Influence of salinity on survival and growth of Crassostrea gasar
Keywords:
maricultura, mangrove oyster, estuary, abiotic factorAbstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity on the growth and survival of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar. A laboratory trial was conducted in 10 treatments, each in triplicate, corresponding to rising values of salinity at intervals of 5 in the range of 5-50, totaling 30 experimental units. The survival and growth of the oysters were significantly influenced by salinity. A high survival of oysters in the salinity range between 10 and 45 was found. Significantly higher survival rates were obtained at salinities of 20 and 25, while at 5 there were lower survival rates. The final mean shell size and live weight of the oysters were significantly higher at a salinity of 25, while the lowest growth was registered at 5 and 50. The results suggest that the C. gasar oyster is resistant to a broad salinity range, and can be cultivated in marine regions or estuary environments that do not have salinities equal or lower than 5.
References
ABBE, G.R.; RIEDEL., G.F.; SANDERS, J.G. 2000 Factors that influence the accumulation of
copper and cadmium by transplanted eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the atuxent
River, Maryland. Marine Environmental Research, 49(4): 377-396.
AFINOWI, M.A. 1975 Investigations on the geography and settlement of the mangrove oyster, Crassostrea gasar, in the Niger Delta. Annual Report. Abuja: Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research. 11p.
AFINOWI, M.A. 1984 The mangrove oyster, Crassostrea gasar cultivation and potential in the
Niger Delta (Nigeria). Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, 14(1): 1-13.
AJANA, A.M. 1980 Fishery of the mangrove oyster, Crassostrea gasar, Andanson (1757), in the Lagos area, Nigeria. Aquaculture, 21(2): 129-137.
ALAGARSWAMI, K. e VICTOR, A.C.C. 1976 Salinity tolerance and rate of filtration of the pearl
oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould). Marine Biological Association of India, 18(1): 149í 158.
ANGELL, C.L. 1986 The biology and culture of tropical oysters. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 13.
Manila: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources. 42p.
ANTONIO, I.G.; GUIMARíES, I.M.; PEIXOTO, S.; OLIVERA, A. 2009 The combined effects of
salinity, stocking density and frequency of water exchange on growth and survival of mangrove
oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) larvae. Arquivos de Ciências do Mar, 42(2): 74-80.
ARAKAWA, K.Y. 1990 Commercially important species of oysters in the world. Marine Behaviour
and Physiology, 17(1):1í 13.
AUDEMARD, C.; CARNEGIE, R.B.; BISHOP, M.J.; PETERSON, C.H.; BURRESON, E.M. 2008
Interacting effects of temperature and salinity on Bonamia sp. Parasitism in the Asian oyster
Crassostrea ariakensis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 98(3): 344í 350.
BERGER, V.J.; KHARAZOVA, A.D. 1997 Mechanisms of salinity adaptations in marine molluscs. Hydrobiologia, 355(1): 115-126.
BERNARD, F.R. 1983 Physiology and the mariculture of some northeastern Pacific bivalve mollusks. Ottawa: Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 24p.
BRITO, L. 2008 Efeito da salinidade sobre o crescimento da ostra nativa Crassostrea sp. como subsídio ao desenvolvimento da maricultura de espécies nativas em mar aberto. Pontal do Paraná. 49p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR). Disponível em: <http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br:8080/dspace/bitstream/handle/1884/19889/dissertacao%20Lineu%20defenitiva.pdf?sequence=1> Acesso em: 15 ago. 2014.
CÁCERES-PUIG, J.I.; ABASOLO-PACHECO, F.; MAZÓN-SUASTEGUI, J.M.; MAEDAMARTÍNEZ, A.N; SAUCEDO, P.E. 2007 Effect of temperature on growth and survival of Crassostrea corteziensis spat during late-nursey culturing at the hatchery. Aquaculture, 272(1): 417-422.
CHANLEY, P.E. 1958 Survival of some juvenile bivalves in water of low salinity. Proceedings of
the National Shellfish Association, 48(1): 52-65.
CHENG, W.; YEH, S.P.; WANG, C.S.; CHEN, J.C. 2002 Osmotic and ionic changes in Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, 203(1): 349-357.
DENG, Y.; FU, S.; LIANG, F.; DU, X.; XIE, S. 2013 Growth and Survival of Pearl oyster Pinctada
maxima spat reared under different environmental conditions. Journal of Shellfish Research, 32(3): 675-679.
DEVAKIE, M.N. e ALI, A.B. 2000 Salinitytemperature and nutritional effects on the setting rate of larvae of the tropical oyster, Crassostrea iredalei (Faustino). Aquaculture, 184(1):105-114.
DICKINSON, G.H.; IVANINA, A.V.; MATOO, O.B.; Pí–RTNER, H.O.; BOCK, C.; BENIASH, E.;SOKOLOVA, I. M. 2012 Interactive effects of salinity and elevated CO2 levels on juvenile eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(1): 29-43.
DOS SANTOS, A.E. e NASCIMENTO, I.A. 1985 Influence of gamete density, salinity and temperature on the normal embryonic development of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828). Aquaculture, 41(4):335-352.
DOVE, M.C. e O'CONNOR, W.A. 2007 Salinity and temperature tolerance of sydney rock oysters
Saccostrea glomerata during early ontogeny. Journal of Shellfish Research, 26(45): 939-947.
EIERMAN, L.E. e HARE, M.P. 2013 Survival of oyster larvae in different salinities depends on
source population within an estuary. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 449(11):61-68.
FUERSICH, F.T. 1993 Paleoecologia e evolução das associações de macroinvertebrados bentônicos
controlado por salinidade do Mesozóico. Lethaia,26(1): 327-346.
GALTSOFF, P.S. 1964 The American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Fishery Bulletin,64(1): 11-28.
GIREESH, R. e GOPINATHAN, C.P. 2004 Effect of salinity and pH on the larval development and
spat production of Paphia mdabarica. Biological Association of India, 46(2): 146-153.
GUIMARíES, I.M.; ANTONIO, I.G.; PEIXOTO, S.; OLIVERA, A. 2008 Influência da salinidade
sobre a sobrevivência da ostra-do-mangue, Crassostrea rhizophorae. Arquivos de Ciências do
Mar, 41(1): 118-122.
GUZMÁN-AGíÅ“ERO, J.E.; NIEVES-SOTO, M.; HURTADO, M.A.; PIí"˜A-VALDEZ, P.; GARZAAGUIRRE, M.C. 2013 Feeding physiology and scope for growth of the oyster Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein, 1951) acclimated to different conditions of temperature and salinity.Aquaculture International, 21(2): 283-297.
HEILMAYER, O.; DIGIALLEONARDO, J.; QIAN, L.;ROESIJADI, G. 2008 Stress tolerance of a subtropical Crassostrea virginica population to the combined effects of temperature and salinity.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 79(1): 179-185.
HOSOI, M.; KUBOTA, S.; TOYOHARA, M.;TOYOHARA, H.; HAYASHI, I. 2003 Effect of salinity change on free amino acid content in Pacific oyster. Fisheries Science, 69(2): 395-400.
LA PEYRE, M.K.; EBERLINE, B.S.; SONIAT, T,M.;LA PEYRE, J.F. 2013 Differences in extreme low
salinity timing and duration differentially affect eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) size class
growth and mortality in Breton Sound, LA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 135(19): 146-157.
LAPíˆGUE, S.; BOUTET, I.; LEITÃO, A.; HEURTEBISE, S.; GARCIA, P.; THIRIOTUIEVREUX, C.; BOUDRY, P. 2002 Trans-Atlantic distribution of a mangrove oyster species revealed by 16S mtDNA and karyological analyses. Biological Bulletin, 202(3): 232-242.
LOMBARDI, S.A.; HARLAN, N.P.; PAYNTER, K.T. 2013 Survival, acid-base balance, and gaping
responses of the Asian oyster Crassostrea ariakensis and the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica during clamped emersion and hypoxic immersion. Journal of Shellfish Research, 32(2): 409-415.
LOOSANOFF, V.L. 1952 Behavior of oysters in water of low salinities. Proceedings of the National
Shellfisheries Association, 43(1): 135-151.
LOPES, G.R.; GOMES, C.H.A.M.; TURECK, C.R.; MELO, C.M.R. 2013 Growth of Crassostrea gasar
cultured in marine and estuary environments in Brazilian waters. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 48(7): 975-982.
MELO, A.G.C.; VARELA, E.S.; BEASLEY, C.R.; SCHNEIDER, H.; SAMPAIO, I.; GAFFNEY, P.M.; REECE, K.S.; TAGLIARO, C.H. 2010 Molecular identification, phylogeny and geographic distribution of Brazilian mangrove oyster (Crassostrea). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 33(3): 564í 572.
MELO, M.A.D.; SILVA, A.R.B.; BEASLEY, C.R.; TAGLIARO, C.H. 2013 Multiplex speciesspecific PCR identification of native and nonnative oysters (Crassostrea) in Brazil: a useful tool for application in oyster culture and stock management. Aquaculture International, 21(6): 1325-1332.
MICHAELIDIS, B.; HAAS, D.; GRIESHABER, M.K.; 2005 Extracellular and intracellular acid base
status with regard to the energy metabolism in the oyster Crassostrea gigas during exposure to
air. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 78(3):373-383.
NASCIMENTO, I.A. 1991 Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding) and C. brasiliana (Lamarck) in South
and Central America. In: MENZEL, W. Estuarine and marine bivalve mollusk culture. Florida: CRC
Press Inc. p.125-134
NELL, J.A. e HOLLIDAY, J.E. 1988 Effects of salinity on growth and survival of Sydney rock oyster
(Saccostrea commercialis) and Pacific oyster larvae and spat. Aquaculture, 68(1): 39-44.
ODUM, E.P. e BARRETT, G.W. 2008 Fundamentos de Ecologia. 5ª ed. São Paulo: Cengage Learning.
612p.
PAIXÃO, L.; FERREIRA, M.A.; NUNES, Z.;FONSECA-SIZO, F.; ROCHA, R. 2013 Effects of salinity and rainfall on the reproductive biology of the mangrove oyster (Crassostrea gasar): Implications for the collection of broodstock oysters. Aquaculture, 6(12): 380-383.
PATERSON, K.J.; SCHREIDER, M.J.; ZIMMERMAN, K.D. 2003 Anthropogenic effects on seston
quality and quantity and the growth and survival of Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) in two estuaries in NSW, Australia. Aquaculture, 221(1): 407â€"˜423.
PEREIRA, O.M. e CHAGAS-SOARES, F. 1996 Análise da criação de ostra Crassostrea brasiliana
(LAMARK, 1819), no sítio Guarapari, na região lagunar-estuarina de Cananéia í SP. Boletim do
Instituto de Pesca, 23(único): 135-142.
PEREIRA, O.M.; SOARES, F.C.; AKABOSHI, S. 1988 Cultivo experimental de Crassostrea brasiliana
(Lamarck, 1819) no canal da Bertioga São Paulo, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 15(1): 55-65.
POLLACK, J.B.; KIM, H.C.; MORGAN, E.K.; MONTAGNA, P.A. 2011 Role of flood disturbance
in natural oyster (Crassostrea virginica) population maintenance in an estuary in south
Texas, USA. Estuaries and Coasts, 34(1): 187-197.
RIVERO-RODRÍGUEZ, S.; BEAUMONT, A.R.; LORAVILCHIS, M.C. 2007 The effect of microalgal
diets on growth, biochemical composition, and fatty acid profile of Crassostrea corteziensis
(Hertlein) juveniles. Aquaculture, 263(1): 199-210.
SHUMWAY, S.E. 1996 Natural environmental factors. In: KENNEDY, V.S.; EWELL, R.I.E.; EBLE, A.F. The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica. College Park: Maryland Sea Grant College. p.467-513.
TURECK, T.R. 2010 Sementes de ostras nativas no litoral de Santa Catarina/Brasil, como subsidio ao cultivo. Florianópolis. 140p. (Dissertação de Doutorado. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC).Disponível em: <https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/93884> Acesso em: 10 mai.2014.
VARELA, E.S.; BEASLEY, C.R.; SCHNEIDER, H.; SAMPAIO, I.; MARQUES-SILVA, N.S.; TAGLIARO, H. 2007 Molecular phylogenyof mangrove oysters (Crassostrea) from Brazil. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 73(3): 229-234
VILANOVA, M.F.V. e CHAVES, E.M.B. 1988 Contribuição para o conhecimento da viabilidade do cultivo de ostra-do-mangue, Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding, 1828, Mollusca:Bivalvia), no estuário do rio Ceará, Ceará, Brasil. Arquivos de Ciências do Mar, 27(único): 111-125
WAKAMATSU, T. 1973 A ostra de Cananéia e seu cultivo. São Paulo: SUDELPA, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo. 141p.
WEDLER, E. 1980 Experimental spat collecting and growing of the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae
Guilding. Aquaculture, 21(3): 251-259.
copper and cadmium by transplanted eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the atuxent
River, Maryland. Marine Environmental Research, 49(4): 377-396.
AFINOWI, M.A. 1975 Investigations on the geography and settlement of the mangrove oyster, Crassostrea gasar, in the Niger Delta. Annual Report. Abuja: Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research. 11p.
AFINOWI, M.A. 1984 The mangrove oyster, Crassostrea gasar cultivation and potential in the
Niger Delta (Nigeria). Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, 14(1): 1-13.
AJANA, A.M. 1980 Fishery of the mangrove oyster, Crassostrea gasar, Andanson (1757), in the Lagos area, Nigeria. Aquaculture, 21(2): 129-137.
ALAGARSWAMI, K. e VICTOR, A.C.C. 1976 Salinity tolerance and rate of filtration of the pearl
oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould). Marine Biological Association of India, 18(1): 149í 158.
ANGELL, C.L. 1986 The biology and culture of tropical oysters. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 13.
Manila: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources. 42p.
ANTONIO, I.G.; GUIMARíES, I.M.; PEIXOTO, S.; OLIVERA, A. 2009 The combined effects of
salinity, stocking density and frequency of water exchange on growth and survival of mangrove
oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) larvae. Arquivos de Ciências do Mar, 42(2): 74-80.
ARAKAWA, K.Y. 1990 Commercially important species of oysters in the world. Marine Behaviour
and Physiology, 17(1):1í 13.
AUDEMARD, C.; CARNEGIE, R.B.; BISHOP, M.J.; PETERSON, C.H.; BURRESON, E.M. 2008
Interacting effects of temperature and salinity on Bonamia sp. Parasitism in the Asian oyster
Crassostrea ariakensis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 98(3): 344í 350.
BERGER, V.J.; KHARAZOVA, A.D. 1997 Mechanisms of salinity adaptations in marine molluscs. Hydrobiologia, 355(1): 115-126.
BERNARD, F.R. 1983 Physiology and the mariculture of some northeastern Pacific bivalve mollusks. Ottawa: Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 24p.
BRITO, L. 2008 Efeito da salinidade sobre o crescimento da ostra nativa Crassostrea sp. como subsídio ao desenvolvimento da maricultura de espécies nativas em mar aberto. Pontal do Paraná. 49p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR). Disponível em: <http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br:8080/dspace/bitstream/handle/1884/19889/dissertacao%20Lineu%20defenitiva.pdf?sequence=1> Acesso em: 15 ago. 2014.
CÁCERES-PUIG, J.I.; ABASOLO-PACHECO, F.; MAZÓN-SUASTEGUI, J.M.; MAEDAMARTÍNEZ, A.N; SAUCEDO, P.E. 2007 Effect of temperature on growth and survival of Crassostrea corteziensis spat during late-nursey culturing at the hatchery. Aquaculture, 272(1): 417-422.
CHANLEY, P.E. 1958 Survival of some juvenile bivalves in water of low salinity. Proceedings of
the National Shellfish Association, 48(1): 52-65.
CHENG, W.; YEH, S.P.; WANG, C.S.; CHEN, J.C. 2002 Osmotic and ionic changes in Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, 203(1): 349-357.
DENG, Y.; FU, S.; LIANG, F.; DU, X.; XIE, S. 2013 Growth and Survival of Pearl oyster Pinctada
maxima spat reared under different environmental conditions. Journal of Shellfish Research, 32(3): 675-679.
DEVAKIE, M.N. e ALI, A.B. 2000 Salinitytemperature and nutritional effects on the setting rate of larvae of the tropical oyster, Crassostrea iredalei (Faustino). Aquaculture, 184(1):105-114.
DICKINSON, G.H.; IVANINA, A.V.; MATOO, O.B.; Pí–RTNER, H.O.; BOCK, C.; BENIASH, E.;SOKOLOVA, I. M. 2012 Interactive effects of salinity and elevated CO2 levels on juvenile eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(1): 29-43.
DOS SANTOS, A.E. e NASCIMENTO, I.A. 1985 Influence of gamete density, salinity and temperature on the normal embryonic development of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828). Aquaculture, 41(4):335-352.
DOVE, M.C. e O'CONNOR, W.A. 2007 Salinity and temperature tolerance of sydney rock oysters
Saccostrea glomerata during early ontogeny. Journal of Shellfish Research, 26(45): 939-947.
EIERMAN, L.E. e HARE, M.P. 2013 Survival of oyster larvae in different salinities depends on
source population within an estuary. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 449(11):61-68.
FUERSICH, F.T. 1993 Paleoecologia e evolução das associações de macroinvertebrados bentônicos
controlado por salinidade do Mesozóico. Lethaia,26(1): 327-346.
GALTSOFF, P.S. 1964 The American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Fishery Bulletin,64(1): 11-28.
GIREESH, R. e GOPINATHAN, C.P. 2004 Effect of salinity and pH on the larval development and
spat production of Paphia mdabarica. Biological Association of India, 46(2): 146-153.
GUIMARíES, I.M.; ANTONIO, I.G.; PEIXOTO, S.; OLIVERA, A. 2008 Influência da salinidade
sobre a sobrevivência da ostra-do-mangue, Crassostrea rhizophorae. Arquivos de Ciências do
Mar, 41(1): 118-122.
GUZMÁN-AGíÅ“ERO, J.E.; NIEVES-SOTO, M.; HURTADO, M.A.; PIí"˜A-VALDEZ, P.; GARZAAGUIRRE, M.C. 2013 Feeding physiology and scope for growth of the oyster Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein, 1951) acclimated to different conditions of temperature and salinity.Aquaculture International, 21(2): 283-297.
HEILMAYER, O.; DIGIALLEONARDO, J.; QIAN, L.;ROESIJADI, G. 2008 Stress tolerance of a subtropical Crassostrea virginica population to the combined effects of temperature and salinity.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 79(1): 179-185.
HOSOI, M.; KUBOTA, S.; TOYOHARA, M.;TOYOHARA, H.; HAYASHI, I. 2003 Effect of salinity change on free amino acid content in Pacific oyster. Fisheries Science, 69(2): 395-400.
LA PEYRE, M.K.; EBERLINE, B.S.; SONIAT, T,M.;LA PEYRE, J.F. 2013 Differences in extreme low
salinity timing and duration differentially affect eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) size class
growth and mortality in Breton Sound, LA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 135(19): 146-157.
LAPíˆGUE, S.; BOUTET, I.; LEITÃO, A.; HEURTEBISE, S.; GARCIA, P.; THIRIOTUIEVREUX, C.; BOUDRY, P. 2002 Trans-Atlantic distribution of a mangrove oyster species revealed by 16S mtDNA and karyological analyses. Biological Bulletin, 202(3): 232-242.
LOMBARDI, S.A.; HARLAN, N.P.; PAYNTER, K.T. 2013 Survival, acid-base balance, and gaping
responses of the Asian oyster Crassostrea ariakensis and the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica during clamped emersion and hypoxic immersion. Journal of Shellfish Research, 32(2): 409-415.
LOOSANOFF, V.L. 1952 Behavior of oysters in water of low salinities. Proceedings of the National
Shellfisheries Association, 43(1): 135-151.
LOPES, G.R.; GOMES, C.H.A.M.; TURECK, C.R.; MELO, C.M.R. 2013 Growth of Crassostrea gasar
cultured in marine and estuary environments in Brazilian waters. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 48(7): 975-982.
MELO, A.G.C.; VARELA, E.S.; BEASLEY, C.R.; SCHNEIDER, H.; SAMPAIO, I.; GAFFNEY, P.M.; REECE, K.S.; TAGLIARO, C.H. 2010 Molecular identification, phylogeny and geographic distribution of Brazilian mangrove oyster (Crassostrea). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 33(3): 564í 572.
MELO, M.A.D.; SILVA, A.R.B.; BEASLEY, C.R.; TAGLIARO, C.H. 2013 Multiplex speciesspecific PCR identification of native and nonnative oysters (Crassostrea) in Brazil: a useful tool for application in oyster culture and stock management. Aquaculture International, 21(6): 1325-1332.
MICHAELIDIS, B.; HAAS, D.; GRIESHABER, M.K.; 2005 Extracellular and intracellular acid base
status with regard to the energy metabolism in the oyster Crassostrea gigas during exposure to
air. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 78(3):373-383.
NASCIMENTO, I.A. 1991 Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding) and C. brasiliana (Lamarck) in South
and Central America. In: MENZEL, W. Estuarine and marine bivalve mollusk culture. Florida: CRC
Press Inc. p.125-134
NELL, J.A. e HOLLIDAY, J.E. 1988 Effects of salinity on growth and survival of Sydney rock oyster
(Saccostrea commercialis) and Pacific oyster larvae and spat. Aquaculture, 68(1): 39-44.
ODUM, E.P. e BARRETT, G.W. 2008 Fundamentos de Ecologia. 5ª ed. São Paulo: Cengage Learning.
612p.
PAIXÃO, L.; FERREIRA, M.A.; NUNES, Z.;FONSECA-SIZO, F.; ROCHA, R. 2013 Effects of salinity and rainfall on the reproductive biology of the mangrove oyster (Crassostrea gasar): Implications for the collection of broodstock oysters. Aquaculture, 6(12): 380-383.
PATERSON, K.J.; SCHREIDER, M.J.; ZIMMERMAN, K.D. 2003 Anthropogenic effects on seston
quality and quantity and the growth and survival of Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) in two estuaries in NSW, Australia. Aquaculture, 221(1): 407â€"˜423.
PEREIRA, O.M. e CHAGAS-SOARES, F. 1996 Análise da criação de ostra Crassostrea brasiliana
(LAMARK, 1819), no sítio Guarapari, na região lagunar-estuarina de Cananéia í SP. Boletim do
Instituto de Pesca, 23(único): 135-142.
PEREIRA, O.M.; SOARES, F.C.; AKABOSHI, S. 1988 Cultivo experimental de Crassostrea brasiliana
(Lamarck, 1819) no canal da Bertioga São Paulo, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 15(1): 55-65.
POLLACK, J.B.; KIM, H.C.; MORGAN, E.K.; MONTAGNA, P.A. 2011 Role of flood disturbance
in natural oyster (Crassostrea virginica) population maintenance in an estuary in south
Texas, USA. Estuaries and Coasts, 34(1): 187-197.
RIVERO-RODRÍGUEZ, S.; BEAUMONT, A.R.; LORAVILCHIS, M.C. 2007 The effect of microalgal
diets on growth, biochemical composition, and fatty acid profile of Crassostrea corteziensis
(Hertlein) juveniles. Aquaculture, 263(1): 199-210.
SHUMWAY, S.E. 1996 Natural environmental factors. In: KENNEDY, V.S.; EWELL, R.I.E.; EBLE, A.F. The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica. College Park: Maryland Sea Grant College. p.467-513.
TURECK, T.R. 2010 Sementes de ostras nativas no litoral de Santa Catarina/Brasil, como subsidio ao cultivo. Florianópolis. 140p. (Dissertação de Doutorado. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC).Disponível em: <https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/93884> Acesso em: 10 mai.2014.
VARELA, E.S.; BEASLEY, C.R.; SCHNEIDER, H.; SAMPAIO, I.; MARQUES-SILVA, N.S.; TAGLIARO, H. 2007 Molecular phylogenyof mangrove oysters (Crassostrea) from Brazil. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 73(3): 229-234
VILANOVA, M.F.V. e CHAVES, E.M.B. 1988 Contribuição para o conhecimento da viabilidade do cultivo de ostra-do-mangue, Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding, 1828, Mollusca:Bivalvia), no estuário do rio Ceará, Ceará, Brasil. Arquivos de Ciências do Mar, 27(único): 111-125
WAKAMATSU, T. 1973 A ostra de Cananéia e seu cultivo. São Paulo: SUDELPA, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo. 141p.
WEDLER, E. 1980 Experimental spat collecting and growing of the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae
Guilding. Aquaculture, 21(3): 251-259.
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