BERí­"¡ÁRIO DE TILÁPIAS-DO-NILO EM SISTEMA DE BIOFLOCOS: AVALIAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES DENSIDADES DE ESTOCAGEM

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2020.46.2.573

Palavras-chave:

Oreochromis niloticus, hematology, super-intensive system, BFT

Resumo

O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico e os parí­¢metros hematológicos de tilápias-donilo (Oreochromis niloticus) linhagem GIFT, utilizando diferentes densidades de estocagem em sistema de criação em bioflocos. O experimento foi conduzido em tanques circulares (400 L), com peixes invertidos sexualmente, pesando 6,74 ± 0,37 g, em um perí­­odo de 35 dias. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualisado com cinco tratamentos e três repetições cada. Os tratamentos foram o T1 (200 peixes m-3); T2 (300 peixes m-3); T3 (400 peixes m-3); T4 (500 peixes m-3) e T5 (600 peixes m-3). Os peixes foram arraçoados quatro vezes ao dia, seguindo a tabela de alimentação especí­­fica para a espécie, com ajustes pelas biometrias semanais. Os parí­¢metros de qualidade de água nitrogênio amoniacal total e amônia não-ionizada apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos com menor (T1) e maiores densidades de estocagem (T4, T5). A alcalinidade foi significativamente maior nos tratamentos com maiores densidades (T4 e T5). Dos parí­¢metros hematológicos, a quantidade de trombócitos foi mais elevada no T5 em relação aos demais tratamentos. A concentração de hemoglobina foi significativamente menor no T5 em relação ao T3. Os melhores í­­ndices produtivos foram encontrados no T4, apresentando biomassa final de 9915,16 ± 14,80 g m-3, taxa de conversão alimentar aparente de 1,11 ± 0,02, sobrevivência média de 95,75 ± 0,75% e ganho médio diário de 0,43 ± 0,07 g. O berçário de tilápia-do-nilo em sistema de bioflocos apresentou maior crescimento individual em densidade de até 300 peixes m-3 e aumento de produtividade em densidade de estocagem de até 500 peixes m-3.

Referências

APHA í  American Public Health Association, AWWA í  American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Association, 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington: American Public Health Association.

Asche, F.; Roll, K.H.; Tveterí­¥s, S. 2008. Future trends in aquaculture: productivity growth and increased production. In: Holmer, M.; Black, K.; Duarte, C.M.; Marbí­Â , N.; Karakassis, I. Aquaculture in the ecosystem. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 271-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6810-2_9.

Avnimelech, Y. 1999. Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 176(1-4): 227-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00085-X.

Avnimelech, Y. 2006. Bio-filters: the need for a new comprehensive approach. Aquacultural Engineering, 34(3): 172-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.04.001.

Avnimelech, Y. 2007. Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds. Aquaculture, 264(1-4): 140-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.025.

Avnimelech, Y. 2011. Tilapia production using biofloc technology: saving water, waste recycling improves economics. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 14(3): 66-68.

Avnimelech, Y. 2015. Biofloc technology: a practical guide book. 3rd ed. Baton Rouge: The World Aquaculture Society. 258p.

Avnimelech, Y.; Kochba, M. 2009. Evaluation of nitrogen uptake and excretion by tilapia in bio floc tanks, using 15N tracing. Aquaculture, 287(1-2): 163-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.009.

Avnimelech, Y.; Kochba, M.; Suryakumar, B.; Ghanekar, B. 2012. Nitrogen isotope: tool to evaluate protein uptake in biofloc systems. Haifa, Israel: Global Aquaculture Alliance. p. 74-75.

Azim, M.E.; Little, D.C. 2008. The biofloc tecnology (BFT) in indoor tanks water quality, bio-floc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 283(1-4): 29-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.06.036.

Balarin, J.D.; Hatton, J.P. 1979. Tilapia: a guide to their biology and culture in Africa. Scotland: University of Stirling. 174p.

Barbieri, E. 2010. Acute toxicity of ammonia in white shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti) (Burkenroad, 1936, Crustacea) at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, 306(1-4): 329-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.06.009.

Biswas, A.K.; Maita, M.; Yoshizaki, G.; Takeuchi, T. 2004. Physiological responses in Nile tilapia exposed to different photoperiod regimes. Journal of Fish Biology, 65(3): 811-821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00487.x.

Brum, A.; Pereira, S.A.; Owatari, M.S.; Chagas, E.C.; Chaves, F.C.M.; Mourií­±o, J.L.P.; Martins, M.L. 2017. Effect of dietary essential oils of clove basil and ginger on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae. Aquaculture, 468: 235-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.10.020.

Burford, M.A.; Thompson, P.J.; McIntosh, R.P.; Bauman, R.H.; Pearson, D.C. 2003. Nutrient and microbial dynamics in high-intensity, zero-exchange shrimp ponds in Belize. Aquaculture, 219(1-4): 393-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00575-6.

Choo, H.X.; Caipang, C.M.A. 2015. Biofloc technology (BFT) and its application towards improved production in freshwater tilapia culture. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 8(3): 362-366.

Collier, H.B. 1944. Standardization of blood haemoglobin determinations. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 50(6): 550-552.

Correa, A.S.; Pinho, S.M.; Molinari, D.; Pereira, K. da R.; Gutiérrez, S.M.; Monroy-Dosta, M. del C.; Emerenciano, M.G.C. 2020. Rearing of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles in a biofloc system employing periods of feed deprivation. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 32(2): 139-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2019.1679319.

Crab, R.; Avnimelech, Y.; Defoirdt, T.; Bossier, P.; Verstraete, W. 2007. Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production. Aquaculture, 270(1-4): 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.05.006.

Daneshvar, E.; Ardestani, M.Y.; Dorafshan, S.; Martins, M.L. 2012. Hematological parameters of Iranian cichlid Iranocichla hormuzensis - Coad, 1982 (Perciformes) in Mehran River. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 84(4): 943-949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652012005000054.

Day, S.B.; Salie, K.; Stander, H.B. 2016. A growth comparison among three commercial tilapia species in a biofloc system. Aquaculture International, 24(5): 1309-1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-9986-z.

De Schryver, P.; Crab, R.; Defoirdt, T.; Boon, N.; Verstraete, W. 2008. The basics of bio-flocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, 277(3-4): 125-137.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.02.019.

Durigon, E.G.; Lazzari, R.; Uczay, J.; Lopes, D.L. DE A.; Jerônimo, G.T.; Sgnaulin, T.; Emerenciano, M.G.C. 2020. Biofloc technology (BFT): adjusting the levels of digestible protein and digestible energy in diets of Nile tilapia juveniles raised in brackish water. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 5(1): 42-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2019.07.001.

El-Sayed, A.F.M. 2006. Tilapia culture. Wallingford: CAB International. 277p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851990149.0000.

El-Shafai, S.A.; El-Gohary, F.A.; Nasr, F.A.; Van der Steen, N.P.; Gijzen, H.J. 2004. Chronic ammonia toxicity to duckweed-fed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 232(1-4): 117-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00516-7.

El-Sherif, M.S.; El-Feky, A.M.I. 2009. Performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. I. Effect of pH. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11: 297-300.

Emerenciano, M.; Gaxiola, G.; Cuzo, G. 2013. Biofloc technology (BFT): a review for aquaculture application and animal food industry. In: Matovic, M.D. (Ed.). Biomass now-cultivation and utilization. Rijeka: InTech. p. 301-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53902.

FAO í  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2017. Fisheries and aquaculture statistics 2015. Rome: FAO. 104p.

Gall, G.A.E.; Bakar, Y. 1999. Stocking density and tank size in the design of breed improvement programs for body size of tilapia. Aquaculture, 173(1-4): 197-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00487-6.

Ghiraldelli, L.; Martins, M.L.; Yamashita, M.M.; Jeronimo, G.T. 2006. Ectoparasites influence on the haematological parameters of Nile tilapia and carp cultured in the State of Santa Catarina, South Brazil. Su
í­Å“rünleri Dergisi, 1(3): 270-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2006.270.276.

Hargreaves, J.A. 2013. Biofloc production systems for aquaculture. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, 4503: 1-12.

Hargreaves, J.A.; Kucuk, S. 2001. Effects of diel un-ionised ammonia fluctuation on juvenile hybrid stripped bass, channel catfish and blue tilapia. Aquaculture, 195(1-2): 163-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00543-3.

Hari, B.; Madhusoodana Kurup, B.; Varghese, J.T.; Schrama, J.W.; Verdegem, M.C.J. 2004. Effect of carbohydrate addition in extensive shrimp culture systems. Aquaculture, 241(1-4): 179-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.07.002.

Ishikawa, N.M.; Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T.; Lombardi, J.V. 2008. Metodologia para quantificação de leucócitos totais em peixe, Oreochromis niloticus. Archives of Veterinary Science, 13(1): 54-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/avs.v13i1.11560.

Karasu, B.A.C.; Kí­¶ksal, G. 2005. The acute toxicity of ammonia on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) larvae and fingerlings. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 29: 339-344.

Kayode, S.J.; Shamusideen, S.A. 2010. Haematological studies of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to diesel and drilling fluid in Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Biodeversity and Conservation, 2(5): 130-133.

Liu, L.; Hu, Z.; Dai, X.; Avnimelech, Y. 2014. Effects of addition of maize starch on the yield, water quality and formation of bioflocs in an integrated shrimp culture system. Aquaculture, 418-419: 79-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.10.005.

Long, L.; Yang, J.; Li, Y.; Guan, C.; Wu, F. 2015. Effect of biofloc technology on growth, digestive enzyme activity, hematology, and immune response of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 448: 135-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.05.017.

Luo, G.; Gao, Q.; Wang, C.; Liu, W.; Sun, D.; Li, L.; Tan, H. 2014. Growth, digestive activity, welfare, and partial cost-effectiveness of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system and an indoor biofloc system. Aquaculture, 422-423: 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.11.023.

Martins, M.L.; Pilarsky, F.; Onaka, E.M.; Nomura, D.T.; Fenerick, J.J.; Ribeiro, K.; Myiazaki, D.M.Y.; Castro, M.P.; Malheiros, E.B. 2004. Haematology and acute inflammatory response of Oreochromis niloticus (Osteichthyes: Cichlidae) submitted to a single and consecutive stress of capture. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 30(1): 71-80.

Morgan, J.D.; Sakamoto, T.; Grau, E.G.; Iwama, G.K. 1997. Physiological and respiratory responses of the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) to salinity acclimation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Physiology, 117(3): 391-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9629(96)00261-7.

Moss, S.M.; Moss, D.R.; Arce, S.M.; Lightner, D.V.; Lotz, J.M. 2012. The role of selective breeding and biosecurity in prevention of disease in penaeid shrimp aquaculture. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 110(2): 247-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2012.01.013.

Osman, A.G.M.; AbouelFadl, K.Y.; Abd El Reheem, A.E.B.M.; Mahmoud, U.M.; Kloas, W.; Moustafa, M.A. 2018. Blood biomarkers in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus niloticus and African Catfish Clarias gariepinus to evaluate water quality of the river Nile. Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 12(1): 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21767/1307-234X.1000141.

Owatari, M.S.; Jesus, G.F.; Brum, A.; Pereira, S.A.; Lehmann, N.B.; Pereira, U.P.; Martins, M.L.; Mourií­±o, J.L.P. 2018. Sylimarin as hepatic protector and immunomodulator in Nile tilapia during Streptococcus agalactiae infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 82: 565-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.061.

Owatari, M.S.; Jesus, G.F.; Cardoso, L.; Ferreira, T.H.; Ferrarezi, J.V.S.; Pereira, U.P.; Martins, M.L.; Mourií­±o, J.L.P. 2019. Different via to apply the Gamaxine® commercial biopromoter to Nile tilapia evaluating the immune system responses to Streptococcus agalactiae Ib. Aquaculture, 503: 254-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.01.013.

PeixeBR í  Associação Brasileira da Piscicultura, 2019. Anuário 2019. São Paulo. 148p. Available from: <https://www.peixebr.com.br/Anuario2019/AnuarioPeixeBR2019.pdf?> Access on: 18 Feb, 2019.

Popma, T.J.; Lovshin, L.L. 1996. Worldwide prospects for commercial production of tilapia. Alabama: International Center for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments. p.42.

Rakocy, J.E. 1989. Tank culture of tilapia. Southern Regional Aquaculture Brasileira de Ciências, 84(4): 943-949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652012005000054. Center, 282: 1-4.

Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T.; Pádua, S.B.; Tavares-Dias, M.; Egami, M.I. 2013. Métodos para análise hematológica em peixes. Maringá: Eduem. 140p. http://dx.doi.org/10.7476/9788576286530.

Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T.; Silva-Souza, A.T. 2004. Haematology of Brazilian fish. In: Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T.; Takemoto, R.M.; Lizama, M.A.P. (Eds.). Sanidade de organismos aquáticos. São Paulo: Varela. p. 89-120.

Ray, A.J.; Seaborn, G.; Leffler, J.W.; Wilde, S.B.; Lawson, A.; Browdy, C.L. 2010. Characterization of microbial communities in minimal exchange, intensive aquaculture systems and the effects of suspended solids management. Aquaculture, 310(1-2): 130-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.10.019.

Sá, M.V.C. 2012. Limnocultura: limnologia para aquicultura. Fortaleza: Edições UFC. 218p.

Santacruz-Reyes, R.A.; Chien, Y. 2012. The potential of Yucca schidigera extract to reduce the ammonia pollution from shrimp farming. Bioresource Technology, 113: 311-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.132.

Santos, V.B.; Mareco, E.A.; Silva, M.D.P. 2013. Growth curves of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) strains cultivated at different temperatures. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 35(3): 235-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i3.19443.

Silva, B.C.; Marchiori, N.C. 2018. Importí­¢ncia do manejo alimentar na criação de tilápia. Florianópolis: Epagri. 16p. Available from: <https://www.epagri.sc.gov.br/index.php/solucoes/publicacoes/folder-tecnico/> Access on: 1 Aug, 2018.

Stickney, R.R. 2005. Aquaculture: an introductory text. Cambridge: CABI Publishing. p.265.

Summarwar, S. 2012. Studies on plankton diversity in Bisalpur reservoir. International Journal of Life Sciences Botany and Pharmaceutical Research, 1: 65-72.

Suresh, A.V.; Lin, C.K. 1992. Effect of stocking density on water quality and production of red tilapia in a recirculated water system. Aquacultural Engineering, 11(1): 1-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8609(92)90017-R.

Tamamdusturi, R.; Widanarni.; Yuhana, M. 2016. Administration of microencapsulated probiotic Bacillus sp. NP5 and prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide for prevention of Aeromonas hydrophila infection on Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 11(1): 67-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2016.67.76.

Tavares-Dias, M.; Martins, M.L.; Kronka, S.N. 1999. Evaluation of the haematological parameters in Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg (Osteichthyes, Characidae) with Argulus sp. (Crustacea, Branchiura) infestation and treatment with organophosphate. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16(2): 553-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751999000200019.

Tavares-Dias, M.; Moraes, F. 2007. Leukocyte and thrombocyte reference values for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Raf), with an assessment of morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural features. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 36(1): 49-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00181.x.

Thurston, R.V.; Russo, R.C.; Meyn, E.L.; Zajdel, R.K.; Smith, C.E. 1986. Chronic toxicity of ammonia to fathead minnows. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 115(2): 196-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)115<196:CTOATF>2.0.CO;2.

Verdegem, M.C.J. 2013. Nutrient discharge from aquaculture operations in function of system design and production environment. Reviews in Aquaculture, 5(3): 158-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/raq.12011.

Vilani, F.G.; Schveitzer, R.; Arantes, R.F.; Vieira, F.N.; Santo, C.M.E.; Seiffert, W.Q. 2016. Strategies for water preparation in a biofloc system: Effects of carbon source and fertilization dose on water quality and shrimp performance. Aquacultural Engineering, 74: 70-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.06.002.

Wajsbrot, N.; Gasith, A.; Diamant, A.; Popper, D.M. 1993. Chronic toxicity of ammonia to juvenile gilthead seabream Sparus aurata and related histopathological effects. Journal of Fish Biology, 42(3): 321-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00336.x.

Widanarni, A.; Ekasari, J.; Maryam, S. 2012. Evaluation of biofloc technology application on water quality and production performance of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. cultured at different stocking densities. Hayati Journal of Biosciences, 19(2): 73-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.19.2.73.

Wintrobe, M.M. 1934. Variations in the size and hemoglobin content of erythrocytes in the blood of various vertebrates. Folia Haematologica. Internationales Magazin fur Blutforschung, 51: 32-49.

Wuertz, S.; Schulze, S.G.E.; Eberhardt, U.; Schulz, C.; Schroeder, J.P. 2013. Acute and chronic nitrite toxicity in juvenile pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) and its compensation by chloride. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 157(4): 352-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.01.002.

Xian, J.; Wang, A.; Chen, X.; Gou, N.; Miao, Y.; Liao, S.; Ye, C. 2011. Cytotoxicity of nitrite on haemocytes of the tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, using flow cytometric analysis. Aquaculture, 317(1-4): 240-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.03.026.

Zaki, M.A.A.; Alabssawy, A.N.; Nour, A.E.-A.M.; El Basuini, M.F.; Dawood, M.A.O.; Alkahtani, S.; Abdel-Daim, M.M. 2020. The impact of stocking density and dietary carbon sources on the growth, oxidative status and stress markers of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared under biofloc conditions. Aquaculture Reports, 16: 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100282.

Zar, J.H. 2010. Biostatistical analysis. 5th ed. New Jersey: Pretice Hall. 944p.

Zieve, L. 1966. Pathogenesis of hepatic coma. Archives of Internal Medicine, 118(3): 211-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1966.00290150025007.

Downloads

Publicado

2020-10-03

Edição

Seção

Artigo cientí­fico