Acute toxicity and environmental risk of oxytetracyline and florfenicol antibiotics to pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)
Keywords:
xenobiotic, toxicity, neotropical fishAbstract
The oxytetracycline (OTC) and florfenicol (FLO) are the most used antibiotics for bacterial disease control in fish. The aims are: estimating the lethal concentration 50% initial (LC(I)50;48h) of OTC (Terramicina®) and FLO (Aquaflor®) for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus); classifying OTC and FLO according to the acute toxicity and the risk of environmental intoxication; and assessing OTC and FLO dilution effect in water quality variables. Fish were acclimatized for 10 days in a bioassay room at 27 ± 2°C. Then, nine animals (three each concentration) were exposed to 7.0; 7.5; 8.0 or 8.5 mg L-1 of OTC or to 600.0; 700.0; 800.0; 900.0 and 1000.0 mg L-1 of FLO and a control treatment. The water quality variables recorded daily were: pH, temperature, electric conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. OTC and FLO were classified according to acute toxicity and environmental risk. The estimated OTC LC(I)50;48h for pacu is 7.6 mg L-1 and the estimated FLO is >1000 mg L-1. OTC reduced the dissolved oxygen concentration, and it was considered moderately toxic, causing risk of environmental intoxication to pacu. FLO is not toxic; it does not cause risk of environmental intoxication to pacu and does not change water quality variables.
References
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CASTAGNOLLI, N. 1992 Piscicultura de água doce.Fundação de Estudos e Pesquisa em Agronomia,Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Jaboticabal.p.157-170.
CRUZ, C.; MACHADO-NETO, J.G.; MENEZES, M.L.2004 Toxicidade aguda do inseticida paration metílico e do biopesticida azadiractina de folhas de neem (Azadirachta indica) para alevino e juvenil de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Pesticidas: Revista de Ecotoxicologia e Meio Ambiente, Paraná, 14: 93-102.
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LUTZHOFT, H.C.H.; HALLING-SORENSEN, B.; JORGENSEN, S.E. 1999 Algal toxicity of
antibacterial agents applied in Danish fish farming. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Paron, 36: 1-6.
McGINNIS, A.; GAUNT, P.; SANTUCCI, T.;SIMMONS, R.; ENDRIS, R. 2003 In vitro
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NAMDARI, R.; ABEDINI, S.; LAW, F.C.P. 1996 Tissue distribution and elimination of
oxytetracycline in seawater chinook and salmon following medicated-fees treatment.Aquaculture., Amsterdan, 144: 27-38.
NORDMO, R.; VARMA, K.J.; SUTHERLAND, I.H.;BROKKEN, E.S. 2006 Florfenicol in Atlantic salmon, Salmon salar L.: evaluation of efficacy against furunculosis in Norway. Journal Fish Disease, Scotland, UK, 17: 239-244.
NUNES, B.; CARVALHO, F.; GUILHERMINO, L.2005 Acute toxicity of widely used
pharmaceuticals in aquatic species, Gambusia holbrooki, Artemia parthenogenetica and Tetraselmi chuii. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,Zabrze, 61: 413-419.
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PARK, S. and CHOI, K. 2008 Hazard assessment of commonly used agricultural antibiotics on aquatic ecosystems, Ecotoxicology, Oak Ridge,17: 526-538.
RACH, J.J.; JOHNSON, A.; RUDACILLE, J.B.; SCHLEIS, S.M. 2008 Efficacy of oxytetracycline hydrochloride bath immersion to control external columnaris disease on Walleye and Channel Catfish fingerlings. North American Journal of Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 70: 459-465.
RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T.; ISHIKAWA, C.M.; CAMPOS, B.E.S.; EIRAS, A.C. 1997
Hematological characteristics associated with parasitism in mullets, Mugil platanus, from the estuarine region of Cananéia, São Paulo, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, São Paulo, 14(2):329-339.
RIGOS, G. and TROISI, G.M. 2005 Antibacterial agents in Maditerranean finfish farming: A sinopsis of drug pharmacokinetics in important euryhaline fish species and possible environmental implications. Reviews in Fish Biological and Fisheries, Anchorage, 15: 53-73.
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SCOTT, P. 1993 Therapy in aquaculture. In: BROWN,L. (ed.), Aquaculture for Veterinarians. Pergamon Pres, Oxford. p.131-153.
SELJESTOKKEN, B.; BERGH, O.; MELINGEN, G.O.;RUDRA, H.; HETLILIDOLSEN, R.;
SAMUELSEN, O.B. 2006 Treating experimentally induced vibriosis (Listonella anguillarum) in cod, Gadus morhua L., with florfenicol. Journal of Fish Diseases, Scotland, 29:737-742.
STRAUS, D.L. 2004 Comparison of the acute toxicity of potassium permanganate to hybrid striped bass in well water and diluted well water. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, USA, 35: 55-60.
THOMAS-JINU, D.C.S. and GOODWIN, A.E. 2004 Acute columnaris infection in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque): efficacy of practical treatments for warm water aquaculture ponds. Journal Fish Disease, Scotland, 27: 23-28.
UENO, R.; KINOSHITA, A.; WAKABAYASHI, J.2004 Comparative pharmacokinetics of
oxytetracycline in eel and its fate in a closed aquatic environment. Aquaculture, Amsterdan,235: 53-63.
WANG, Q. and LI, J. 2004 Tissue distribution and elimination of oxytetracycline in perch Lateolabras japonicus and black seabream (Sparus macrocephalus) following oral administration.Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 237: 31-40.
WEBB, S.F. 2001 A data-based perspective on the environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals. I. Collation of vailable ecotoxicity data. In: KíÅ“MMERER, K. (ed.) Pharmaceuticals in the environment: sources, fate,effects and risks. Springer, Heidelberg. p.175-201.
WOLLENBERGER, L.; HALLING-Síâ„¢RENSENB, B.;KUSK, K.O. 2000 Acute and chronic toxicity of veterinary antibiotics to Daphnia magna.Chemosphere, Atlanta, 40: 723-730.
YASUNAGA, N. and YASUMOTO, S. 1988 Therapeutic effect of florfenicol on
experimentally induced pseudotuberculosis in yellow tail. Fish pathology, Tokyo, 23: 1-5.
ZAGATTO, P.A. and BERTOLETTI, E. 2008 Ecotoxicologia Aquática - Princípios e Aplicações,Editora Rima, São Carlos. 478p.
ZUCKER, E. 1985 Hazard Evaluation Division -Standard Evaluation Procedure - Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Fish. EPA 540/9-85-006. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington D.C.
ANDRADE, L.S.; ANDRADE, R.L.B.; BECKER, A.G.; BALDISSEROTO, B. 2006 Survival and behavior of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, submitted to antibiotics and sodium chloride treatments.Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 36(3): 1004-1007.
BASTOS, C.V.L.F.; SALLES, J.B.; VALENTE, R.H.;LEON, I.R.; PERALES, J.; DANTAS, R.F.;
ALBANO, R.M.; BASTOS, F.F.; BASTOS, J.C. 2007 Cytosolic glutathione peroxidase from
liver of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), a hypoxia-tolerant fish of the Pantanal. Biochimie,Paris, 89: 1332-1342.
BOXALL, A.B.A.; FOGG, L.A.; BLACKWELL, P.A.;KAY, P.; PEMBERTON, E.J.; CROXFORD, A. 2003 Veterinary medicines in the environment.Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, New York, 180: 1-91.
BULLOCK, G.L.; HSU, T.C.; SHOTTS, E.B.JR. 1986 Columnaris disease of fish. U.S. Fish and WiLC(I) life Service Fish Disease Leaflet, Virginia, 72: 1-9.
CASTAGNOLLI, N. 1992 Piscicultura de água doce.Fundação de Estudos e Pesquisa em Agronomia,Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Jaboticabal.p.157-170.
CRUZ, C.; MACHADO-NETO, J.G.; MENEZES, M.L.2004 Toxicidade aguda do inseticida paration metílico e do biopesticida azadiractina de folhas de neem (Azadirachta indica) para alevino e juvenil de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Pesticidas: Revista de Ecotoxicologia e Meio Ambiente, Paraná, 14: 93-102.
DARWISH, A.M. 2007 Laboratory efficacy of florfenicol against Spretoccocus inae infection in sunshine bass. Journal Aquatic Animal Health,Virginia, 19(1): 1-7.
CEC (COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES) 2003 Technical guidance
document in support of commission directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances. Part II, environmental risk assessment.Luxembourg: Office for official publication of the European Communities. p.337.
EGUCHI, K.; NAGASE H.; OZAWA, M.; ENDOH,Y.S.; GOTO, K.; HIRATA, K.; MIYAMOTO, K.; YOSHIMURA, H. 2004 Evaluation of antimicrobial agents for veterinary use in the
ecotoxicity test using microalgae. Chemosphere, Atlanta, 57: 1733-1738.
FDA, Food and Drug Administration. 1998 Aquaculture Drugs. In: Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance. (Second Edition).FDA: Washington, DC. p.115-132.
FUKUI, H.; FUJIHARA, Y.; KANO, T. 1987 In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of florfenicol, a new fluorinated analog of thiamphenicol,against fish pathogens. Fish Pathology, Tokyo, 22(4): 201-207.
GAIKOWSKI, M.P.; WOLF, J.C.; ENDRIS, R.G.;GINGERICH, W.H. 2003 Safety of Aquaflor
(Florfenicol, 50% Type A Medicated Article),Administered in Feed to Channel Catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus. Toxicologic Pathology, UK, 3:689-697.
HAMILTON, M.A.; RUSSO, R.C.; THURSTON, V.1977 Trimed Sperman-Karber method for estimating medial lethal concentrations in toxicology bioassays. Environmental Science Technology, Iowa, 7: 714-719.
HALLING-SíËœRENSEN, B.; NORS NIELSEN, S.;LANZKY, P.F.; INGERSLEV, F.; HOLTEN
LíÅ“TZíËœFT, H.C.; JíËœRGENSEN, S.E. 1998 Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical
substances in the environment - A review. Chemosphere, Salt Lake City, 36: 357-393.
HOLTEN-LíÅ“TZHíËœFT, H.C.; HALLINGSíËœRENSEN, B.; JíËœBRGENSEN, S.E. 1999 Algal
toxicity of antibacterial agents applied in Danish fish farming. Archieve Environmental Contamination Toxicology, Paron, 36: 1-6.
HUGHES, J.S. 1973 Acute toxicity of thirty chemicals to stripes bass (Morone sazatilis). Presented at the Western Association of State Game and Fish Commissioners in Salt Lake City, Utah. 5p.
INGLIS, V.; RICHARDS, R.H.; VARMA, K.J.; SUTHERLAND, I.H.; BROKKEN E.S. 1991
Florfenicol in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L,parr: tolerance and assessment of efficacy against furunculosis. Journal Fish Disease, Scotland, 14: 343-351.
ISIDORI, M.; LAVORGNA, M.; NARDELLI, A.;PASCARELLA, L.; PARELLA, A. 2005 Toxic
and genotoxic evaluation of six antibiotics on non-target organisms. Science of the Total Environment, Michigan, 346: 87-98.
JSA (Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture) Draft:Aquaculture Effluents Containing Drugs and Chemicals. 2000 Technical Subgroup for Drugs and Chemicals, JSA, Aquaculture Effluents Task Force. Washington, DC. 42p.
KIM, Y.; CHOI, K.; JUNG, J.; PARK, S.; KIM, P.; PARK, J. 2007 Aquatic toxicity of cetaminophen, carbamazepine, cimetidine, diltiazem and six major sulfonamides, and their potential ecological risks in Korea. Environment International, UK, 33: 370-375.
LIN, C.K. 1989 Shrimp culture in Taiwan: what went wrong? Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 20: 19-20.
LUTZHOFT, H.C.H.; HALLING-SORENSEN, B.; JORGENSEN, S.E. 1999 Algal toxicity of
antibacterial agents applied in Danish fish farming. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Paron, 36: 1-6.
McGINNIS, A.; GAUNT, P.; SANTUCCI, T.;SIMMONS, R.; ENDRIS, R. 2003 In vitro
evaluation of the susceptibility of Edwardsiella ictaluri, etiological agent of enteric septicemia in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque),to florfenicol. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, Athens, 15: 576-579.
NAMDARI, R.; ABEDINI, S.; LAW, F.C.P. 1996 Tissue distribution and elimination of
oxytetracycline in seawater chinook and salmon following medicated-fees treatment.Aquaculture., Amsterdan, 144: 27-38.
NORDMO, R.; VARMA, K.J.; SUTHERLAND, I.H.;BROKKEN, E.S. 2006 Florfenicol in Atlantic salmon, Salmon salar L.: evaluation of efficacy against furunculosis in Norway. Journal Fish Disease, Scotland, UK, 17: 239-244.
NUNES, B.; CARVALHO, F.; GUILHERMINO, L.2005 Acute toxicity of widely used
pharmaceuticals in aquatic species, Gambusia holbrooki, Artemia parthenogenetica and Tetraselmi chuii. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,Zabrze, 61: 413-419.
OECD, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2009 OECD DRAFT GUIDANCE DOCUMENT, The ThreshoLC(I) Approach for Acute Fish Toxicity Testing, Paris. 4p.
PARK, S. and CHOI, K. 2008 Hazard assessment of commonly used agricultural antibiotics on aquatic ecosystems, Ecotoxicology, Oak Ridge,17: 526-538.
RACH, J.J.; JOHNSON, A.; RUDACILLE, J.B.; SCHLEIS, S.M. 2008 Efficacy of oxytetracycline hydrochloride bath immersion to control external columnaris disease on Walleye and Channel Catfish fingerlings. North American Journal of Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 70: 459-465.
RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T.; ISHIKAWA, C.M.; CAMPOS, B.E.S.; EIRAS, A.C. 1997
Hematological characteristics associated with parasitism in mullets, Mugil platanus, from the estuarine region of Cananéia, São Paulo, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, São Paulo, 14(2):329-339.
RIGOS, G. and TROISI, G.M. 2005 Antibacterial agents in Maditerranean finfish farming: A sinopsis of drug pharmacokinetics in important euryhaline fish species and possible environmental implications. Reviews in Fish Biological and Fisheries, Anchorage, 15: 53-73.
SCHERING-PLOUGH ANIMAL HEALTH. 2009 Aquaflor. Florfenicol. Technical Monograph for catfish health professionals, U.S. 36p.
SCOTT, P. 1993 Therapy in aquaculture. In: BROWN,L. (ed.), Aquaculture for Veterinarians. Pergamon Pres, Oxford. p.131-153.
SELJESTOKKEN, B.; BERGH, O.; MELINGEN, G.O.;RUDRA, H.; HETLILIDOLSEN, R.;
SAMUELSEN, O.B. 2006 Treating experimentally induced vibriosis (Listonella anguillarum) in cod, Gadus morhua L., with florfenicol. Journal of Fish Diseases, Scotland, 29:737-742.
STRAUS, D.L. 2004 Comparison of the acute toxicity of potassium permanganate to hybrid striped bass in well water and diluted well water. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, USA, 35: 55-60.
THOMAS-JINU, D.C.S. and GOODWIN, A.E. 2004 Acute columnaris infection in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque): efficacy of practical treatments for warm water aquaculture ponds. Journal Fish Disease, Scotland, 27: 23-28.
UENO, R.; KINOSHITA, A.; WAKABAYASHI, J.2004 Comparative pharmacokinetics of
oxytetracycline in eel and its fate in a closed aquatic environment. Aquaculture, Amsterdan,235: 53-63.
WANG, Q. and LI, J. 2004 Tissue distribution and elimination of oxytetracycline in perch Lateolabras japonicus and black seabream (Sparus macrocephalus) following oral administration.Aquaculture, Amsterdan, 237: 31-40.
WEBB, S.F. 2001 A data-based perspective on the environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals. I. Collation of vailable ecotoxicity data. In: KíÅ“MMERER, K. (ed.) Pharmaceuticals in the environment: sources, fate,effects and risks. Springer, Heidelberg. p.175-201.
WOLLENBERGER, L.; HALLING-Síâ„¢RENSENB, B.;KUSK, K.O. 2000 Acute and chronic toxicity of veterinary antibiotics to Daphnia magna.Chemosphere, Atlanta, 40: 723-730.
YASUNAGA, N. and YASUMOTO, S. 1988 Therapeutic effect of florfenicol on
experimentally induced pseudotuberculosis in yellow tail. Fish pathology, Tokyo, 23: 1-5.
ZAGATTO, P.A. and BERTOLETTI, E. 2008 Ecotoxicologia Aquática - Princípios e Aplicações,Editora Rima, São Carlos. 478p.
ZUCKER, E. 1985 Hazard Evaluation Division -Standard Evaluation Procedure - Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Fish. EPA 540/9-85-006. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington D.C.
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