Probabilidade de emigração dos pescadores de bagre da amazônia: implicações para o manejo
Palavras-chave:
environmental exodus, Brachyplatystoma sp, Amazonian catfish fishers, socio-economic characteristics, fishery management, participative managementResumo
Este estudo objetivou determinar a probabilidade de emigração entre os pescadores de bagres amazônicos. Foram entrevistados 2.105 pescadores de agosto-2002 a maio-2003. O canal principal do Rio Solimões-Amazonas foi dividido em cinco regiões com características socioeconômicas, institucionais e de pesca distintas. Um modelo de regressão logística foi aplicado para verificar qual destas características influenciaria a probabilidade de emigração estimada para o canal principal do rio e em cada uma das cinco regiões. Os resultados indicam baixa probabilidade de emigração no canal e para todas as regiões, mas principalmente no Estuário (P = 0,1), que tem melhor estrutura organizacional e oportunidades de empregos indiretos. A probabilidade de emigração aumenta discretamente rio acima. Consequentemente, Tabatinga teve a maior probabilidade de êxodo ambiental (P = 0,5). Os pescadores mais propensos a emigrar são aqueles que vivem na comunidade há menos tempo, aqueles que pescam há menos tempo e aqueles não filiados í Colônia de Pesca. Uma vez que este resultado é oposto ao esperado pelas agências de manejo da pesca, a importí¢ncia do comanejo e da inclusão das perspectivas e interesses dos pescadores no manejo pesqueiro é brevemente discutida, em oposição í abordagem tradicional, que é focada apenas em avaliação de estoques.
Referências
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BARTHEM, R.B. 1990 Descrição da pesca da piramutaba (Brachyplatystoma vaillantii, Pimelodidae) no estuário e na calha do Rio Amazonas. Boletim. do Museu. Paraense. Emílio Goeldi, série. Antropologia,Belém, 6 (1): 117-130.
BARTHEM, R.B., RIBEIRO, M.C.L.B., PETRERE,M. 1991 Life strategies of some long-distance migratory catfish in relation to hydroelectric dams in the Amazon basin, Biological Conservation, Liverpoll, 55: 339í 345.
BARTHEM, R. and GOULDING, M. 1997 The cafish connection. Ecology, migration and conservation of Amazon predators. Biology and Resource Management in the Tropics Serie, New York:Columbia University Press. 221p.
BATISTA, V.S., INHAMUNS, A.J., FREITAS, C.E.C., FREIRE-BRASIL, D. 1998 Characterization of the fishery in river communities in the Lower-Solimões/
Upper Amazon region. Fisheries Management and Ecology, East Yorkshire, 5: 419-435.
BEGOSSI, A. 1995 Resilience and neo-traditional populations: the caiçaras (Atlantic Forest) and Caboclos (Amazon, Brazil). In: BERKES, F. & FOLKE, C. Linking social and ecological systems.London: Cambridge University Press. 459p
BÉNÉ, C. 2003 When fisheries rhymes with poverty:a first step beyond the olg paradigm on poverty in small-scale fisheries. World Development, Montreal,
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BERKES, F., MAHON, R., MCCONNEY, P., POLLNAC, R., POMEROY, R. 2001 Managing small scale fisheries: alternative directions and methods. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre Publishers. 309p.
BERKES, F.; COLDING, J.; FOLKE, C. 2003 Navigating social-ecological system: building resilience for complexity and change. London: Cambridge University Press. 416p.
BRETON, Y. 1991 Economic anthropology and interdisciplinarity in Costa Rica; the pitfalls of problem formulation. MAST, Amsterdan, 4(1):1-12.
CARVALHO, A.R. 2002 Traditional ecological knowledge in Upper Parana River floodplain: ecological perception of fishers. Acta Scientiarum, Maringá, 24(2): 573í 580.
CARVALHO, A.R. 2004 Social and structural aspects of artisanal fishing in theUpper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca,São Paulo, 30(1): 35 í 42.
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CARVALHO, A.R., WILLIAMS, S., JANUARY,M., SOWMAN, M. (in press). Reliability of
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CASTRO, F. and BEGOSSI, A. 1995 Ecology of fishing on the Grande river (Brazil): technology and territorial rights. Fisheries Research, Aberdeen,23: 361-373.
CEREGATO, S. A. and PETRERE, M. 2003 Financial comparisons of the artisanal fisheries in Urubupungá Complex in the Middle Paraná River (Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Biology, São Carlos, 63 (4): 673-682.
CETRA, M. and PETRERE, M. 2001 Small-scale fisheries in the middle river Tocantins, Imperatriz (MA), Brazil. Fisheries Management and Ecology, East Yorkshire, 8: 153-162.
CHESS, C. 2000 Evaluating environmental public participation: methodological questions. Journalof Environmental Planning and Management,Newcastle, 43 (6):769-784.
FABRÉ, N.N. and BARTHEM, R.B. 2005 O manejo da pesca dos grandes bagres migradores: piramutaba and dourada no eixo Solimões-Amazonas. Coleção
de Documentos Técnicos: Estudos Estratégicos. Ibama, ProVárzea. Manaus, 132p.
FRANCO DE CAMARGO, S.A. and PETRERE, M. 2001 Social and financial aspects of artisanal fisheries of Middle São Francisco river/MG, Brazil. Fish. Mgt and Ecology. 8, 163-71.
HOLLUP, O. 2000 Structural and sociocultural constraints for user-group participation in Fisheries management in Mauritius. Marine Policy 24: 407-421.
HOSMER, D.W. and LEMESHOW, S. 1989 Applied Logistic Regression. New York: Wiley Interscience Publication. 353p.
IPAM/WWF 2006 Desenvolvimento de sistemas de manejo comunitário para a várzea Amazônica: lições queestamos aprendendo. Documento Técnico. IPAM/WWF/DFID. 3p.
JOHN, D. 1994 Civic environmentalism: alternatives to regulation in states and communities. Washington,DC: CQ Press. 134p.
KURIEN, J. 1998 Traditional ecological knowledge and ecosystem sustainability: new meaning to Asian coastal proverbs. Ecological Applications,Boulder, 8 (1) Suppl.: S2-S5.
LI, C.Z., and MATTSSONN, L. 1995 Discrete choice preference uncertainty: an improved structural model for contingent valuation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Managemen,Wyoming, 28: 256-269.
MARTIN, I. 1994 Legacy and testament: the story of Columbia River guilnetters. Washington State University Press, Pullman. 184p.
NOVACZEKA, I.; SOPACUA, J. HARKESC, I. 2001 Fisheries management in Central Maluku, Indonesia, 1997í 98. Marine Policy, Cardiff, 25:239í 249.
PALMER, C.T. 1991 The life and death of a small-scale fishery: surf clam dredging in southern Maine.MAST, Amsterdan, 4 (1): 56-72
PARENTE, V.M., VIEIRA, E.F., CARVALHO, A.R.,FABRÉ, N.N. 2005 A pesca e a economia da pesca de bagres no eixo Solimões-Amazon River, In: FABRÉ, N.N., BARTHEM, R.B. O manejo da pesca dos grandes bagres migradores: piramutaba and dourada no eixo Solimões-Amazonas. Coleção de Documentos Técnicos: Estudos Estratégicos. Ibama, ProVárzea.Manaus, p 49-65.
PETRERE, M., BARTHEM, R.B., CÓRDOBAS, E.A.,GOMEZ, B.C. 2004 Review of the large catfish fisheries in the Upper Amazon and the stock depletion of piraíba (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum Lichtenstein). Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,Anchorage, 14: 403-414.
POMEROY, R.S.; KATON, B. M.; HARKES, I. 2001 Conditions affecting the success of fisheries co-management: lessons from Asia. Marine Policy,Cardiff, 25: 197í 208.
RUFFINO, M.L. 2004 A pesca e os recursos pesqueiros da Amazônia Brasileira. Manaus, IBAMA/ProVárzea.272p.
SARDA, F. and MAYNOU, F. 1998 Assessing perceptions: Do Catalan fishermen catch more shrimp on Fridays? Fisheries Research, Aberdeen,36: 149-157.
SINCLAIR, P.R. 1990 Fisheries mgt and problems of social justice. MAST, Amsterdan, 3(1): 30-47.
SOWMAN, M. 2006 Subsistence and small-scale fisheries in South Africa: a ten-year review. Marine Policy, Cardiff, 30 (1): 60-73.
STEWART, J.; WALSHEB, K.; MOODIEA, B. 2006 The demise of the small fisher? A profile of exiters from the New Zealand fishery. Marine Policy, Cardiff,30: 328í 340.
WALTERS, C. and MARTELL, S.J.D. 2004 Fisheries ecology and management. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 399p.
WELCOMME, R. L. 2001 Inland fisheries: ecology and management. Oxford: Blackwell Science, FAO.358p.
WIBERA, M.; BERKES, F.; CHARLES, A.; KEARNEY,J. 2004 Participatory research supporting community-based fishery management. Marine Policy, Cardiff, 28: 459í 468.
BARROS, J.F., RIBEIRO, M.O.A. 2005 Aspectos sociais e conhecimento ecológico tradicional na pesca de bagres. In: FABRÉ, N.N., BARTHEM, R.B. O manejo da pesca dos grandes bagres migradores: piramutaba and dourada no eixo Solimões-Amazonas. Coleção de Documentos Técnicos: Estudos Estratégicos.Ibama, Pro Várzea. Manaus, p. 31-72.
BARTHEM, R.B. 1990 Descrição da pesca da piramutaba (Brachyplatystoma vaillantii, Pimelodidae) no estuário e na calha do Rio Amazonas. Boletim. do Museu. Paraense. Emílio Goeldi, série. Antropologia,Belém, 6 (1): 117-130.
BARTHEM, R.B., RIBEIRO, M.C.L.B., PETRERE,M. 1991 Life strategies of some long-distance migratory catfish in relation to hydroelectric dams in the Amazon basin, Biological Conservation, Liverpoll, 55: 339í 345.
BARTHEM, R. and GOULDING, M. 1997 The cafish connection. Ecology, migration and conservation of Amazon predators. Biology and Resource Management in the Tropics Serie, New York:Columbia University Press. 221p.
BATISTA, V.S., INHAMUNS, A.J., FREITAS, C.E.C., FREIRE-BRASIL, D. 1998 Characterization of the fishery in river communities in the Lower-Solimões/
Upper Amazon region. Fisheries Management and Ecology, East Yorkshire, 5: 419-435.
BEGOSSI, A. 1995 Resilience and neo-traditional populations: the caiçaras (Atlantic Forest) and Caboclos (Amazon, Brazil). In: BERKES, F. & FOLKE, C. Linking social and ecological systems.London: Cambridge University Press. 459p
BÉNÉ, C. 2003 When fisheries rhymes with poverty:a first step beyond the olg paradigm on poverty in small-scale fisheries. World Development, Montreal,
31 (6): 949-975.
BERKES, F., MAHON, R., MCCONNEY, P., POLLNAC, R., POMEROY, R. 2001 Managing small scale fisheries: alternative directions and methods. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre Publishers. 309p.
BERKES, F.; COLDING, J.; FOLKE, C. 2003 Navigating social-ecological system: building resilience for complexity and change. London: Cambridge University Press. 416p.
BRETON, Y. 1991 Economic anthropology and interdisciplinarity in Costa Rica; the pitfalls of problem formulation. MAST, Amsterdan, 4(1):1-12.
CARVALHO, A.R. 2002 Traditional ecological knowledge in Upper Parana River floodplain: ecological perception of fishers. Acta Scientiarum, Maringá, 24(2): 573í 580.
CARVALHO, A.R. 2004 Social and structural aspects of artisanal fishing in theUpper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca,São Paulo, 30(1): 35 í 42.
CARVALHO, A.R. and FABRÉ, N.N. (in press) The process of development of a co-management system for Amazonian catfish. Fish Code Review Series Co-Management Brazil. Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO.
CARVALHO, A.R., WILLIAMS, S., JANUARY,M., SOWMAN, M. (in press). Reliability of
community based data monitoring in the olifants river estuary (South Africa). Fisheries Research, Aberdenn, (http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503309)
CASTRO, F. and BEGOSSI, A. 1995 Ecology of fishing on the Grande river (Brazil): technology and territorial rights. Fisheries Research, Aberdeen,23: 361-373.
CEREGATO, S. A. and PETRERE, M. 2003 Financial comparisons of the artisanal fisheries in Urubupungá Complex in the Middle Paraná River (Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Biology, São Carlos, 63 (4): 673-682.
CETRA, M. and PETRERE, M. 2001 Small-scale fisheries in the middle river Tocantins, Imperatriz (MA), Brazil. Fisheries Management and Ecology, East Yorkshire, 8: 153-162.
CHESS, C. 2000 Evaluating environmental public participation: methodological questions. Journalof Environmental Planning and Management,Newcastle, 43 (6):769-784.
FABRÉ, N.N. and BARTHEM, R.B. 2005 O manejo da pesca dos grandes bagres migradores: piramutaba and dourada no eixo Solimões-Amazonas. Coleção
de Documentos Técnicos: Estudos Estratégicos. Ibama, ProVárzea. Manaus, 132p.
FRANCO DE CAMARGO, S.A. and PETRERE, M. 2001 Social and financial aspects of artisanal fisheries of Middle São Francisco river/MG, Brazil. Fish. Mgt and Ecology. 8, 163-71.
HOLLUP, O. 2000 Structural and sociocultural constraints for user-group participation in Fisheries management in Mauritius. Marine Policy 24: 407-421.
HOSMER, D.W. and LEMESHOW, S. 1989 Applied Logistic Regression. New York: Wiley Interscience Publication. 353p.
IPAM/WWF 2006 Desenvolvimento de sistemas de manejo comunitário para a várzea Amazônica: lições queestamos aprendendo. Documento Técnico. IPAM/WWF/DFID. 3p.
JOHN, D. 1994 Civic environmentalism: alternatives to regulation in states and communities. Washington,DC: CQ Press. 134p.
KURIEN, J. 1998 Traditional ecological knowledge and ecosystem sustainability: new meaning to Asian coastal proverbs. Ecological Applications,Boulder, 8 (1) Suppl.: S2-S5.
LI, C.Z., and MATTSSONN, L. 1995 Discrete choice preference uncertainty: an improved structural model for contingent valuation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Managemen,Wyoming, 28: 256-269.
MARTIN, I. 1994 Legacy and testament: the story of Columbia River guilnetters. Washington State University Press, Pullman. 184p.
NOVACZEKA, I.; SOPACUA, J. HARKESC, I. 2001 Fisheries management in Central Maluku, Indonesia, 1997í 98. Marine Policy, Cardiff, 25:239í 249.
PALMER, C.T. 1991 The life and death of a small-scale fishery: surf clam dredging in southern Maine.MAST, Amsterdan, 4 (1): 56-72
PARENTE, V.M., VIEIRA, E.F., CARVALHO, A.R.,FABRÉ, N.N. 2005 A pesca e a economia da pesca de bagres no eixo Solimões-Amazon River, In: FABRÉ, N.N., BARTHEM, R.B. O manejo da pesca dos grandes bagres migradores: piramutaba and dourada no eixo Solimões-Amazonas. Coleção de Documentos Técnicos: Estudos Estratégicos. Ibama, ProVárzea.Manaus, p 49-65.
PETRERE, M., BARTHEM, R.B., CÓRDOBAS, E.A.,GOMEZ, B.C. 2004 Review of the large catfish fisheries in the Upper Amazon and the stock depletion of piraíba (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum Lichtenstein). Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,Anchorage, 14: 403-414.
POMEROY, R.S.; KATON, B. M.; HARKES, I. 2001 Conditions affecting the success of fisheries co-management: lessons from Asia. Marine Policy,Cardiff, 25: 197í 208.
RUFFINO, M.L. 2004 A pesca e os recursos pesqueiros da Amazônia Brasileira. Manaus, IBAMA/ProVárzea.272p.
SARDA, F. and MAYNOU, F. 1998 Assessing perceptions: Do Catalan fishermen catch more shrimp on Fridays? Fisheries Research, Aberdeen,36: 149-157.
SINCLAIR, P.R. 1990 Fisheries mgt and problems of social justice. MAST, Amsterdan, 3(1): 30-47.
SOWMAN, M. 2006 Subsistence and small-scale fisheries in South Africa: a ten-year review. Marine Policy, Cardiff, 30 (1): 60-73.
STEWART, J.; WALSHEB, K.; MOODIEA, B. 2006 The demise of the small fisher? A profile of exiters from the New Zealand fishery. Marine Policy, Cardiff,30: 328í 340.
WALTERS, C. and MARTELL, S.J.D. 2004 Fisheries ecology and management. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 399p.
WELCOMME, R. L. 2001 Inland fisheries: ecology and management. Oxford: Blackwell Science, FAO.358p.
WIBERA, M.; BERKES, F.; CHARLES, A.; KEARNEY,J. 2004 Participatory research supporting community-based fishery management. Marine Policy, Cardiff, 28: 459í 468.
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2018-11-03
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