EFFECT OF POULTRY LITTER AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER, IN WATER QUALITY, PARASITIC ABUNDANCE, AND GROWTH NILE TILAPIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2021.47.e622Keywords:
ectoparasite;, immunonutrition;, integrated farming;, plankton;, fish farming.Abstract
Nile tilapia feed on plankton in natural environments. This food source can be increased in ponds through fertilization and can reduce feed expenses or improve fish performance when used as supplementary food. Organic fertilization is an alternative to commercial fertilization; however, its use increases concerns regarding water quality and sanitary aspects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the use of poultry litter as organic fertilizer on the physical and chemical parameters of water, gill ectoparasite metazoan abundance, and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during the culture cycle lasting 240 days. Four earthen ponds, two fertilized with poultry litter and two non-fertilized ponds, as fertilized and non-fertilized treatments, respectively, were used. Stocking density was 3 fish per m2 with an average initial weight of 0.64 ± 0.15 g. The mean water quality values and the growth performance parameters of Nile tilapia did not show significant differences between the two treatments. The gill parasites found in the fish belonged to the class Monogenea, comprising two genera, Cichlidogyrus and Scutogyrus, with significant differences between treatments. The non-fertilized treatment showed a high abundance of parasites throughout the culture cycle months, with peak abundance in the months with low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the water.
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Cyrino, J.E.P.; Bicudo, Á.J.A.; Sado, R.Y.; Borghesi, R.; Dairik, J.K. 2010. A piscicultura e o ambiente: o uso de alimentos ambientalmente corretos em piscicultura. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(suppl spe): 68-87. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010001300009.
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Dezfuli, B.S.; Giari, L.; Simoni, E.; Menegatti, R.; Shinn, A.P.; Manera, M. 2007. Gill histopathology of cultured European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), infected with Diplectanum aequans (Wagener 1857) Diesing 1958 (Diplectanidae: Monogenea). Parasitology Research, 100(4): 707-713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0343-4.
Dhawan, A.; Toor, H.S. 1989. Impact of organic manures or supplementary diet on plankton production and growth and fecundity of an Indian major carp, Cirrhina mrigala (Ham.), in fish ponds. Biological Wastes, 29(4): 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(89)90020-7.
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Figueiró, C.S.M.; Oliveira, D.B.; Russo, M.R.; Caires, A.R.L.; Rojas, S.S. 2018. Fish farming water quality monitored by optical analysis: the potential application of UVí Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Aquaculture, 490: 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.02.027.
Figueredo, C.C.; Giani, A. 2005. Ecological interactions between Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.) and the phytoplanktonic community of the Furnas Reservoir (Brazil). Freshwater Biology, 50(8): 1391-1403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01407.x.
Garg, S.K.; Bhatnagar, A. 1999. Effect of different doses of organic fertilizer (cow dung) on pond productivity and fish biomass in still water ponds. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 15(1): 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.1999.00129.x.
Gopalakannan, A.; Arul, V. 2006. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune system of Cyprinus carpio and control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in ponds. Aquaculture, 255(1-4): 179-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.01.012.
Green, B.W.; Phelps, R.P.; Alvarenga, H.R. 1989. The effect of manures and chemical fertilizers on the production of Oreochromis niloticus in earthen ponds. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 76(1-2): 37-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(89)90249-4.
Haobijam, J.W.; Ghosh, S. 2018. Integrated pig-fish farming: a case study in imphal west district of Manipur. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 7(1): 495-499.
Hossain, M.K.; Islam, K.T.; Hossain, M.D.; Rahman, M.H. 2011. Environmental impact assessment of fish diseases on fish production. Journal of Science Foundation, 9(1-2): 125-131. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v9i1-2.14655.
Jerônimo, G.; Pádua, S.B.; Bampi, D.; Gonçalves, E.; Garcia, P.; Ishikawa, M.M.; Martins, M.L. 2014. Haematological and histopathological analysis in South American fish Piaractus mesopotamicus parasitized by monogenean (Dactylogyridae). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 74(4): 1000-1006. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.09513.
Jerônimo, G.T.; Speck, G.M.; Cechinel, M.M.; Gonçalves, E.L.T.; Martins, M.L. 2011. Seasonal variation on the ectoparasitic communities of Nile tilapia cultured in three regions in southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 71(2): 365-373. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842011000300005.
Kaatz, S.E.; Morris, J.E.; Rudacille, J.B.; Johnson, J.A.; Clayton, R.D. 2011. Role of organic fertilizers in walleye (Sander vitreus) production in plastic-lined culture ponds. Aquaculture Research, 42(4): 490-498. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02644.x.
Kiron, V. 2012. Fish immune system and its nutritional modulation for preventive health care. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 173(1): 111-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.015.
Kumar, A.; Kumari, M.; Dhami, T. 2019. Effect of different organic manure on the growth of Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) fingerlings with supplementary feed in the tarai region of Uttarakhand. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 7(2): 889-894.
Kumar, M.S.; Binh, T.T.; Luu, L.T.; Clarke, S.M. 2005. Evaluation of fish production using organic and inorganic fertilizer: application to grass carp polyculture. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 17(1): 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v17n01_02.
Landolt, M.L. 1989. The relationship between diet and the immune response of fish. Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 79(1-4): 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(89)90461-4.
Lanes, C.F.C.; Bolla, S.; Fernandes, J.M.O.; Nicolaisen, O.; Kiron, V.; Babiak, I. 2012. Nucleotide enrichment of live feed: a promising protocol for rearing of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua larvae. Marine Biotechnology (New York, N.Y.), 14(5): 544-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-012-9458-z.
Macedo, C.F.; Sipaúba-Tavares, L.H. 2010. Eutrofização e qualidade da água na piscicultura: consequências e recomendações. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 36(2): 149-163.
Martin, S.A.; Król, E. 2017. Nutrigenomics and immune function in fish: new insights from omics technologies. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 75: 86-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.024.
Martins, A.P.L.; Reissmann, C.B.; Favaretto, N.; Boeger, M.R.T.; Oliveira, E.B. 2007. Capacidade da Typha dominguensis na fitorremediação de efluentes de tanques de piscicultura na Bacia do Iraí í Paraná. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 11(3): 324-330. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662007000300013.
Matos, L.V.; Oliveira, M.I.B.; Gomes, A.L.S.; Silva, G.S. 2017. Morphological and histochemical changes associated with massive infection by Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) in the farmed freshwater fish Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818 from the Amazon State, Brazil. Parasitology Research, 116(3): 1029-1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-017-5384-3.
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2021-09-13
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