Neotropical bioindicators of ecotoxicity and environmental risk of drugs with aquaculture interest
Keywords:
toxicity, drugs, environmental safety, non-target organismsAbstract
The aims of this research were to evaluate the acute toxicity (LC/EC50) and the environmental risk of toltrazuril (TOL) and florfenicol (FFC) for plant Lemna minor, snail Pomacea canaliculata, fish Piaractus mesopotamicus and Hyphessobrycon eques and the microcrustacean Daphnia magna. The organisms were acclimated in bioassay room with controlled temperature according to the standard to each one. They were exposed at nominal concentrations in static system. For environmental risk (RQ), it was used the estimated environmental concentration (EEC) that is the dosage indicate to treatment and the lethal or effective concentration (LC/CE50) from each drug in acute exposure. FFC showed LC50;7d of 97.03 mg L-1 for L. minor; >100.0 mg L-1 for P. mesopotamicus and H. eques and EC50;48h > 100.0 mg L-1 for P. canaliculata and D. magna, and it was classified low risk (RQ = 0.01) for all bioindicators. TOL showed LC50;7d >100.0 mg L-1 for L. minor, 3.72 mg L-1 for P. mesopotamicus; 6.22 mg L-1 for H. eques and CE50;48h of 7.59 mg L-1 for P. canaliculata, and 18.57 mg L-1 for D. magna, and it was classified low risk (RQ = 0.01) for L. minor and high risk for P. mesopotamicus (RQ = 2.68), H. eques (RQ = 6.22), P. canaliculata (RQ = 1.31) and D. magna (RQ = 0.53). Lemna minor was the bioindicator indicating of FFC toxicity and H. eques, bioindicator of the TOL. FFC is safety in aquaculture, however, the use of TOL needs cautions to treat the wastewater before discard on the environment.
References
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HAMILTON, M.A.; RUSSO, R.C.; THURSTON, V.1977 Trimed Spearman-Karber method for estimating medial lethal concentrations in toxicoty bioassays. Environmental Science Techonollogy, 7: 714-719.
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MEDEIROS, L.S.; SOUZA, J.P.; WINKALER, E.U.;CARRASCHI, S.P.; CRUZ, C.; SOUZA-JíÅ¡NIOR, S.S.; MACHADO-NETO, J.G. 2013 Acute toxicity and environmental risk of teflubenzuron to Daphnia magna, Poecilia reticulata and Lemna minor in the absence and presence of sediment. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 48: 600í 606.
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RUAMTHUM, W.; VISETSON, S.; MILNE, J.R.; BULLANGPOTI, V. 2010 Toxicity of botanical insecticides on golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata). Communications in Agricultural Applied Biological Sciences, 75(2): 191-7.
SCHMAHL, G. e MEHLHORN, H. 1988 Treatment of fish parasites 2. Effects of sym. Triazinona (toltrazuril) on monogenea. Parasitolology Research, 75: 132-145.
SOUZA, J.P.; MEDEIROS, L.S.; WINKALER, E.U.; MACHADO-NETO, J.G. 2011 Acute toxicity and environmental risk of diflubenzuron to Daphnia magna, Poecilia reticulata and Lemna minor in the absence and presence of sediment. Pesticidas, 21:
1-12.
VENTURINI, F.P.; CRUZ, C.; PITELLI, R.A. 2008 Toxicidade aguda do sulfato de cobre e do extrato aquoso de folhas secas de nim para o caramujo (Pomacea canaliculata). Acta Scientiarum Biological Science, 30(2): 179-184.
ZUCKER, E. 1985 Hazard Evaluation Division -Standard Evaluation Procedure - Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Fish. USEPA Publication, Washington, v. 540, 9: 85-006.
Aquática - Toxicidade Aguda í Método de ensaio com Daphnia ssp (Crustacea, Cladocera). 3ª ed. São Paulo. 22p.
ABNT - ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRADE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. 2011 NBR 15088: Ecotoxicologia
aquática í Toxidade aguda - Método de ensaio com peixes. São Paulo. 19p.
ADAMS, S.M. e GREELEY, M.S. 2000 Ecotoxicological indicators of water quality: using multi-response indicators to assess the health of aquatic ecosystems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 123: 103í 115.
ATHANASSOPOULOU, F.; KARAGOUNI, E.;DOTSIKA, E.; RAGIAS, V.; TAVLA, J.; CHRISTOFILLOYANIS, P.; VATSOS, I. 2004 Efficacy and toxicity of orally administrated anti-coccidial drugs for innovative treatments of Myxobolus sp. infection in Puntazzo puntazzo.Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 62: 217í 226.
BRAIN, R.A.; JOHNSON, D.J.; RICHARDS, S.M.;SANDERSON, H.; SIBLEY, P.K.; SOLOMON,K.R. 2004 Effects of 25 pharmaceutical compounds to Lemna gibba using a seven-day static-renewal test. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 23:371í 382.
BURGER, J.; GOCHFELD, M.; POWERS, C.W.;CLARKE, J.H.; BROWN, K.; KOSSON, D.; NILES, L.; DEY, A.; JEITNER, C.; PITTFIELD, T. 2013 Determining Environmental Impacts for Sensitive Species: Using Iconic Species as Bioindicators for Management and Policy.Journal of Environmental Protection, 4: 87-95.
CARRASCHI, S.P.; CRUZ, C.; MACHADO NETO,J.G.; CASTRO, M.P.; BORTOLUZZI, N.L.;GÍRIO, A.C.F. 2011a Eficácia do florfenicol e da oxitetraciclina no controle de Aeromonas hydrophila em pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 63: 579-583.
CARRASCHI, S.P.; SHIOGIRI, N.S.; VENTURINI,F.P.; CRUZ, C.; GIRIO, A.C.F.; MACHADO NETO, J.G. 2011b Acute toxicity and environmental risk of oxytetracyline and florfenicol antibiotics to pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 37(2):115-122.
CRUZ, C.; CUBO, P.; GOMES, G. R.; VENTURINI, F.P.; GUILHERME, P.E.; PITELLI, R.A. 2008 Sensibilidade de peixes neotropicais ao dicromato de potássio. Journal of the Brazilian
Society of Ecotoxicology, 3: 53-55.
DUFT, M.; SCHULTE-OEHLMANN, U.; TILLMANN, M.; MARKERT, B.; OEHLMANN, J. 2003 Toxicity of triphenyltin and tributyltin to the freshwater mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum in a new sediment biotest. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22(1): 145í 152.
EMEA - EUROPEAN MEDICINES AGENCY. 1998 Enrofloxacina. Anexo I. Lista das denominações,forma farmacêutica, dosagem do medicamento veterinário, espécies animais, via de administração e requerente nos estadosmembros, 10p.
FERREIRA, C.S.G.; NUNES, B.A.; HENRIQUESALMEIDA, J.M.M.; GUILHERMINO, L. 2007 Acute toxicity of oxytetracycline and florfenicol to the microalgae Tetraselmis chuii and to the crustacean Artemia parthenogenetica. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 67: 452í 458.
GOKTEPE, I.; PORTIER, R.; AHMEDNA, M. 2004 Ecological risk assessment of Neem based pesticides. Journal of Environmental Science Health,Part B, 39(2): 311-320.
HAMILTON, M.A.; RUSSO, R.C.; THURSTON, V.1977 Trimed Spearman-Karber method for estimating medial lethal concentrations in toxicoty bioassays. Environmental Science Techonollogy, 7: 714-719.
HELFRICH, L.A.; WEIGMANN, D.L.; HIPKINS, P.;STINSON, E.R. 1996 Pesticides and aquatic animals: a guide to reducing impacts on aquatic systems. Virginia Cooperative Extension.Virginia State University. Virginia, 24p.
LI, T.Y. e XIONG, Z.T. 2004 Cadmium-induced colony disintegration of duckweed (Lemna poucicostata Hegelm.) and as biomarker of phytotoxicity. Ecotoxicology and Environmental
Safety, 59(2): 174-179.
MSD. 2009 Aquaflor. Florfenicol. Technical Monograph for catfish health professionals. 36p.
MEHLHORN, H.; SCHMAHL, G.; HABERKORN, A.1988 Toltrazuril effective against a broad spectrum of protozoan parasites. Parasitology, 75:64-66.
MEDEIROS, L.S.; SOUZA, J.P.; WINKALER, E.U.;CARRASCHI, S.P.; CRUZ, C.; SOUZA-JíÅ¡NIOR, S.S.; MACHADO-NETO, J.G. 2013 Acute toxicity and environmental risk of teflubenzuron to Daphnia magna, Poecilia reticulata and Lemna minor in the absence and presence of sediment. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 48: 600í 606.
MUSMAN, M. 2010 Toxicity of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Kernel Extract on Pomacea canaliculata (Ampullariidae). Tropical Life Sciences Research,21(2): 41í 50.
NORDMO, R.; VARMA, K.J.; SUTHERLAND, I.H.;BROKKEN, E.S. 2006 Florfenicol in Atlantic salmon, Salmon salar L.: field evaluation of efficacy against furunculosis in Norway. Journal Fish Disease, 17: 239í 244.
OECD. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT. 2002
Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Lemna sp.Growth inhibition test. Paris. 22p.
OECD, ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT. 2009
OECD DRAFT GUIDANCE DOCUMENT. The Threshold Approach for Acute Fish Toxicity Testing,Paris. 4p.
PIYATIRATITIVORAKUL, P.; RUANGAREERAT,S.; VAJARASATHIRA, B. 2006 Comparative
toxicity of heavy metal compounds of the juvenile golden apple snail, Pomacea sp. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 15(5): 379-384.
PRO, J.; ORTIZ, J.A.; BOLEAS, S.; FERNÁNDEZ, C.;CARBONELL, G.; TARAZONA, J.V. 2003 Effect assessment of antimicrobial pharmaceuticals on the aquatic plant Lemna minor. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 70:290-295.
RUAMTHUM, W.; VISETSON, S.; MILNE, J.R.; BULLANGPOTI, V. 2010 Toxicity of botanical insecticides on golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata). Communications in Agricultural Applied Biological Sciences, 75(2): 191-7.
SCHMAHL, G. e MEHLHORN, H. 1988 Treatment of fish parasites 2. Effects of sym. Triazinona (toltrazuril) on monogenea. Parasitolology Research, 75: 132-145.
SOUZA, J.P.; MEDEIROS, L.S.; WINKALER, E.U.; MACHADO-NETO, J.G. 2011 Acute toxicity and environmental risk of diflubenzuron to Daphnia magna, Poecilia reticulata and Lemna minor in the absence and presence of sediment. Pesticidas, 21:
1-12.
VENTURINI, F.P.; CRUZ, C.; PITELLI, R.A. 2008 Toxicidade aguda do sulfato de cobre e do extrato aquoso de folhas secas de nim para o caramujo (Pomacea canaliculata). Acta Scientiarum Biological Science, 30(2): 179-184.
ZUCKER, E. 1985 Hazard Evaluation Division -Standard Evaluation Procedure - Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Fish. USEPA Publication, Washington, v. 540, 9: 85-006.
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2018-11-17
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