Influence of stock density in productive performance of freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare)
Keywords:
management, production, Pterophyllum scalareAbstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of three different stocking densities (0.33; 0.67 and 1.00 fish L-1) on freshwater angelfish productive performance reared in aquarium. Fish were fed with commercial diets during 35 days in two daily meals. The experimental design was entirely randomized and for each density, four replicates were used. Physical and chemical water parameters: temperature, oxygen dissolved concentration and total ammonia concentration and growth performance parameters: weight gain, feed conversion, specific growth rate, final standard length, conduction factor and length uniformity were evaluated. Results were submitted to variance analysis and means were compared by Tukey’s test (α = 0.05) using the statistic program ESTAT 2.0. Mortality was not observed in any tested density. Respect to physical and chemical water parameters, total ammonia level increased significantly with stock density increasing, but they did not showed clinical signs of ammonia toxicity. As there were no significant differences between treatments, stocking density 1.00 fish L-1 is the most indicated because it allows higher production.
References
BASKERVILLE-BRIDGES, B.; KLING, L.J. 2000 Larval culture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)at high stocking densities. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 181(1-2): 61-69.
BOLASINA, S.; TAGAWA, M.; YAMASHITA, Y.;TANAKA, M. 2006 Effect of stocking density on growth, digestive enzyme activity and cortisol level in larvae and juveniles of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 259(1-4): 432-443.
CACHO, M.S.R.F.; CHELLAPPA, S.;YAMAMOTO, M.E. 2006 Reproductive success and female preference in the amazonian cichlid angel fish, Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein, 1823). Neotropical Ichthyology, Porto Alegre, 4(1):87-91.
CACHO, M.S.R.F.; YAMAMOTO, M.E.;CHELLAPPA, S. 1999 Comportamento
reprodutivo do acará bandeira, Pterophyllum scalare (Osteichthyes, Cichlidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, 16(1): 653-664.
CAMPAGNOLO, R.; NUí"˜ER, A.P.O. 2006 Sobrevivência e crescimento de larvas de
surubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Pisces, Pimelodidae), em diferentes densidades de estocagem. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Science,Maringa, 28(2): 231-237.
CHAO, N.L.; PETRY, P.; PRANG, G.;SONNESCHIEN, L.; TLUSTY, M. 2001 Conservation and management of ornamental fish resources of the Rio Negro basin, Amazonian, Brazil - Project Piaba. Manaus: Editora da Universidade de Manaus. 310p.
CHAPMAN, F.A. 2000 Ornamental fish culture,Freshwater. In: STICKNEY, R.R. (Ed.).
Encyclopedia of Aquaculture. Nova York: WileyInterscience. p.602-610.
CHAPMAN, F.A.; FITZ-COY, S.A.; THUNBERG, E.M.; ADAMS, C.M. 1997 United States of
America trade in ornamental fish. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge,28(1): 1-10.
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization. 2007 The state of world fisheries and aquaculture (SOFIA) 2006. Rome: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department of Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 162p.
FRASCÁ-SCORVO, C.M.D.; CARNEIRO, D.J.; MALHEIROS, E.B. 2001. Comportamento
alimentar do matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) no período de temperaturas mais baixas. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, 27(1): 1-5.
FURUYA, W.M.; SOUZA, S.R.; FURUYA, V.R.B.;HAYASHI, C.; RIBEIRO, R.P. 1998. Dietas
peletizada e extrusada para machos revertidos de tilápias do nilo (Oreochromis
niloticus), na fase de terminação. Ciência Rural,Santa Maria, 28(3): 483-487.
GARCÍA-ULLOA, M. and GÓMEZ-ROMERO,H.J. 2005 Growth of angel fish Pterophyllum scalare (Gunther, 1862) juveniles fed inert diets. Avances en investigación agropecuária,Colima, 9(3): 49-60.
GOMÉZ-LAPLAZA, L.M. and MORGAN, E. 2003 The influence of social rank in the angel fish, Pterophyllum scalare, on locomotor and feeding activities in a novel environment. Laboratory Animals, London, 37: 108í 120.
JOBLING, M. 1994 Fish bioenergetics. London: Chapman & Hall, 294p.
KESTEMONT, P.; JOURDAN, S.; HOUBART, M.;MÉLARD, C.; PASPATIS, M.; FONTAINE, P.; CUVIER, A.; KENTOURI, M.; BARAS, E. 2003 Size heterogeneity, cannibalism and
competition in cultured predatory fish larvae:biotic and abiotic influences. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 227(1-4): 333-356.
KUPREN, K.; KUCHARCZYK, D.; PRUSIÅÆ’SKA,M.; KREJSZEFF, S.; TARGOÅÆ’SKA, K.;
MAMCARZ, A. 2008 The influence of stocking density on survival and growth of
Buenos Aires tetra (Hemigrammus caudovittatus) larvae reared under controlled
conditions. Polish Journal of Natural Sciences, Olsztyn, 23(4): 881í 887.
LIMA, A.O.; BERNARDINO, G.; PROENí"¡A,C.E.M. 2001 Agronegócio de peixes
ornamentais no Brasil e no mundo. Panorama da Aquicultura, Rio de Janeiro, 11(65): 14-24.
LIMA, A.O. 2003 Aquicultura ornamental: O potencial de mercado para algumas espécies ornamentais. Formas alternativas de diversificação da produção na aqüicultura brasileira. Panorama da Aquicultura, Rio de Janeiro, 13: 23-29.
LUZ, R.K. e ZANIBONI FILHO, E. 2002 Larvicultura do mandi-amarelo (Pimelodus
maculatus) em diferentes densidades de estocagem nos primeiros dias de vida. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, 31(2): 560-555.
PÉREZ, E.; DÍAZ, F.; ESPINA, S. 2003 Thermoregulatory behavior and critical
thermal limits of angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein) (Pisces: Cichlidae). Journal of Thermal Biology, Oxford, 28(8): 531-537.
RIBEIRO, F.A.S.; RODRIGUES, L.A.; FERNANDES, J.B.K. 2007 Desempenho de
juvenis de acará-bandeira (Pterophyllum scalare) com diferentes níveis de proteína
bruta na dieta. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, 33(2): 195-203.
RIBEIRO, F.A.S.; PRETO, B.L.; FERNANDES, J.B.K. 2008 Sistemas de criação para o acarábandeira (Pterophyllum scalare). Acta Scientiarum. Animal Science, Maringá, 30(4):459-466.
RODRIGUES, L.A. e FERNANDES, J.B.K. 2006 Influência do processamento da dieta no
desempenho produtivo do acará bandeira (Pterophyllum scalare). Acta Scientiarum,
Maringá, 28(1): 113-119.
SALES, J. and JANSSENS, G.P.J. 2003 Nutrient requirements of ornamental fish. Aquatic Living Resources, Baton Rouge, 16: 533í 540.
SOARES, C.M.; HAYASHI, C.; MEURER, F.; SCHAMBER, C.R. 2002 Efeito da densidade
de estocagem do quinguio, Carassius auratus L., 1758 (Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae), em suas fases iniciais de desenvolvimento. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, Maringá, 24(2):527-532.
STONE, N. and McNULTY, E. 2003 The effect of stocking and feeding rates on growth and production of feeder goldfish in pools. North American Journal of Aquaculture, Bethesda,65(2): 82-90.
VAZZOLER, A.E.A.M. Biologia da reprodução de peixes teleósteos: teoria e prática. Maringá:Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 1996.169p.
ZUANON, J.A.S.; ASSANO, M.; FERNANDES,J.B.K. 2004 Desempenho de tricogaster
(Trichogaster trichopterus) submetido a diferentes níveis de arraçoamento e
densidades de estocagem. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, 33(6): 1639-1645.
ZUANON, J.A.S.; SALARO, A.L.; BALBINO,E.M.; SARAIVA, A.; QUADROS, M.;
FONTANARI, R.L. 2006 Níveis de proteína bruta em dietas para alevinos de acarábandeira. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, 35(5): 1893-1896.
ZUANON, J.A.S.; SALARO, A.L.; MORAES, S.S.S.; ALVES, L.M.O.; BALBINO, E.M.;
ARAUJO, E.S. 2009 Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater
angelfish. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia,Viçosa, 38(6): 989-993.
YAMAMATO, M.E.; CHELLAPPA, S.; CACHO,M.S.R.F; HUNTINGFORD, F.A. 1999 Mate
guarding in an Amazonian cichlid, Pterophyllum scalare. Journal of Fish Biology, Leicester, 55: 888í 891.