Ecotoxicological assessment in a pond of freshwater shrimp farming, using the cladocera Ceriodaphnia dubia as test-organism
Keywords:
shrimp farm, Ceriodaphnia dubia, ecotoxicology, effluent, Macrobrachium rosenbergiiAbstract
Aquaculture has risen considerably in the last years due to an increase in consumption and to the reduction in the natural fishery stocks. The production of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii has increased due to the use of intensive systems, generating more organic matter in the natural environment, and possibly, causing its eutrophication. Presently, for this activity to be sustainable, it must be economically, socially and environmentally supported. Therefore, the proposition of the 2005 CONAMA states the use of ecotoxicological analysis for controlling effluents. The aim of this study was to carry out ecotoxicological analysis, with the test-organism Ceriodaphnia dubia, in order to evaluate the water quality from an enterprise of fresh water shrimp culture. Samples were collected monthly, for six months, in a pond of fresh water shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii farm. Sites for sampling were set up in order to cover the complete water flow, i.e., from water supply in the system (affluent), passing through shrimp pond, then through effluent and its disposal into the natural environment (water receiver). Results showed that all sites were classified as toxic (acute or chronic). The average of the effluent dilution in all samples reveled NOEC of 50%, LOEC of 100% and IC50:168h of 56.62%. In addition, the physical and chemical variables were analyzed and compared with the results of toxicity.
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ARAGÃO, M.A. and PEREIRA, E.V. 2003 Sensitivity of Ceriodaphnia dubia of different
ages to sodium chloride. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,
New York, 70: 1247-1250.
ARAGÃO, M.A. e BERTOLETTI, E. 2006 Avaliação da toxicidade de amostras de águas
superficiais preservadas de diferentes formas:refrigeração e congelamento. Journal of the.Brazilian Society of Ecotoxicology, São Carlos,1(2): 153-156.
ARANA, L.V. 2004 Fundamentos de aqüicultura. 1ª ed. Florianópolis: Editora da UFSC. 348p.
BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; PHILLIPS, M.J.;MACINTOSH, D.J. 1997 Aquaculture and the
environment: the supply and demand for environmental goods and services by Asian aquaculture and the implications for sustainability. Aquaculture Research.,
Amsterdam, 28: 797-807.
BOYD, C.E. 1989 Water Quality Management and Aeration in Shrimp Farming. Fisheries and Allied Aquaculture Departamente: Series No 2. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station,Alabama. 482p.
BOYD, C.E. 1990 Water Quality in Ponds for Aquaculture. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Alabama, US. 482p.
BOYD, C.E.; MASSAUT, L.; WEDDIG, L.J. 1998 Towards reducing environmental impacts of pond aquaculture. Infofish International,Malaysia, 2:27-33.
BOYD, C.E. and TUCKER, C.S. 1998 Water Quality Management. Kluer Academic
Publishers, Boston. 700p.
BRASIL 2005 Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente.
Resolução Nº 357, de 17 de março de 2005. Dispõe sobre a classificação dos corpos de água e diretrizes ambientais para o seu enquadramento, bem como estabelece as condições e padrões de lançamento de efluentes, e dá outras providências. Diário
Oficial, 17 mar 2005.
BRUNE, D.E. and TOMASSO, J.R. 1991 Aquaculture and Water Quality, Advances in
World Aquaculture, Vol.3. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge.
BURATINI í MENDES, S.V. 2002 Efeitos do meio de cultivo sobre sobrevivência, reprodução e sensibilidade de Ceriodaphnia dubia. São Paulo.90p. (Dissertação de Mestrado, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo).
CETESB 1988 Teste de toxicidade crônica, utilizando Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, 1984 (Cladocera,Crustacea). L5. 022. Cia. de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. 25p.
CETESB 2002 Métodos de avaliação da toxicidade a de poluentes organismos aquáticos. São Paulo. 27p.
FAO 2007 Food and Agriculture of the United Nations. Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. Aquaculture production: quantities 1950- 2005. FISHSTAT Plus - Universal software for fishery statistical time series. Disponível em:
http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp Acesso em: 07 nov. 2007.
IBAMA 2005 Estatísticas de Pesca, Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Brasília. 260p.
JACKSON, C.; PRESTON, N.; THOMPSON, P.J. 2004 Intake and discharge nutrient loads at three intensive shrimp farms. Aquaculture Research, Amsterdam, 35: 1053-1061.
KUTTY, M.N. 2005 Towards sustainable freshwater prawn aquaculture í lessons from
shrimp farming, with special reference to India. Aquaculture Research, Amsterdam, 36:255-263.
LOMBARDI, J.V. 2004 Fundamentos de Toxicologia Aquática. In: RANZANI-PAIVA,
M.J.T.; TAKEMOTO, R.M.; LIZAMA, M. de los A.P. Sanidade de organismos aquáticos. p.263-272.
McNULTY, E.W.; DWYER, F.J.; ELLERSICK,M.R.; GREER, E.I.; INGERSOLL, C.G.;
RABENI, C.F. 1999 Evaluation of ability of reference toxicity tests to identify stress in
laboratory populations of the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, New Jersey, 18(3): 544-548.
MERCANTE, C.T.J. e TUCCI-MOURA, A. 1999 Comparação entre os índices de Carlson e de Carlson modificado aplicados a dois ambientes aquáticos subtropicais, São Paulo,
SP. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, São Paulo,11(1):1-14.
NASCIMENTO, I.A.; SOUSA, E.C.P.M.; NIPPER, M. 2002 Métodos em Ecotoxicologia Marinha:Aplicações do Brasil. São Paulo. Ed.Artes Gráficas e Indústria Ltda. 262 p.
NEW, M.B. 1995 Status of freshwater prawn farming: a review. Aquaculture Research,
Amsterdam, 26 (1): 1-54.
NEW, M.B.; D`ABRAMO, L.R.; VALENTI, W.C.;SINGHOLKA, S. 2000 Sustainability of
Freshwater Prawn Culture. In: NEW, M.B.and VALENTI, W.C. (ed.) Freshwater Prawn
Culture: The farming of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Blackwell Science. p.429-434.
NEW, M.B. 2003 The role of freshwater prawns in sustainable aquaculture. In: PURUSHAN, K.S.; KUMAR, M.B.; DINESH, K. (ed.) Freshwaters Prawns 2003, Cochin, 20-23 Aug.2003, College of Fisheries, Kerala Agricultural University, Kochi, India. p.10-13.
NEW, M.B. 2005 Freshwater prawn farming:global status, recent research and a glance at the future. Aquaculture Research, Amsterdam,36: 210-230.
NORBERG í KING, T.J. 1993 A linear interpolation method for subletal toxicity: the inhibition concentration (ICp) approach. Version 2.0.National Effluent Toxicity Assessment Centre. Technical Report 03-93. Duluth, M.N., 13p.
ROCHA, O.; SENDACZ, S.; MATSUMURAí TUNDISI, T. 1995 Composition, Biomass and
Productivity of zooplí¢ncton in Natural Lakes and Reservoirs of Brazil. In: TUNDISI, J.G.; BICUDO, C.E.M.; MATSUMURA, T. (ed.) Limnology in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, ABC/SBL,p. 151-166.
SAMOCHA, T.M.; LOPEZ, I.M.; JONES, E.R.;JACKSON, S.; LAWRENCE, A.L. 2004
Characterization of intake and effluent waters from intensive and semi-intensive shrimp farms in Texas. Aquaculture Research,Amsterdam, 35: 321-339.
TIAGO, G.G. e GIANESELLA, S.M.F. 2002 Recursos hídricos para a aqüicultura:
reflexões temáticas. In: ENCONTRO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL DE PÓSGRADUANDOS E PESQUISADORES EM AMBIENTE E SOCIEDADE, 1., Indaiatuba, 6-
9/nov./2002. Resumos... Campinas: ANPPAS.,20p.
TOLEDO Jr., A. P.; TALARICO, M.; CHINEZ, S. J.;AGUDO, E. G. 1983 A aplicação de modelos simplificados para a avaliação do processo de eutrofização em lagos e reservatórios tropicais. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENGENHARIA SANITÁRIA, 12., Rio de Janeiro, 20-25/nov./1983. Anais... p. 1-34.
USEPA 2002 Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. EPA-821-R-02-013, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water, Washington, DC., 4th Ed.
VALENTI, W.C. 2002 Aquicultura sustentável. In:CONGRESSO DE ZOOTECNIA, 12., Vila
Real, Portugal, 23/nov./2002.. Anais… Vila Real: Associação Portuguesa dos Engenheiros Zootécnicos. p.111-18.
WEST INC. and GULLEY, D. 1996 TOXTAT 3.5.,University of Wyoming. Wyoming. USA. 38p.
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