Ontogenic changes in digestive tract and diet of Trachelyopterus galeatus
Keywords:
cangati, ictioplí¢ncton, alimentação, rio Ivinheima, ichthyoplankton, feeding, Ivinheima riverAbstract
In order to analyze aspects of the initial diet of Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Pisces, Auchenipteridae) larvae and juveniles were collected monthly between October 2004 and March 2006 in Ivinheima River, MS. To characterize the morphology of the digestive tract (mouth and digestive tract) and diet, individuals were classified in different stages of development, measured and grouped into size classes. The consumed items were identified and grouped by determining the frequency of occurrence and numerical. To summarize the patterns of similarity in diet composition along the ontogenetic development, it was implemented in the matrix of the food groups Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). The difference between size classes (factor) was determined using a Permutation Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA main test). Larvae of T. galeatus initially present a sub-terminal mouth, reaching terminal in post-flexion and juveniles, suggesting change in foraging position. The differentiation between the stomach and intestine was observed only in flexion stage, coinciding with the transition from endogenous and exogenous feeding. Larvae of class I fed mainly on microcrustaceans and aquatic insects, demonstrating that larvae exploited resources in marginal aquatic vegetation. For the other classes, aquatic insects dominated the diet. The NMDS and PERMANOVA identified differences in dietary composition between the classes of more distinct sizes. Thus, the morphology of the digestive tract allied to that of body, presented by the initial larvae of T. galeatus, limit the capture of food items and, therefore, influence the composition of the diet.
References
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ANDRIAN, I.F. e BARBIERI, G. 1996 Espectro alimentar e variação sazonal e espacial na composição da dieta de Parauchenipterus galeatus Linnaeus, 1766, (Siluriformes, Auchenipteridae),na região do reservatório de Itaipu, PR. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 56(2): 409-422.
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BORGES, R.Z.; ASSAKAWA, L.F.; CUNHA, A.B.;BIALETZKI, A.; NAKATANI, K. 2006 Morfologia do trato digestório e dieta de larvas de Bryconamericus aff. iheringii (Boulenger, 1887)(Osteichthyes, Characidae). Acta Scientiarum í Biological Sciences, 28(1): 51-57.
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HYSLOP, E.J. 1980 Stomach contents analysis - a review of methods end their application. Journal
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linguado Catathyridium jenynsii no reservatório de Itaipu, rio Paraná, Brasil. Iheringia - Série
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NUNN, A.D.; HARVEY, J.P.; COWX, I.G. 2007 The food and feeding relationships of larval and 0+
year juvenile fishes in lowland rivers and connected waterbodies. I. Ontogenetic shifts and
interspecific diet similarity. Journal of Fish Biology, 70(3): 726-742.
NUNN, A.D.; TEWSON, L.H.; COWX, I.G. 2012 The foraging ecology of larval and juvenile fishes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 22(2):377-408.
OGDEN, C.G e HEADLEY, R.H. 1980 An atlas of freshwater testate amoebae. Oxford: University
Press. 228p.
PARRA, O. e BICUDO, C.E.M. 1996 Introduccion a la biologia y sistemática de las algas de águas
continentales. Santiago: Gráfica Andes Ltda.268p.
PEDERSEN, T. e FALK-PETERSEN, I.B. 1992 Morphological changes during metamorphosis in cod (Gadus morhua L.) with particular reference to development of the stomach and pyloric caeca. Journal of Fish Biology, 41(3):449-461.
PERETTI, D. e ADRIAN, I.F. 2004 Trophic structure of fish assemblages in five permanent lagoons of the high Paraná River floodplain, Brazil.Environmental Biology of Fishes, 71(1): 95-103.
PERETTI, D. e ADRIAN, I.F. 2008 Feeding and Morphological analysis of the digestive tract of
four species of fish (Astyanax altiparanae, Parauchenipterus galeatus, Serrasalmus marginatus
and Hoplias aff. malabaricus) from the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Brazilian Journal
of Biology, 68(3): 671-679.
PONTON, D. e MÉRIGOUX, S. 2001 Description and ecology of some early stages of fishes in the
River Sinnamary (French Guiana, South America). Folia Zoologica, 50(1): 76-79.
PUVANENDRAN, V.; SALIES, K.; LAUREL, B.;BROWN, J.A. 2004 Size-dependent foraging on
larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 82(8): 1380í 1389.
RíËœNNESTAD, I.; YíÅ¡FERA, M.; UEBERSCHí"ž, B.;RIBEIRO, L.; íËœYSTEIN, S.; BOGLIONE, C. 2013
Feeding behaviour and digestive physiology in larval fish: current knowledge, and gaps and
bottlenecks in research. Reviews in Aquaculture,5(Suppl. 1): S59í S98.
ROSSI, L.M. 1989 Alimentación de larvas de Salminus maxillosus (Val., 1840) (Pisces, Characidae).
Iheringia - Série Zoológica, 69: 49-59.
ROSSI, L.M. 1992 Evaluacion morfometrica del aparato digestivo de postlarvas y prejuveniles
de Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837)(Pisces, Curimatidae) y su relación con la dieta.
Revue d’Hydrobiologie Tropicale, 25(2): 159-167.
ROSSI, L.M. 2001 Ontogenetic diet shifts in a neotropical catfish, Sorubim lima (Bloch &
Schneider, 1801) from the River Paraná System.Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8(1): 141-152.
SANCHES, P.V.; NAKATANI, K.; BIALETZKI, A.;BAUMGARTNER, G. 1999 Morphological description of developmental stages of Parauchenipterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766)(Siluriformes, Auchenipteridae) on the floodplain of the upper Paraná River. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 59(3): 429-438.
SANTIN, M.; BIALETZKI, A.; NAKATANI, K. 2004 Mudanças ontogênicas no trato digestório e
dieta de Apareiodon affinis (Steindachner, 1879)(Osteichthyes, Parodontidae). Acta Scientiarum -
Biological Sciences, 26(3): 291-298.
SANTIN, M.; DI BENEDETTO, M.; BIALETZKI, A.;NAKATANI, K.; SUIBERTO, M.R. 2005 Aspectos da dieta de larvas de Astyanax janeiroensis (Eigenmann, 1908) (Osteichthyes, Characidae) no reservatório de Guaricana, rio Arraial, Estado do Paraná. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 31(1): 73-80.
SCHIEMER, F.; KECKEIS, H., KAMLER, E. 2003 The early life history stages of riverine fish:ecophysiological and environmental bottlenecks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 133(A):439-449.
SERAFIM JR., M.; LANSAC-TÔHA, F.A.; PAGGI, J.C.; VELHO, L.F.M.; ROBERTSON, B. 2003 Cladocera fauna composition in a river-lagoon system of the upper Paraná River floodplain,with a new record for Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 63(2): 349-356.
SUIBERTO, M.R.; GALUCH, A.V.; BIALETZKI, A;NAKATANI, K. 2009 Ontogenetic shifts in the digestive tube and diet of Bryconamericus stramineus Eigenmann, 1908 (Osteichthyes, Characidae). Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 21(4):465-472.
YíÅ¡FERA, M. e DARIAS, M.J. 2007 The onset of exogenous feeding in marine fish larvae. Aquaculture, 268(1-4): 53-63.
XIMENES, L.Q.L. 2011 Variação temporal e espacial na composição de guildas alimentares da
ictiofauna em lagoas marginais do Rio Cuiabá, Pantanal Norte. Biota Neotropica, 11(1):
205-216.
ZAVALA-CAMIN, L.A. 1996 Introdução aos estudos sobre alimentação natural em peixes. Maringá:
EDUEM. 129p.
AHLSTROM, E.H.; BUTLER, J.L.; SUMIDA, B.Y.1976 Pelagic stromateoid fishes (Pisces,Perciformes) of the Eastern Pacific: kinds,distributions, and early life histories and observations of five of these from the northwest Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science, 26(3): 285-402.
ALVES, G.M.; VELHO, L.F.M.; LANSAC-TÔHA,F.A.; ROBERTSON, B.; BONECKER, C.C. 2005 Effect of the connectivity on the diversity and abundance of cladoceran assemblages in lagoons of the upper Paraná river floodplain. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 17(3): 317-327.
ANDERSON, M.J.; GORLEY, R.N; CLARKE, K.R.2008 PERMANOVA for PRIMER: Guide to software and statistical methods. Plymouth:PRIMER-E. 214p.
ANDRIAN, I.F. e BARBIERI, G. 1996 Espectro alimentar e variação sazonal e espacial na composição da dieta de Parauchenipterus galeatus Linnaeus, 1766, (Siluriformes, Auchenipteridae),na região do reservatório de Itaipu, PR. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 56(2): 409-422.
BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2002 Fisiologia de peixes aplicada í piscicultura. Santa Maria: Ed. UFSM. 212p.
BLAXTER, J.H.S. 1988 Pattern and variety in development. In: HOAR, W.S. e RANDALL, D.J.Fish Physiology. London: Academic Press. p.1-58.
BORGES, R.Z.; ASSAKAWA, L.F.; CUNHA, A.B.;BIALETZKI, A.; NAKATANI, K. 2006 Morfologia do trato digestório e dieta de larvas de Bryconamericus aff. iheringii (Boulenger, 1887)(Osteichthyes, Characidae). Acta Scientiarum í Biological Sciences, 28(1): 51-57.
CLARKE, K.R. e GORLEY, R.N. 2006 PRIMER v6:User manual/tutorial. Plymouth: PRIMER-E.
189p.
CLARO-JR, L.; FERREIRA, E.; ZUANON, J.;ARAUJO-LIMA, C. 2004 O efeito da floresta alagada na alimentação de três espécies de peixes onívoros em lagos de várzea da Amazônia Central, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 34(1):133-137.
ELMOOR-LOUREIRO, L.M. 1997 Manual de identificação de cladóceros límnicos do Brasil.
Brasília: Universa. 156p.
GERKING, S.D. 1994 Feeding ecology of fish. San Diego: Academic Press. 416p.
GOVONI, J.J.; HOSS, D.E.; CHESTER, A.J. 1983 Comparative feeding of three species of larval fishes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Brevoortia patronus, Leiostomus xanthurus and Micropogonias
undulatus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 13(2-3):189-199.
GíÅ“NTZEL, A.M; PANARELLI, E.A.; SILVA, W.M.; ROCHE, K.F. 2010 Influence of connectivity on
Cladocera diversity in oxbow lakes in the Taquari River floodplain (MS, Brazil). Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 22(1): 93-101.
HIGUTI, J. e TAKEDA, A.M. 2002 Spatial and temporal variation in densities of chironomid larvae (Diptera) in two lagoons and two tributaries of the upper Paraná River floodplain,Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 62(4B): 807-818.
HYNES, H.B.N. 1950 The food of freshwater sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pigosteus
pungitius), with a review of methods used in studies of the food of fishes. Journal of Animal
Ecology, 19(1): 36-56.
HYSLOP, E.J. 1980 Stomach contents analysis - a review of methods end their application. Journal
of Fish Biology, 17(4): 411-429.
KJORSVIK, E.; PITTMAN, K.; PAVLOV, D. 2004 From fertilisation to the end of etamorphosisfunctional development. In: MOKSNESS, E.;KJORSVIK, E.; OLSEN, Y. Culture of Cold-WaterMarine Fish. Carlton, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing. p.204-278.
LEITE, R.G. e ARAUJO-LIMA, C.A.R.M. 2000 A dieta das larvas de Mylossoma aureum e M.duriventre na Amazônia Central. Acta Amazonica,30(1): 129-147.
LEITE, R.G. e ARAUJO-LIMA, C.A.R.M. 2002 Feeding of the Brycon cephalus, Triportheus elongatus and Semaprochilodus insignis (Osteichthyes, Characiformes) larvae in Solimões/Amazonas River and floodplain areas.Acta Amazonica, 32(3): 499-515.
LIMA, A.F.; MAKRAKIS, M.C.; GIMENES, M.F.; MAKRAKIS, S.; SILVA, P.S.; ASSUMPÇÃO, L.2013 Mudanças morfológicas no trato digestório e composição da dieta de larvas e juvenis do
linguado Catathyridium jenynsii no reservatório de Itaipu, rio Paraná, Brasil. Iheringia - Série
Zoologia, 103(3): 214-221.
MAKRAKIS, M.C.; NAKATANI, K.; BIALETKZI, A.;SANCHES, P.V.; BAUMGARTNER, G.; GOMES,L.C. 2005 Ontogenetic shifts in digestive tract morphology and diet of fish larvae of the Itaipu reservoir, Brazil. Environmental Biology Fishes, 72(1): 99-107.
MAKRAKIS, M.C.; NAKATANI, K.; BIALETZKI, A.; GOMES, L.C.; SANCHES, P.V.;BAUMGARTNER, G. 2008 Relationship between gape size and feeding selectivity of fish larvae from a Neotropical reservoir. Journal of Fish Biology, 72(7): 1690-1707.
NAKATANI, K.; AGOSTINHO, A.A.;BAUMGARTNER, G.; BIALETZKI, A.;SANCHES, P.V.; MAKRAKIS, M.C.;PAVANELLI, C.S. 2001 Ovos e larvas de peixes de água doce: desenvolvimento e manual de
identificação. Maringá: EDUEM. 378p.
NEEDHAM, J.G. e NEEDHAM, P.R. 1982 Guía para el estudio de los seres vivos de las aguas dulces.
Barcelona: Reverte S. A. 144p.
NUNN, A.D.; HARVEY, J.P.; COWX, I.G. 2007 The food and feeding relationships of larval and 0+
year juvenile fishes in lowland rivers and connected waterbodies. I. Ontogenetic shifts and
interspecific diet similarity. Journal of Fish Biology, 70(3): 726-742.
NUNN, A.D.; TEWSON, L.H.; COWX, I.G. 2012 The foraging ecology of larval and juvenile fishes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 22(2):377-408.
OGDEN, C.G e HEADLEY, R.H. 1980 An atlas of freshwater testate amoebae. Oxford: University
Press. 228p.
PARRA, O. e BICUDO, C.E.M. 1996 Introduccion a la biologia y sistemática de las algas de águas
continentales. Santiago: Gráfica Andes Ltda.268p.
PEDERSEN, T. e FALK-PETERSEN, I.B. 1992 Morphological changes during metamorphosis in cod (Gadus morhua L.) with particular reference to development of the stomach and pyloric caeca. Journal of Fish Biology, 41(3):449-461.
PERETTI, D. e ADRIAN, I.F. 2004 Trophic structure of fish assemblages in five permanent lagoons of the high Paraná River floodplain, Brazil.Environmental Biology of Fishes, 71(1): 95-103.
PERETTI, D. e ADRIAN, I.F. 2008 Feeding and Morphological analysis of the digestive tract of
four species of fish (Astyanax altiparanae, Parauchenipterus galeatus, Serrasalmus marginatus
and Hoplias aff. malabaricus) from the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Brazilian Journal
of Biology, 68(3): 671-679.
PONTON, D. e MÉRIGOUX, S. 2001 Description and ecology of some early stages of fishes in the
River Sinnamary (French Guiana, South America). Folia Zoologica, 50(1): 76-79.
PUVANENDRAN, V.; SALIES, K.; LAUREL, B.;BROWN, J.A. 2004 Size-dependent foraging on
larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 82(8): 1380í 1389.
RíËœNNESTAD, I.; YíÅ¡FERA, M.; UEBERSCHí"ž, B.;RIBEIRO, L.; íËœYSTEIN, S.; BOGLIONE, C. 2013
Feeding behaviour and digestive physiology in larval fish: current knowledge, and gaps and
bottlenecks in research. Reviews in Aquaculture,5(Suppl. 1): S59í S98.
ROSSI, L.M. 1989 Alimentación de larvas de Salminus maxillosus (Val., 1840) (Pisces, Characidae).
Iheringia - Série Zoológica, 69: 49-59.
ROSSI, L.M. 1992 Evaluacion morfometrica del aparato digestivo de postlarvas y prejuveniles
de Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837)(Pisces, Curimatidae) y su relación con la dieta.
Revue d’Hydrobiologie Tropicale, 25(2): 159-167.
ROSSI, L.M. 2001 Ontogenetic diet shifts in a neotropical catfish, Sorubim lima (Bloch &
Schneider, 1801) from the River Paraná System.Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8(1): 141-152.
SANCHES, P.V.; NAKATANI, K.; BIALETZKI, A.;BAUMGARTNER, G. 1999 Morphological description of developmental stages of Parauchenipterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766)(Siluriformes, Auchenipteridae) on the floodplain of the upper Paraná River. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 59(3): 429-438.
SANTIN, M.; BIALETZKI, A.; NAKATANI, K. 2004 Mudanças ontogênicas no trato digestório e
dieta de Apareiodon affinis (Steindachner, 1879)(Osteichthyes, Parodontidae). Acta Scientiarum -
Biological Sciences, 26(3): 291-298.
SANTIN, M.; DI BENEDETTO, M.; BIALETZKI, A.;NAKATANI, K.; SUIBERTO, M.R. 2005 Aspectos da dieta de larvas de Astyanax janeiroensis (Eigenmann, 1908) (Osteichthyes, Characidae) no reservatório de Guaricana, rio Arraial, Estado do Paraná. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 31(1): 73-80.
SCHIEMER, F.; KECKEIS, H., KAMLER, E. 2003 The early life history stages of riverine fish:ecophysiological and environmental bottlenecks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 133(A):439-449.
SERAFIM JR., M.; LANSAC-TÔHA, F.A.; PAGGI, J.C.; VELHO, L.F.M.; ROBERTSON, B. 2003 Cladocera fauna composition in a river-lagoon system of the upper Paraná River floodplain,with a new record for Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 63(2): 349-356.
SUIBERTO, M.R.; GALUCH, A.V.; BIALETZKI, A;NAKATANI, K. 2009 Ontogenetic shifts in the digestive tube and diet of Bryconamericus stramineus Eigenmann, 1908 (Osteichthyes, Characidae). Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 21(4):465-472.
YíÅ¡FERA, M. e DARIAS, M.J. 2007 The onset of exogenous feeding in marine fish larvae. Aquaculture, 268(1-4): 53-63.
XIMENES, L.Q.L. 2011 Variação temporal e espacial na composição de guildas alimentares da
ictiofauna em lagoas marginais do Rio Cuiabá, Pantanal Norte. Biota Neotropica, 11(1):
205-216.
ZAVALA-CAMIN, L.A. 1996 Introdução aos estudos sobre alimentação natural em peixes. Maringá:
EDUEM. 129p.
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