Impact assessment related to an oyster farming on the benthic environment
Keywords:
aquaculture, estuary, Nematode, bivalve, organic enrichmentAbstract
The oyster farming has attracted attention in the Northeastern region of Brazil. This activity is considered to cause less damages to the environment compared to other cultures, once oysters are filter feeders. However, there is a lack of knowledge related to its environmental impacts. It is important to investigate such impacts in order to permit the maintenance of the activity with low environmental risk and high sustainability. The present study was carried out in an estuarine region of the São Francisco river, where two transects were delimited: 10 meters far from de farm (CONTROL) and just below farming structures (CULTIVE). In each transect three points with three sediment replicates each were sampled to the analysis of nematodes. Abiotic factors were also measured (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and organic matter and granulometry of the sediments). Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were applied such as: indices of diversity and of evenness, T tests, ordination (MDS) and analysis of similarity. There were no significant differences among all the environmental parameters measured. It was observed that the oyster farm structures changes sediment characteristics and hence those of meiofauna and nematofauna community structure, mainly regarded to density and diversity values, which were always higher in CONTROL than in CULTIVE (from 2,086 to 776 ind 10 cm-2 and from 0.8 to 0.7 for density and diversity, respectively). It seems that the farm has no effects on nematode trophic guilds. The impact was considered moderate.
References
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Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 137: 1-26.
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município de Cananeia-SP. O Mundo da Saúde, 38(1): 105-115.
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W.C.; POLY. C. R.; PEREIRA, J.A.; BORGHETTI,J.R. Aqüicultura no Brasil: Bases para um
desenvolvimento sustentável. Brasília, CNPQ/MCT. p.107-142.
CALLIER, M.D.; McKINDSEY, C.W.; DEROSIERS,G. 2008 Evaluation of indicators used to detect
mussel farm influence on the benthos: Two case studies in the Magdalen Islands, Eastern
Canada. Aquaculture, 278(1-4): 77í 88.
CASTRO, F.J.V. 2003 Variação temporal da meiofauna e da nematofauna em uma área mediolitorí¢nea da Bacia do Pina (Pernambuco í Brasil). Recife. 100p (Tese de Doutorado em Oceanografia - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco í UFPE). Disponível em:<http://www.liber.ufpe.br/teses/arquivo/20040210172626.pdf>
CHAMBERLAIN, J.; FERNANDES, T.F.; READ, P.;NICKELL, T.D.; DAVIES, I.M. 2001 Impacts of biodeposits from suspended mussel (Mytilusedulis L.) culture on the surrounding surficial
sediments. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58:411í 416.
COULL, B.C. e CHANDLER, G.T. 1992 Pollution and meiofauna - field, laboratory and mesocosm
studies. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 30:191-271.
DUPLISEA, D.E. e HARGRAVE, B.T. 1996 Response of meiobenthic size-structure, biomass and
respiration to sediment organic enrichment. Hydrobiologia, 339(1-3): 161í 170.
FERREIRA, J.F. e OLIVEIRA NETTO, F. 2006 Cultivo de Moluscos em Santa Catarina. Infopesca
Internacional, 28: 34-41.
FISHER, T.R.K.Y.; LEE, H.; BERNDT, J.A.; BENITEZ,J.A.; NORTON, M.M. 1998 Hydrology and
chemistry of the Choptank River basin in the Chesapeake Bay drainage. Water Air Soil
Pollution, 105: 387í 397.
FOLK, R.C. e WARD, W.C. 1957 Brazos river bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27(1): 3-27.
GOLTERMAN, H.L.; CLYMO, R.S.; OHNSTAD,M.A.M. 1978 Methods for physical and chemical
analysis of freshwaters. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications. n.1, v. 8. 213p.
GONI, M.A.; TEIXEIRA, M.J.; PERKEY, D.W. 2003 Sources and distribution of organic matter in a
river-dominated estuary (Winyah Bay, SC, USA). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 57(5-6):
1023-1048.
GRANT, J.; HATCHER, A.; SCOTT, D.B.;POCKLINGTON, P.; SHAFER, C.T.; WINTERS,G.V. 1995 A multidisciplinary approach to evaluating impact of shellfish aquaculture on benthic communities. Estuaries, 18(1A): 124-144.
GRANT, J.; BACHER, C.; CRANFORD, P.J.; GUYONDET, T.; CARREAU, M. 2008 A spatially explicit ecosystem model of seston depletion in dense mussel culture. Journal of Marine Systems, 73(1-2): 155-168.
HEIP, C.; VINCX, M.; VRANKEN, G. 1985 The ecology of marine nematodes. Oceanography and
Marine Biology an Annual Review, 23: 399-489.
HOCKIN, D.C. 1983 The effects of organic enrichement upon a community of a meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods. Marine Environmental Research, 10(1): 45-58.
JENSEN, M.H.; LOMSTEIN, E.; SORENSEN, J. 1990 Benthic NH4+ and NO3 flux following sedimentation of a spring phytoplankton bloom in Aarhys Bight, Denmark. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 61: 87-96.
KAISER, M.J. 2000 Ecological effects of shellfish cultivation. In: BLACK, K.D. (ed.), Environmental
Impacts of Aquaculture. Boca Raton, CRC Press,p.51í 75.
LA ROSA, T.; MIRTO, S.; MAZZOLA, A.;DANOVARO, R. 2001 Differential responses of benthic microbes and meiofauna o fish-framing disturbance in coastal sediments. Environmental
Pollution, 112(3): 427-434.
LANA, P.C. 1994 Organismos bênticos e atividades de monitoramento. Diagnóstico Ambiental
Oceí¢nico e Costeiro das Regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, Convênio PETROBRÁS-FUNDESPA.
In: Oceanografia Biológica Bentos. Brasil, v.6, p.10-21.
LEGAT, J.F.A.; PEREIRA, A.M.L.; LEGAT, A.P.;FOGAí"¡A, F.H.S. 2008 Programa de Cultivo de
Moluscos Bivalves da Embrapa Meio-Norte.Teresina: Embrapa, 19p.
LEVINTON, J.S. 2001 Marine biology: function,biodiversity, ecology. Oxford University Press,
Second Edition. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 550p.
LORENZEN, C.J. 1967 Determination of chlorophyll and pheo-pigments: spectrofotometric equations. Limnology and Oceanography, 12(2): 343-346.
MAZZOLA, A.; MIRTO, S.; LA ROSA, T.; FABIANO,M.; DANOVARO, R. 2000 Fish-farming effects
on benthic community structure in coastal sediments: analysis of meiofauna recovery. ICES
Journal of Marine Science, 57: 1454-1461.
MIRTO, S.; LA ROSA, T.; DONAVARO, R.;MAZZOLA, A. 2000 Microbial and meiofauna response to intensive mussel-farm biodeposition in coastal sediments of the Western Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(3):244-252.
MOENS, T. e VINCX, M. 1997 Observations on the feedings ecology of estuarine nematodes. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 72(1): 211-227.
NETTO, S.A. e VALGAS, I. 2007 Efeitos do cultivo de mexilhões sobre a estrutura da meiofauna. In
BARROSO, G.F.; POERSCH, L.H.S.; CAVALLI, R.O. (eds), Sistemas de cultivos aqüícolas na zona
costeira do Brasil: Recursos, tecnologias, aspectos ambientais e socioeconômicos. Rio de Janeiro:
Museu Nacional. p.119í 128.
NETTO S.A. e VALGAS I. 2010 The response of nematode assemblages to intensive mussel
farming in coastal sediments (Southern Brazil).Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,
162(1-4): 81í 93.
PEARCE, J.B.; RADOSH, D.J.; CARACCIOLO, J.V.; STEIMLE, F.W. 1981 Benthic Fauna. MESA New
York Bigh Atlas Monograph. MESA New York Bigh. 79p.
PEARSON, T.H. e ROSENBERG, R. 1978 Macrobenthic succession in the relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanography and Marine Biology an Annual Review, 16: 229-311.
PINTO, T.K.; BOINA, C.D.; VIEIRA, S.D.M.A. 2007 Influência do cultivo de moluscos na comunidade bentônica: Meiobentos. In: BARROSO, G.F.; POERSCH, L.H.S.; CAVALLI,R.O. (eds) Sistemas de cultivos aquícolas na zona costeira do Brasil: Recursos, tecnologias, aspectos ambientais e sócio-econômicos. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional. p.235í 241.
POLI, C.R. 1993 Análise dos produtores de molusco em Santa Catarina í UFSC. Convênio University of Victoria/Canada. 29p.
POLY, C.R. 1998 Biologia e cultivo de ostras.Florianópolis: [s. n.], 70p.
RYGG, S.B. 1985 Distribution of species along pollutio-induced diversity gradientes in benthic
communities in Norwegian Fjords. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 16(12): 469-474.
SANDULLI, R. e DE NICOLA, M. 1991 Responses of meiobenthic communities along a gradient of
Sewage Pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin,22(9): 463-467.
SILVESTRI, F. 2009 Determinação da produção da produção de resíduos sólidos provenientes de
mexilhões na região da Ilha da Cocanha í Caraguatatuba í SP. São Paulo. 108p (Dissertação
de Mestrado. Universidade de São Paulo) Disponível em: <http://www.teses.usp.br/teses
/disponiveis/21/21131/tde-20012010-144954/ptbr.php>
SUGUIO, K. 1973 Introdução í Sedimentologia. São Paulo: ed. Edgard Blücher. 318p.
TUNDISI, J.G. 2005 Gerenciamento integrado de bacias hidrográficas e reservatórios: estudos de
caso e perspectivas. In: NOGUEIRA, M.G.;HENRY, R.; JORCIN, A. (eds). Ecologia de reservatórios: impactos potenciais, ações de manejo e sistemas em cascata. São Carlos: Rima, v.1, p.1-21.
WALKLEY, A. e BLACK, I.A. 1934 An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil
organic matter and proposed modification of the cromic and titration method. Soil Science, 37:
29-38.
WARWICK, R.M. e CLARKE, K.R. New "biodiversityâ€Âmeasures reveal a decrease in taxonomic
distinctiness with increasing stress. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 129: 301- 305.
WARWICK, R.M.; PLATT, H.M.; SOMERFIELD, P.J.1998 Free-living Marine Nematodes. Part III: british
monhysterids. The Linnean Society of Londo, Shrewsbury. 296p.
WELSHMEYER, N.A. 1994 Fluorimetric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b
and pheopigments. Limnology and Oceanography,39(8): 1985-1992.
WIESER, W. 1953 Die Beziehung zwischen Mundhí¶hlengestalt, Erní¤hrungsweise und Vorkommen bei freilebenden marinen Nematoden. Eineskologisen-morphologischestudie. Arkiv für Zoolgie, 4: 439-484.
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