Comparative analysis of three bait types in deep-set pelagic longline gear in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2022.48.e678Keywords:
Bigeye tuna, bycatch, GLM, selectivity, Yellowfin tunaAbstract
The choice of bait is one of the fisheries tactics used to increase selectivity for particular target species. The performance of three bait types (mackerel, sardine, squid) was evaluated with a commercial vessel operating in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean using the deep-set pelagic longline deployment method to target large yellowfin and bigeye tunas. The effect of different factors and covariates on the Capture per Effort Unit - CPUE was evaluated through Generalized Linear Models (GLM). In 121 experimental sets using three bait types, 2385 individuals of the two target species were captured, 1166 yellowfin tuna and 1219 bigeye tuna. The results suggest a preference between bait types for each target species, with the yellowfin tuna being mostly caught by the hooks using squid and bigeye tuna with fish bait mackerel. Stratifying the results for three depth ranges of the hooks, the combination of bait and depth for yellowfin tuna resulted in an increase of catch probability in the intermediary depth layer using mackerel. For bigeye tuna, using mackerel in the intermediary layer resulted in a reduction in the catch rate. Bycatch represented around 11.15% of total captures. These results will provide important information to choosing the most efficient bait for the pelagic longline fishing operation and will help future decisions of fisheries management.
References
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Brill, R.W.; Block, B.A.; Boggs, C.H.; Bigelow, K.A.; Freund, E.V.; Marcinek, D.J. 1999. Horizontal movements and depth distribution of large adult yellowï¬Ân tuna (Thunnus albacares) near the Hawaiian Islands, recorded using ultrasonic telemetry: implications for the physiological ecology of pelagic ï¬Âshes. Marine Biology, 133: 395-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050478.
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Coelho, R.; Santos, M. N.; Amorim S. 2012. Effects of hook and bait on targeted and bycatch fishes in an equatorial Atlantic pelagic longline fishery. Bulletin of Marine Science, 88(3): 449-467. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1064.
Dagorn, L.; Bach, P.; Josse, E. 2000. Movement patterns of large bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the open ocean, determined using ultrasonic telemetry. Marine Biology, 136(2): 361-371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050694.
Da Silva G.B.; Hazin H.G.; Hazin F.H.V.; Vaskeâ€ÂJr T. 2019. Diet composition of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) caught on aggregated schools in the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 35(5): 1111-1118. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13949.
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Foster, D.G.; Epperly, S.P.; Shah, A.K.; Watson, J.W. 2012. Evaluation of hook and bait type on the catch rates in the western North Atlantic Ocean pelagic longline fishery. Bulletin of Marine Science, 88(3): 529-545. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1081.
Flores Montes, M.J.; Melo, G.; Moura, G. 2009. Relação entre a distribuição de nutrientes dissolvidos e a biomassa primária na Zona Econômica Exclusiva (ZEE) do nordeste do Brasil. In: Hazin, F.H.V. (org.). Programa Revizee - Score Nordeste. Meteorologia e Sensoriamento Remoto, Oceanografia Física, Oceanografia Química e Oceanografia Biológica. 1ª ed. Fortaleza: Martins & Cordeiro Ltda., v. 01, p. 137-157.
Fuller, D.W.; Schaefer, K.M.; Hampton, J.; Caillot, S.; Leroy, B.M.; Itano, D.G. 2015. Vertical movements, behavior, and habitat of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Research, 172: 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.06.024.
Holland, K.N.; Brill, R.W.; Chang, R.K.C. 1990. Horizontal and vertical movements of yellowfin and bigeye tuna associated with fish aggregating devices. Fishing Bulletin, 88(3): 493-507.
Holland, K.N.; Brill, R.W.; Chang, R.K; Sibert, J.R.; Fournier, D.A. 1992 Physiological and behavioural thermoregulation in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Nature, 358(6385): 410-412. https://doi.org/10.1038/358410a0.
Houssard, P.; Lorrain, A.; Tremblay-Boyer, L.; Allain, V.; Graham, B.S.; Menkes, C.E.; Pethybridge, H.; Couturier, L.; Point, D.; Leroy, B.; Receveur, A.; Hunt, B.P.V.; Vourey, E.; Bonnet, S.; Rodier, M.; Raimbault, P.; Feunteun, E.; Kuhnert, P.M.; Munaron, J-M.; Lebreton, B.; Otake, T.; Letourneur, Y. 2017. Trophic position increases with thermocline depth in yellowfin and bigeye tuna across the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 154: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.04.008.
Howell, E.A.; Hawn, D.R.; Polovina, J.J. 2010. Spatiotemporal variability in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) dive behavior in the central North Pacific Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 86(1-2): 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.013.
Jacobsen J.H.; Joensen J. 2004. Comparison of bait in longline fishery. Faroe Island. Denmark, 54f. (Bachelor’s Thesis, University of Faroe Islands). Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/JackJacobsen2/publication/265238126_Comparison_of_bait_in_longline_fishery/links/54b7e9be0cf269d8cbf58ec9/Comparison-of-bait-in-longline-fishery.pdf>. Accessed: Feb. 11, 2021
Jaquemet, S.; Potier, M.; Ménard, F. 2011. Do drifting and anchored Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) similarly influences tuna feeding habits? A case study from the western Indian Ocean. Fisheries Research, 107(1-3): 283í 290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2010.11.011.
Josse, E.; Bach, P.; Dagorn, L. 1998. Simultaneous observations of tuna movements and their prey by sonic tracking and acoustic surveys. Hydrobiologia, 371: 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017065709190.
Kasumyan, A.O.; Dí¸ving, K.B. 2003. Taste Preference in fishes. Fish and Fisheries, 4(4): 289-347. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00121.x.
Kumar, K.V.A.; Pravin, P.; Meenakumari, B. 2016. Bait, bait loss, and depredation in pelagic longline fisheries í A Review. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 24(4): 295-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2016.1162134.
Lí¸kkeborg, S.E.; Bjordal, í"¦. 1992. Species and size selectivity in longline fishing: A review. Fisheries Research, 13(3): 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(92)90084-7
Lí¸kkeborg, S.; Pina, T. 1997. Effects of setting time setting direction and soak time on longline catch rates. Fisheries Research, 32(3): 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00070-2.
Lí¸kkeborg, S; Siikavuopio, S.I.; Humborstad, O-B.; Utne-Palm, A.C.; Ferter, K. 2014. Towards more efficient longline fisheries: fish feeding behaviour, bait characteristics and development of alternative baits. Review in Fish Biology and Fisheries 24: 985-1003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-014-9360-z.
Marcinek, D.J.; Blackwell, S.B.; Dewar, H.; Freund, E.V.; Farwell, C.; Dau, D.; Seitz, A.C.; Block, B.A. 2001. Muscle temperature and behavior of Pacific Bluefin measured with ultrasonic and popup satellite transmitters. Marine Biology, 138: 869-885.
Ménard, F.; Labrune, C.; Shin, Y.J.; Asine, A.S.; Bard, F.X. 2006. Opportunistic predation in tuna: A sizeâ€Âbased approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 323: 223-231. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps323223.
Nelder, J.A.; Wedderburn, R.W.M. 1972. Generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 135(3): 370-384. https://doi.org/10.2307/2344614.
Olson, R.J.; Popp, B.N.; Graham, B.S.; López-Ibarra, G.A.; Galván-Magaí±a, F.; Lennert-Cody, C.E.; Bocanegra-Castillo, N.; Wallsgrove, N.J.; Gier, E.; Alatorre-Ramírez, V.; Ballance, L.T.; Fry, B. 2010. Food-web inferences of stable isotope spatial patterns in copepods and yellowfin tuna in the pelagic eastern Pacific Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 86(1-2): 124-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.026.
Ohshimo S.; Hiraoka Y.; Sato T.; Nakatsuka S. 2018. Feeding habits of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the North Pacific from 2011 to 2013. Marine and Freshwater Research, 69(4): 585-606. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF17058.
R Core Team. 2021. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL: https://www.R-project.org/.
Santos, M.N.; Coelho, R.; Fernandez-Carvalho, J.; Amorim, S. 2012. Effects of hook and bait on sea turtle catches in an equatorial Atlantic pelagic longline fishery. Bulletin of Marine Science, 88(3): 683-701. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1065.
Schaefer, K.M.; Fuller, D.W.; Block, B.A. 2007. Movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, ascertained through archival tag data. Marine Biology, 152(3): 503í 525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-007-0689-x.
Vaske Jr., T.; Castello, J.P. 1998. Conteúdo estomacal da albacora laje, Thunnus albacares, durante o inverno e primavera no sul do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 58(4): 639-647. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71081998000400011.
Vaske, T.; Lessa, R.P.; Nobrega, M.; Montealegre-Quijano, S.; Santana, F.M.; Bezerra, J.L. 2005. A checklist of fishes from Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 21(1): 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1439-0426.2004.00600.X.
Vaske Jr., T.; Travassos, P.E.; Hazin, F. H.V.; Tolotti, M.T.; Barbosa, T.M., 2012. Forage fauna in the diet of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 60(1): 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592012000100009.
Williams, A.J.; Allain, V.; Nicol, S.J.; Evans, K.J.; Hoyle, S.D.; Dupoux, C.; Vourey, E.; Dubosc, J. 2015. Vertical behavior and diet of albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) vary with latitude in the South Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 113: 154-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.010.
Watson, J.W.; Epperly, S.P.; Shah, A.K.; Foster, D.G. 2005. Fishing methods to reduce sea turtle mortality associated with pelagic longlines. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62(5): 965-981. https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-004.
Yoshihara, T. 1951. Distribution of fishes caught by the longline II. Vertical distribution. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 16(8): 370-374.
Yoshihara, T. 1954. Distribution of fishes caught by the long line IV. On the relationship between k and / with a table and diagram. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 19(10): 1012-1014.
Bertrand, A.; Josse, E.; Massé, J. 1999. In situ acoustic target-strength measurement of bigeye (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) by coupling split-beam echosounder observations and sonic tracking. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 56(1): 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1998.0430.
Bertrand, A.; Josse, E.; Bach, P.; Gros, P.; Dagorn, L. 2002. Hydrological and trophic characteristics of tuna habitat: consequences on tuna distribution and longline catchability. Canadian Journal of Fish Aquatic Science 59(6): 1002í 1013. https://doi.org/10.1139/f02-073.
Block, B.A.; Keen, J.E., Castillo, B.; Brill, R.; Dewar, H.; Freund, E.; Marcinek, D.J.; Farwell, C. 1997. Environmental preferences of yellowï¬Ân tuna (Thunnus albacares) at the northern extent of its range. Marine Biology, 130: 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050231.
Brill, R.W.; Bigelow, K.A.; Musyl, M.K. 2005. Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) behavior and physiology and their relevance to stock assessments and fishery biology. Collective Volume of Scientific Paper, ICCAT, 57: 142-161.
Brill, R.W.; Block, B.A.; Boggs, C.H.; Bigelow, K.A.; Freund, E.V.; Marcinek, D.J. 1999. Horizontal movements and depth distribution of large adult yellowï¬Ân tuna (Thunnus albacares) near the Hawaiian Islands, recorded using ultrasonic telemetry: implications for the physiological ecology of pelagic ï¬Âshes. Marine Biology, 133: 395-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050478.
Carey, F.G. 1990. Further observations on the biology of the swordfish. In: Stroud, R.H. (ed.) Planning the future of billfishes. National Coalition for Marine Conservation Inc., Savannah, Georgia. pp. 102-122.
Coelho, R.; Santos, M. N.; Amorim S. 2012. Effects of hook and bait on targeted and bycatch fishes in an equatorial Atlantic pelagic longline fishery. Bulletin of Marine Science, 88(3): 449-467. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1064.
Dagorn, L.; Bach, P.; Josse, E. 2000. Movement patterns of large bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the open ocean, determined using ultrasonic telemetry. Marine Biology, 136(2): 361-371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050694.
Da Silva G.B.; Hazin H.G.; Hazin F.H.V.; Vaskeâ€ÂJr T. 2019. Diet composition of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) caught on aggregated schools in the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 35(5): 1111-1118. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13949.
Duffy, L.M.; Kuhnert, P.M.; Pethybridge, H.R.; Young, J.W.; Olson, R.J.; Logan, J.M.; Goí±i, N.; Romanov, E.; Allain, V.; Staudinger, M.D.; Abecassis, M.; Choy, C.A.; Hobday, A.J.; Semier, M.; Galvan-Magana, F.; Potier, M.; Ménard, F. 2017. Global trophic ecology of yellowfin, bigeye, and albacore tunas: understanding predation on micronekton communities at ocean-basin scales. Deep-sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 140: 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DSR2.2017.03.003.
Foster, D.G.; Epperly, S.P.; Shah, A.K.; Watson, J.W. 2012. Evaluation of hook and bait type on the catch rates in the western North Atlantic Ocean pelagic longline fishery. Bulletin of Marine Science, 88(3): 529-545. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1081.
Flores Montes, M.J.; Melo, G.; Moura, G. 2009. Relação entre a distribuição de nutrientes dissolvidos e a biomassa primária na Zona Econômica Exclusiva (ZEE) do nordeste do Brasil. In: Hazin, F.H.V. (org.). Programa Revizee - Score Nordeste. Meteorologia e Sensoriamento Remoto, Oceanografia Física, Oceanografia Química e Oceanografia Biológica. 1ª ed. Fortaleza: Martins & Cordeiro Ltda., v. 01, p. 137-157.
Fuller, D.W.; Schaefer, K.M.; Hampton, J.; Caillot, S.; Leroy, B.M.; Itano, D.G. 2015. Vertical movements, behavior, and habitat of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Research, 172: 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.06.024.
Holland, K.N.; Brill, R.W.; Chang, R.K.C. 1990. Horizontal and vertical movements of yellowfin and bigeye tuna associated with fish aggregating devices. Fishing Bulletin, 88(3): 493-507.
Holland, K.N.; Brill, R.W.; Chang, R.K; Sibert, J.R.; Fournier, D.A. 1992 Physiological and behavioural thermoregulation in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Nature, 358(6385): 410-412. https://doi.org/10.1038/358410a0.
Houssard, P.; Lorrain, A.; Tremblay-Boyer, L.; Allain, V.; Graham, B.S.; Menkes, C.E.; Pethybridge, H.; Couturier, L.; Point, D.; Leroy, B.; Receveur, A.; Hunt, B.P.V.; Vourey, E.; Bonnet, S.; Rodier, M.; Raimbault, P.; Feunteun, E.; Kuhnert, P.M.; Munaron, J-M.; Lebreton, B.; Otake, T.; Letourneur, Y. 2017. Trophic position increases with thermocline depth in yellowfin and bigeye tuna across the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 154: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.04.008.
Howell, E.A.; Hawn, D.R.; Polovina, J.J. 2010. Spatiotemporal variability in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) dive behavior in the central North Pacific Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 86(1-2): 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.013.
Jacobsen J.H.; Joensen J. 2004. Comparison of bait in longline fishery. Faroe Island. Denmark, 54f. (Bachelor’s Thesis, University of Faroe Islands). Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/JackJacobsen2/publication/265238126_Comparison_of_bait_in_longline_fishery/links/54b7e9be0cf269d8cbf58ec9/Comparison-of-bait-in-longline-fishery.pdf>. Accessed: Feb. 11, 2021
Jaquemet, S.; Potier, M.; Ménard, F. 2011. Do drifting and anchored Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) similarly influences tuna feeding habits? A case study from the western Indian Ocean. Fisheries Research, 107(1-3): 283í 290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2010.11.011.
Josse, E.; Bach, P.; Dagorn, L. 1998. Simultaneous observations of tuna movements and their prey by sonic tracking and acoustic surveys. Hydrobiologia, 371: 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017065709190.
Kasumyan, A.O.; Dí¸ving, K.B. 2003. Taste Preference in fishes. Fish and Fisheries, 4(4): 289-347. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00121.x.
Kumar, K.V.A.; Pravin, P.; Meenakumari, B. 2016. Bait, bait loss, and depredation in pelagic longline fisheries í A Review. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 24(4): 295-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2016.1162134.
Lí¸kkeborg, S.E.; Bjordal, í"¦. 1992. Species and size selectivity in longline fishing: A review. Fisheries Research, 13(3): 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(92)90084-7
Lí¸kkeborg, S.; Pina, T. 1997. Effects of setting time setting direction and soak time on longline catch rates. Fisheries Research, 32(3): 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(97)00070-2.
Lí¸kkeborg, S; Siikavuopio, S.I.; Humborstad, O-B.; Utne-Palm, A.C.; Ferter, K. 2014. Towards more efficient longline fisheries: fish feeding behaviour, bait characteristics and development of alternative baits. Review in Fish Biology and Fisheries 24: 985-1003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-014-9360-z.
Marcinek, D.J.; Blackwell, S.B.; Dewar, H.; Freund, E.V.; Farwell, C.; Dau, D.; Seitz, A.C.; Block, B.A. 2001. Muscle temperature and behavior of Pacific Bluefin measured with ultrasonic and popup satellite transmitters. Marine Biology, 138: 869-885.
Ménard, F.; Labrune, C.; Shin, Y.J.; Asine, A.S.; Bard, F.X. 2006. Opportunistic predation in tuna: A sizeâ€Âbased approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 323: 223-231. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps323223.
Nelder, J.A.; Wedderburn, R.W.M. 1972. Generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 135(3): 370-384. https://doi.org/10.2307/2344614.
Olson, R.J.; Popp, B.N.; Graham, B.S.; López-Ibarra, G.A.; Galván-Magaí±a, F.; Lennert-Cody, C.E.; Bocanegra-Castillo, N.; Wallsgrove, N.J.; Gier, E.; Alatorre-Ramírez, V.; Ballance, L.T.; Fry, B. 2010. Food-web inferences of stable isotope spatial patterns in copepods and yellowfin tuna in the pelagic eastern Pacific Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 86(1-2): 124-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.026.
Ohshimo S.; Hiraoka Y.; Sato T.; Nakatsuka S. 2018. Feeding habits of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the North Pacific from 2011 to 2013. Marine and Freshwater Research, 69(4): 585-606. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF17058.
R Core Team. 2021. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL: https://www.R-project.org/.
Santos, M.N.; Coelho, R.; Fernandez-Carvalho, J.; Amorim, S. 2012. Effects of hook and bait on sea turtle catches in an equatorial Atlantic pelagic longline fishery. Bulletin of Marine Science, 88(3): 683-701. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1065.
Schaefer, K.M.; Fuller, D.W.; Block, B.A. 2007. Movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, ascertained through archival tag data. Marine Biology, 152(3): 503í 525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-007-0689-x.
Vaske Jr., T.; Castello, J.P. 1998. Conteúdo estomacal da albacora laje, Thunnus albacares, durante o inverno e primavera no sul do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 58(4): 639-647. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71081998000400011.
Vaske, T.; Lessa, R.P.; Nobrega, M.; Montealegre-Quijano, S.; Santana, F.M.; Bezerra, J.L. 2005. A checklist of fishes from Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 21(1): 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1439-0426.2004.00600.X.
Vaske Jr., T.; Travassos, P.E.; Hazin, F. H.V.; Tolotti, M.T.; Barbosa, T.M., 2012. Forage fauna in the diet of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 60(1): 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592012000100009.
Williams, A.J.; Allain, V.; Nicol, S.J.; Evans, K.J.; Hoyle, S.D.; Dupoux, C.; Vourey, E.; Dubosc, J. 2015. Vertical behavior and diet of albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) vary with latitude in the South Pacific Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 113: 154-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.010.
Watson, J.W.; Epperly, S.P.; Shah, A.K.; Foster, D.G. 2005. Fishing methods to reduce sea turtle mortality associated with pelagic longlines. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62(5): 965-981. https://doi.org/10.1139/f05-004.
Yoshihara, T. 1951. Distribution of fishes caught by the longline II. Vertical distribution. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 16(8): 370-374.
Yoshihara, T. 1954. Distribution of fishes caught by the long line IV. On the relationship between k and / with a table and diagram. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 19(10): 1012-1014.
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