9:150-153.
GILDERHUS, P.A. e MARKING, L.L. 1987 Comparative efficacy of 16 anesthetic chemicals on rainbow trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Bethesda, 7: 288-292.
GOMES, L.C.; CHIPPAR-GOMES, A.R.; LOPES, N.P.; ROUBACH, R.; ARAUJO-LIMA, C.A.R.M.2001 Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 32(4): 426-431.
GONí"¡ALVES, A.F.N.; SANTOS, E.C.C.;FERNANDES, J.B.K.; TAKAHASHI, L.S. 2008
Mentol e eugenol como substitutos da benzocaína na indução anestésica de juvenis de pacu. Acta Scientiarum Animal Science, Maringá,30(3): 339-344.
HOVDA, J. e LINLEY, T.J. 2000 The potential application of hypothermia for anesthesia in adult Pacific salmon. North American Journal of Aquaculture, Bethesda, 62: 67-72.
INOUE, L.A.K.A.; SANTOS-NETO, C.; MORAES, G. 2003 Clove oil anaesthetic for juveniles of matrinxã Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1869). Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 33(5): 943-947.
INOUE, L.A.K.A.; BOIJINK, C.L.; RIBEIRO, P.T.; SILVA, A.M.D.; AFFONSO, E.G. 2011 Avaliação de respostas metabólicas do tambaqui exposto ao eugenol em banhos anestésicos. Acta Amazônica, Manaus, 41(2): 327-332.
IVERSEN, M.; FINSTAD, B.; MCKINLEY, R.S.; ELIASSEN, R.A. 2003 The efficacy of metomidate, clove oil, Aqui-Sâ"ž¢ and Benzoak® as anesthetics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar L.) smolts, and their potential stress-reducing capacity. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 221: 549-566.
IWAMA, G. e ACKERMAN, A. 1994 Anaesthetics. In: HOCHACHKA, P.W. e MOMMSEN, T.P.Analytical techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology of fishes. 3a ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. p.1-5.
KEENE, J.L.; NOAKES, D.L.G.; MOCCIA, R.D.; SOTO, C.G. 1998 The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Research, Oxford,29(2): 89-101.
LORENZO, D.; PAZ, D.; DELLACASSA, E.; DAVIES,P.; VILA, R.; CAí"˜IGUERAL, S. 2002 Essential oils of Mentha pulegium and Mentha rotundifolia from Uruguay. Brazilian Archives of Biology Technology, Curitiba, 45(4): 519-524.
MARKING, L.L. e MEYER, F.P. 1985 Are better fish anesthetics needed in fisheries? Fisheries,Bethesda, 10(6): 2-5.
MARÅÂ IC-LUCIC, J.; MLADINEO, I.; TUDOR, M. 2005 Comparative effectiveness of 2-
phenoxyethanol and propiscin as anesthetics for juvenile sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L.Aquaculture International, Dordrecht, 13: 543-553.
MATOS, F.J.A. 2000 Plantas medicinais: guia de seleção e emprego de plantas usadas em fitoterapia no Nordeste do Brasil. 2a ed. Fortaleza: Imprensa Universitária-UFC. 344p.
MGBENKA, B.O. e EJIOFOR, E.N. 1998 Effects of extracts of dried leaves of Erythrophleum suaveolens as anesthetics on clariid catfish. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, Binghamton, 8: 3-80.
OKAMOTO, M.H.; TESSER, M.B.; LOUZADA, L.R.;SANTOS, R.A.; SAMPAIO, L.A. 2009
Benzocaína e eugenol como anestésicos para juvenis do pampo Trachinotus marginatus. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 39(3): 866-870.
PARK, M.O.; HUR, J.W.; IM, S.Y.; SEOL, D.W.; LEE, J.; PARK, I.S. 2008 Anaesthetic efficacy and physiological responses to clove oil anaesthetized kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus, Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 39(8): 877-884.
PRINCE, A.; POWELL, C. 2000 Clove oil as an anesthetic for invasive field procedures on adult rainbow trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Bethesda, 20(4): 1029-1032.
RIVAS L.R. 1986 Systematic review of the perciforms fishes of the genus Centropomus.Copeia, 3: 579-611.
ROSS, L.G. e ROSS, B. 1999 Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. Oxford: Blackwell Science. 159p.
ROSS, L.G. e ROSS, B. 2008 Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. 3rd ed. Oxford:Blackwell Science. 236p.
ROUBACH, R. e GOMES, L.C. 2001 O uso de anestésicos durante o manejo de peixes. Revista Panorama da Aqüicultura, Rio de Janeiro, 11(66):37-40.
ROUBACH, R.; GOMES, L.C.; FONSECA, F.A.L.;VAL, A.L. 2005 Eugenol as an efficacious
anaesthetic for tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 36: 1-6.
RUPPERT, E.E. e BARNES, R.D. 1996 Zoologia dos invertebrados. 6a ed. São Paulo: Roca. 1029p.
SIMí-ES, L.N. e GOMES, L.C. 2009 Eficácia do mentol como anestésico para juvenis de tilápiado-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Belo Horizonte, 61(3): 613-620.
SILVA, E.M.P.; OLIVEIRA, R.H.F.; RIBEIRO, M.A.R.;COPPOLA, M.P. 2009 Efeito anestésico do óleo de cravo em alevinos de lambari. Ciência Rural,Santa Maria, 39(6): 1851-1856.
SLADKY, K.K.; SWANSON, C.R.; STOSKOPF, M.K.; LOOMIS, M.R.; LEWBART, G.A. 2001
Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonatea and clove oil for use as an
anaesthetic in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus).American Journal of Veterinary Research, Schaumburg, 62(3): 337-342.
SOTO, C.G. e BURHANUDDIN, G. 1995 Clove oil as a fish anaesthetic for measuring length and weight of rabbitfish (Siganus lineatus). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 136(1-2): 149-152.
SYLVESTER, J.R. 1975 Factors influencing the efficacy of MS-222 to striped mullet (Mugil cephalus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 6(2): 163-169.
TSUZUKI, M.Y.; CERQUEIRA, V.R.; TELES, A.; DONEDA, S. 2007 Salinity tolerance of
laboratory reared juveniles of the fat snook Centropomus parallelus. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, São Paulo, 55(1): 1-5.
TSUZUKI, M.Y. e BERESTINAS, A.C. 2008 Desempenho de juvenis de robalo-peva
Centropomus parallelus com diferentes dietas comerciais e frequências alimentares. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, 34(4): 535-541.
VALISEK, J.; SVOBODOVÁ, Z.; PIACKOVÁ, V.2005a Effects of clove oil on rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Acta Veterinari BRNO,Brno, 74: 139-146.
VALISEK, J.; SVOBODOVÁ, Z.; PIACKOVÁ, V.;GROCH, L.; NEPEJCHALOVA, L. 2005b Effects of clove oil anaesthesia on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Veterinární Medicína, Praha,50(6): 269-275.
VIDAL, L.V.O.; ALBINATI, R.C.B.; ALBINATI,A.C.L.; MECíÅ DO, G.R. 2006 Utilização do
eugenol como anestésico para o manejo de juvenis de Pintado (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans).Acta Scientiarum Biological Science, Maringá,28(3): 275-279.
VIDAL, L.V.O.; ALBINATI, R.C.B.; ALBINATI,A.C.L.; LIRA, A.D.; ALMEIDA, T.R.; SANTOS,
G.B. 2008 Eugenol como anestésico para a tilápia-do-nilo. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira,Brasília, 43(8): 1069-1074.
WAGNER, E.; ARNDT, R.; HILTON, B. 2002 Physiological stress responses, egg survival and sperm motility for rainbow trout broodstock anaesthetized with clove oil, tricaine methanesulfonate or carbon dioxide. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 211(1-4): 353-366.
WALSH, C.T.; PEASE, B.C. 2002 The use of clove oil as an anaesthetic for the longfinned eel, Anguilla reinhardtii (Steindachner). Aquaculture Research,
Oxford, 33: 627-635
WATERSTRAT, P. 1999 Induction and recovery from anesthesia in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings exposed to clove oil. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 30(2): 250-255.
WOODY, C.A.; NELSON, J.; RAMSTAD, K. 2002 Clove oil as an anesthetic for adult sockeye salmon: field trials. Journal of Fish Biology,London, 60: 340-347.
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2018-11-10
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