Eugenol in tilapia juvenile: concentrations and successive administrations
Keywords:
aquaculture, stages of anesthesia, Oreochromis niloticusAbstract
Several anesthetics are used in aquaculture to reduce the stress caused by management. In the field, the most common anesthetic is benzocaine, but several authors are researching about eugenol. The objective of this study were to compare the action of these drugs on the anesthetics stages and measure the effects of successive administration of eugenol on the anesthetics stages in Oreochromis niloticus. In the first test, fish (47.73 ± 8.73 g and 14.23 ± 0.81 cm) were subjected to five concentrations of eugenol (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mg L-1) and one of benzocaine (100 mg L-1). All the anesthetic concentrations tested were able to induce fish to all stages of anesthesia, and revealed an inverse relationship between the induction times and increased concentrations. The minimum concentration of eugenol to induce anesthesia was 100 mg L-1. In the second test, the juveniles (38.07 ± 5.00 g and 12.70 ± 0.54 cm) were exposed to concentrations of 60, 80, 100 mg L-1 of eugenol as determined in the first test. Evaluating the differences between successive days, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between anesthetics stages in the concentrations of eugenol tested, suggesting that the residue of eugenol was removed from the fish in less than 24 hours.
References
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an anaesthetic for rainbow trout and its effects on swimming performance. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Narragansett, 17:301-307.
BARTON, B.A. 2000 Salmonid fishes differ in their cortisol and glucose responses to handling and transport stress. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Narragansett, 62(1):12-18.
BOOTH, N.H. 1988 Drug and chemical residues in the editle tissues of animals. In: BOOTH, N.H. e McDONALD, L.E. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6th ed. Iowa State University Press, Iowa, p.1149-1159.
BOWSER, P.R. 2001 Anesthetic options for fish. In: GLEED, R.D. e LUDDERS, J.W. Recent Advances in Veterinary and Analgesia: Companion animals. International Veterinary Information Service,Ithaca, Nova York, p.223-241.
CHANDROO, K.P.; DUNCAN, I.J.H.; MOCCIA,R.D. 2004 Can fish suffer?: Perspectives on sentience, pain, fear and stress. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Vancouver, 86: 225-250.
CHO, G.K. e HEATH, D.D. 2000 Comparison of tricaine methanesulphonate (MS222) and clove oil anaesthesia effects on physiology of juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Watbaum). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 31:537-546.
COYLE, S.D.; DURBOROW, R.M.; TIDWELL, J.H. 2004 Anesthetics in aquaculture. Texas: SRAC, 6p.(SRAC Publications, 3900).
CUNHA, F.E.A. e ROSA, I.L. 2006 Anesthetic effects of clove oil on seven species of tropical reef teleosts. Journal of Fish Biology, Scotland, 69:1504-1512.
DELBON, M.C. 2006 Ação da benzocaína e do óleo de cravo sobre parí¢metros fisiológicos de tilápia, Oreochromis niloticus. Jaboticabal. 87p.(Dissertação de mestrado em Aquicultura.Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP). Disponível em:www.caunesp.unesp.br
DUNLOP, R. e LAMING, P. 2005 Mechanoreceptive and nociceptive responses in the central nervous system of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The Journal of Pain,Seattle, 6(9): 561-568.
GOMES, L.C.; CHIPPARI-GOMES, A.R.; LOPES, N.P.; ROUBACH, R.; ARAUJO-LIMA, C.A.R. 2001 Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 32: 426-431.
GUENETTE, S.A.; UHLAND, F.C; HÉLIE, P.; BEAUDRY, F.; VACHON, P. 2007
Pharmacokinetics of eugenol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, Amsterdam,266(1-4): 262-265.
INOUE, L.A.K.A.; NETO, C.S.; MORAES, G. 2003 Clove oil anaesthetic for juveniles of matrinxã Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1869). Ciência Rural,Santa Maria, 33(5): 943-947.
IWANA, G. e ACKERMAN, A. 1994 Anaesthetics. In: HOCHACHKA, P. e MOMMSEN, T. P.Analytical techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology of fishes. Amsterdan: Elsevier Science,3(1): 1-5.
KEENE, J.L.; NOAKES, D.L.G.; MOCCIA, R.D.;SOTO, C.G. 1998 The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Research, Oxford,29: 89-101.
KILDEA, M.A.; ALLAN, G.L.; HEARNEY, R.E. 2004 Accumulation and clearance of the anesthetics clove oil and AQUI-Sâ"ž¢ from the edible tissue of silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 232: 265-277.
MARKING, L.L. e MEYER, F.P. 1985 Are better anesthetics needed in fisheries. Fisheries, 10(6): 2-5.
MARTINS, M.L. 2004 Manejo sanitário na piscicultura.In: RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T.; TAKEMOTO, R.M.; LIZAMA, M.L.P. Sanidade de organismos aquáticos. São Paulo: Livraria Varela. pt. IV, cap.15, p.323-332.
MAZZAFERA, P. 2003 Efeito alelopático do extrato alcoólico do cravo-da-índia e eugenol. Revista Brasileira de Botí¢nica, São Paulo, 26: 231-238.
MYLONAS, C.C.; CARDINALETTI, G.; SIGELAKI,I.; POLZONETTI-MAGNI, A. 2005 Comparative efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as anesthetics in the aquaculture of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea
bream (Sparus aurata) at different temperatures.Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 246: 467-481.
PARK, M.O.; HUR, W.J.; IM, S.Y.; SEOL, D.W.; LEE, J.; PARK, I.S. 2008 Anaesthetic efficacy and physiological responses to clove oil anaesthetized kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 39: 877-884.
PEAKE, S. 1998 Sodium bicarbonate and clove oil as potencial anesthetics for nonsalmonid fishes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management,Narragansett, 18: 919-924.
ROSS, L.G. e ROSS, B. 1999 Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals, 2nd ed. Blackwell, London, UK. 159p.
ROSS, L.G.; ROSS, B. 2008 Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 240p.
ROUBACH, R. e GOMES, L.C. 2001 O uso de anestésicos durante o manejo de peixes.
Panorama da Aqüicultura, Rio de Janeiro, 11(66):37-40.
ROUBACH, R.; GOMES, L.C.; LOURENí"¡O, J.N.P.; FONSECA, F.A.L.; SANTOS, P.J.O.; VAL, A.L. 2001 Efficacy of eugenol as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum. International Congress on biology of fishes. Tropical fish: news and news, Vancouver, p.93-96.
ROUBACH, R.; GOMES, L.C.; FONSECA, F.A.L.; VAL, A.L. 2005 Eugenol as an efficacious
anaesthetic for tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 36(11):1056í 1061.
SLADKY, K.K.; SWANSON, C.R.; STOSKOPF, M.K.; LOOMIS, M.R.; LEWBART, G.A. 2001
Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil for use as anesthetics in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus).American Journal of Veterinary Research,Schaumburg, 62(3): 337-342.
SILVA, E.M.P.; OLIVEIRA, R.H.F.; RIBEIRO, M.A.R.;COPPOLA, M.P. 2009 Efeito anestésico do óleo de cravo em alevinos de lambari. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 39(6): 1851-1856.
SNEDDON, L.U. 2003 The evidence for pain in fish: the use of morphine as an analgesic. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Vancouver, 83: 153-162.
SOTO, C. e BURHANUDDIN, G. 1995 Clove oil as a fish anaesthetic for measuring length and weight of rabitfish (Siganus lineatus). Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 136: 149-152.
STONE, D. e TOSTIN, N. 1999 Clove bud oil a big yawn for silver perch. Fisherie NSW Maganize Spring, Sydney, 19: 30-34.
SUMMERFELT, R.C. e SMITH, L.S. 1990 Anaesthesia, surgery, and related techniques.
In: SCHRECK, C.B. e MOYLE, P.B. Methods for Fish Biology. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD. p.213-272.
TORT, L.; PUIGCERVER, M.; CRESPO, S.; PADRÓS,F. 2002 Cortisol e haematological response in sea bream and trout subjected to anaesthetics clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol. Aquaculture Research,Oxford, 33: 907-910.
TYTLER, P. e HAWKINS, A.D. 1981 Vivisection,anaesthetics and minor surgery. In: HAWKINS,A.D. Aquarium Systems. Academic Press, New York, NY. p.247-278.
VIDAL, L.V.O.; ALBINATI, R.C.B.; SANTOS NETO,E.B.; DEUS, B.T.; ALBINATI, A.C.L. 2007
Influência do peso de juvenis de matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) e tambaqui (Colossoma
macropomum) í ação anestésica do eugenol. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal,Salvador, 8(3): 212-216.
VIDAL, L.V.O.; ALBINATI, R.C.B.; ALBINATI, A.C.L.; LIRA; A.D.; ALMEIDA, T.R.; SANTOS,
G.B. 2008 Eugenol como anestésico para a tilápia-do-nilo. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira,Brasília, 43(8): 1069-1074.
WAGNER, E.; ARNDT, R.; HILTON, B. 2002 Physiological stress responses, egg survival
and sperm motility for rainbow trout broodstock anaesthetized with clove oil, tricaine methanesulfonate or carbon dioxide. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 211: 353-366.
WOODY, C.A.; NELSON, J.; RAMSTAD, K. 2002 Clove oil as an anaesthetic for adultsockeye salmon: field trails. Journal of Fish Biology,Scotland, 60: 340-347.
WALSH, C.T. e PEASE, B.C. 2002 The use of clove oil as an anaesthetic for the longfinned eel, Anguilla reinhardtii (Steindachner). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 33: 627-635.
ZAR, J.H. 1996 Biostatistical Analysis. 3rd. Edition,Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA. 662p.
an anaesthetic for rainbow trout and its effects on swimming performance. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Narragansett, 17:301-307.
BARTON, B.A. 2000 Salmonid fishes differ in their cortisol and glucose responses to handling and transport stress. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Narragansett, 62(1):12-18.
BOOTH, N.H. 1988 Drug and chemical residues in the editle tissues of animals. In: BOOTH, N.H. e McDONALD, L.E. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6th ed. Iowa State University Press, Iowa, p.1149-1159.
BOWSER, P.R. 2001 Anesthetic options for fish. In: GLEED, R.D. e LUDDERS, J.W. Recent Advances in Veterinary and Analgesia: Companion animals. International Veterinary Information Service,Ithaca, Nova York, p.223-241.
CHANDROO, K.P.; DUNCAN, I.J.H.; MOCCIA,R.D. 2004 Can fish suffer?: Perspectives on sentience, pain, fear and stress. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Vancouver, 86: 225-250.
CHO, G.K. e HEATH, D.D. 2000 Comparison of tricaine methanesulphonate (MS222) and clove oil anaesthesia effects on physiology of juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Watbaum). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 31:537-546.
COYLE, S.D.; DURBOROW, R.M.; TIDWELL, J.H. 2004 Anesthetics in aquaculture. Texas: SRAC, 6p.(SRAC Publications, 3900).
CUNHA, F.E.A. e ROSA, I.L. 2006 Anesthetic effects of clove oil on seven species of tropical reef teleosts. Journal of Fish Biology, Scotland, 69:1504-1512.
DELBON, M.C. 2006 Ação da benzocaína e do óleo de cravo sobre parí¢metros fisiológicos de tilápia, Oreochromis niloticus. Jaboticabal. 87p.(Dissertação de mestrado em Aquicultura.Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, UNESP). Disponível em:www.caunesp.unesp.br
DUNLOP, R. e LAMING, P. 2005 Mechanoreceptive and nociceptive responses in the central nervous system of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The Journal of Pain,Seattle, 6(9): 561-568.
GOMES, L.C.; CHIPPARI-GOMES, A.R.; LOPES, N.P.; ROUBACH, R.; ARAUJO-LIMA, C.A.R. 2001 Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 32: 426-431.
GUENETTE, S.A.; UHLAND, F.C; HÉLIE, P.; BEAUDRY, F.; VACHON, P. 2007
Pharmacokinetics of eugenol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, Amsterdam,266(1-4): 262-265.
INOUE, L.A.K.A.; NETO, C.S.; MORAES, G. 2003 Clove oil anaesthetic for juveniles of matrinxã Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1869). Ciência Rural,Santa Maria, 33(5): 943-947.
IWANA, G. e ACKERMAN, A. 1994 Anaesthetics. In: HOCHACHKA, P. e MOMMSEN, T. P.Analytical techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology of fishes. Amsterdan: Elsevier Science,3(1): 1-5.
KEENE, J.L.; NOAKES, D.L.G.; MOCCIA, R.D.;SOTO, C.G. 1998 The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Research, Oxford,29: 89-101.
KILDEA, M.A.; ALLAN, G.L.; HEARNEY, R.E. 2004 Accumulation and clearance of the anesthetics clove oil and AQUI-Sâ"ž¢ from the edible tissue of silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 232: 265-277.
MARKING, L.L. e MEYER, F.P. 1985 Are better anesthetics needed in fisheries. Fisheries, 10(6): 2-5.
MARTINS, M.L. 2004 Manejo sanitário na piscicultura.In: RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T.; TAKEMOTO, R.M.; LIZAMA, M.L.P. Sanidade de organismos aquáticos. São Paulo: Livraria Varela. pt. IV, cap.15, p.323-332.
MAZZAFERA, P. 2003 Efeito alelopático do extrato alcoólico do cravo-da-índia e eugenol. Revista Brasileira de Botí¢nica, São Paulo, 26: 231-238.
MYLONAS, C.C.; CARDINALETTI, G.; SIGELAKI,I.; POLZONETTI-MAGNI, A. 2005 Comparative efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as anesthetics in the aquaculture of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea
bream (Sparus aurata) at different temperatures.Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 246: 467-481.
PARK, M.O.; HUR, W.J.; IM, S.Y.; SEOL, D.W.; LEE, J.; PARK, I.S. 2008 Anaesthetic efficacy and physiological responses to clove oil anaesthetized kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 39: 877-884.
PEAKE, S. 1998 Sodium bicarbonate and clove oil as potencial anesthetics for nonsalmonid fishes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management,Narragansett, 18: 919-924.
ROSS, L.G. e ROSS, B. 1999 Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals, 2nd ed. Blackwell, London, UK. 159p.
ROSS, L.G.; ROSS, B. 2008 Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 240p.
ROUBACH, R. e GOMES, L.C. 2001 O uso de anestésicos durante o manejo de peixes.
Panorama da Aqüicultura, Rio de Janeiro, 11(66):37-40.
ROUBACH, R.; GOMES, L.C.; LOURENí"¡O, J.N.P.; FONSECA, F.A.L.; SANTOS, P.J.O.; VAL, A.L. 2001 Efficacy of eugenol as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum. International Congress on biology of fishes. Tropical fish: news and news, Vancouver, p.93-96.
ROUBACH, R.; GOMES, L.C.; FONSECA, F.A.L.; VAL, A.L. 2005 Eugenol as an efficacious
anaesthetic for tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 36(11):1056í 1061.
SLADKY, K.K.; SWANSON, C.R.; STOSKOPF, M.K.; LOOMIS, M.R.; LEWBART, G.A. 2001
Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil for use as anesthetics in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus).American Journal of Veterinary Research,Schaumburg, 62(3): 337-342.
SILVA, E.M.P.; OLIVEIRA, R.H.F.; RIBEIRO, M.A.R.;COPPOLA, M.P. 2009 Efeito anestésico do óleo de cravo em alevinos de lambari. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 39(6): 1851-1856.
SNEDDON, L.U. 2003 The evidence for pain in fish: the use of morphine as an analgesic. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Vancouver, 83: 153-162.
SOTO, C. e BURHANUDDIN, G. 1995 Clove oil as a fish anaesthetic for measuring length and weight of rabitfish (Siganus lineatus). Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 136: 149-152.
STONE, D. e TOSTIN, N. 1999 Clove bud oil a big yawn for silver perch. Fisherie NSW Maganize Spring, Sydney, 19: 30-34.
SUMMERFELT, R.C. e SMITH, L.S. 1990 Anaesthesia, surgery, and related techniques.
In: SCHRECK, C.B. e MOYLE, P.B. Methods for Fish Biology. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD. p.213-272.
TORT, L.; PUIGCERVER, M.; CRESPO, S.; PADRÓS,F. 2002 Cortisol e haematological response in sea bream and trout subjected to anaesthetics clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol. Aquaculture Research,Oxford, 33: 907-910.
TYTLER, P. e HAWKINS, A.D. 1981 Vivisection,anaesthetics and minor surgery. In: HAWKINS,A.D. Aquarium Systems. Academic Press, New York, NY. p.247-278.
VIDAL, L.V.O.; ALBINATI, R.C.B.; SANTOS NETO,E.B.; DEUS, B.T.; ALBINATI, A.C.L. 2007
Influência do peso de juvenis de matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) e tambaqui (Colossoma
macropomum) í ação anestésica do eugenol. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal,Salvador, 8(3): 212-216.
VIDAL, L.V.O.; ALBINATI, R.C.B.; ALBINATI, A.C.L.; LIRA; A.D.; ALMEIDA, T.R.; SANTOS,
G.B. 2008 Eugenol como anestésico para a tilápia-do-nilo. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira,Brasília, 43(8): 1069-1074.
WAGNER, E.; ARNDT, R.; HILTON, B. 2002 Physiological stress responses, egg survival
and sperm motility for rainbow trout broodstock anaesthetized with clove oil, tricaine methanesulfonate or carbon dioxide. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 211: 353-366.
WOODY, C.A.; NELSON, J.; RAMSTAD, K. 2002 Clove oil as an anaesthetic for adultsockeye salmon: field trails. Journal of Fish Biology,Scotland, 60: 340-347.
WALSH, C.T. e PEASE, B.C. 2002 The use of clove oil as an anaesthetic for the longfinned eel, Anguilla reinhardtii (Steindachner). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 33: 627-635.
ZAR, J.H. 1996 Biostatistical Analysis. 3rd. Edition,Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA. 662p.
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