Gray water footprint of whiteleg shrimp intensive pond systems in brackish water
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017v43n3p426Keywords:
aquatic ecosystems, environmental impact, gray water footprint, Litopenaeus vannameiAbstract
This study aimed to identify, with the gray water footprint methodology, the water consumption and contaminant potential of intensive pond system of Litopenaeus vannamei. The study was conducted at the Yakult Experimental Farm - UFSC from September, 2014 to January, 2015, with zero water exchange, and with the environmental relevance substance the total phosphorus. The gray water footprint of intensive system of marine shrimp obtained was of 1,315.11 m³ per ton produced. This volume represents 68% of the volume used in production. The gray water footprint of intensive system of marine shrimp was influenced by the current legislation, as it is very permissive for total phosphorus releases end up leading to values that may be in disagreement with the assimilative capacity of the receiving body, affecting the aquatic ecosystem. For new gray water footprint calculations in Brazil there is a suggestion of the use of trophic state index as a maximum acceptable concentration reference of water bodies.
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PIÉRRI, V.; VALTER-SEVERINO, D.; OLIVEIRA, K. G.; SANTO, C. M. E.; VIEIRA, F. N.; SEIFFERT, W.
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RAY, A.J.; DRURY, T. H.; CECIL, A. 2017 Comparing clear-water RAS and biofloc systems: Shrimp
(Litopenaeus vannamei) production, water quality, and biofloc nutritional contributions estimated
using stable isotopes. Aquacultura Engineering,77(1): 9-14.
ROSS, L.G; TELFER, T.C.; FALCONER, L.; SOTO,D.; AGUILAR-MANJARREZ, J. 2013 Carrying
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Telfer, L. Falconer, D. Soto & J. AguilarManjarrez, eds. Site selection and carrying capacities for inland and coastal aquaculture, pp.19í 46. FAO/Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Expert Workshop, 6í 8 December 2010. Stirling, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings No. 21. Rome, FAO.282 pp.
S A M O C H A , T . M . ; S C H V E I T Z E R , R . ;KRUMMENAUER, D.; MORRIS, T.C. 2012 Recent advances in super-intensive, zeroexchange shrimp raceway systems. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 15(6) 70-71.
SANTA CATARINA 2009 LEI Estadual nº14.675, de 13 de abril de 2009. Institui o Código Estadual do Meio Ambiente e estabelece outras providências. Diário Oficial do Estado de Santa Catarina, 14 de
abril de 2009, nº 18.585.
SHARPLEY, A.N.; MCDOWELL, R.W.; KLEINMAN, P.J.A. 2001 Phosphorus loss from land to water:
integrating agricultural and environmental management. Plant and Soil, 237(2): 287-307.
VASS, K.K.; WANGENEO, A.; SAMANTA, S.;ADHIKARI, S.; MURALIDHAR, M. 2015 Phosphorus dynamics, eutrophication and fisheries in the aquatic ecosystems in India. Current Science, 108(7): 1306-1314.
WAINBERG, A.A. 2000 Na Criação de Camarões os Lucros e o Meio Ambiente devem Caminhar de
Mãos Dadas. Panorama da Aquicultura, 10(57):35-41.
shrimp farming in south-east Vietnam: Causes and options for control. Agricultural Water
Management, 97(6): 872-882.
APHA 2012 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22th Ed. American
Public Health Association, Washington, DC. BIAO, X.; KAIJIN. Y. 2007 Shrimp farming in China:
Operating characteristics, environmental impact and perspectives. Ocean & Coastal Management,
50(7): 538í 550.
BOSMA, R.H.; VERDEGEM, M.C.J. 2011 Sustainable aquaculture in ponds: Principles, practices and
limits. Livestock Science, 139(1-2): 58-68.
BOYD, C.E. 2003 Guidelines for aquaculture effluent management at the farm-level. Aquaculture,
226(1-4): 101í 112.
BOYD; C.E.; CORPRON, K.; BERNARD, E.;PENGSANG P. 2006 Estimates of bottom soil and effluent load of phosphorus at a semi-intensive marine shrimp farm. J. World Aquaculture Society, 37(1): 41í 47.
BOYD, C.E.; TUCKER, C.; MCNEVIN, A.; BOSTICK, K.; CLAY, J. 2007 Indicators of resource use
efficiency and environmental performance in fish and crustacean aquaculture. Reviews in
Fisheries Science, 15(4): 327í 360.
BRASIL, 2005 RESOLUÇÃO NORMATIVA do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente nº 357, de
17 de março de 2005. Dispõe sobre a classificação dos corpos de água e diretrizes ambientais para o seu enquadramento, bem como estabelece as condições e padrões de lançamento de efluentes, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 18 de março de 2005, nº. 053,
p. 58-63.
BRASIL, 2011 RESOLUÇÃO NORMATIVA do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente nº430, de 13 de maio de 2011. Dispõe sobre as condições e padrões de lançamento de efluentes,complementa e altera a Resolução n º 357, de 17 de março de 2005, do Conselho Nacional doMeio Ambiente-CONAMA. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 16 de maio de 2011, nº. 92, p.89.
BURFORD, M.A.; THOMPSON, P.J.; MCINTOSH, R.P.; BAUMAN; R.H.; PEARSON, D.C. 2003 Nutrient and microbial dynamics in highintensity, zero-exchange shrimp ponds in Belize.Aquaculture, 219(1-4): 93í 411.
BUI, T.D.; LUONG-VAN, J.; AUSTIN, C.M. 2012 Impact of shrimp farm effluent on water quality
in coastal areas of the world heritage-listed Ha Long Bay. American Journal of Environmental
Sciences, 8(2): 104í 116.
CARUSO JR - Estudos Ambientais & Engenharia Ltda 2004 Estudo de impacto ambiental (EIA/
RIMA) para abertura da barra e implantação dos molhes de fixação da foz do Rio Itapocu. Estudos
Ambientais, Prefeitura Municipal de Barra Velha, Santa Catarina.
ETHOS SERVIí"¡OS TÉCNICOS LTDA 2013 Relatório de diagnóstico ambiental da situação atual. Prefeitura Municipal de Barra Velha, Santa Catarina.
FRANKE, N.A.; BOYACIOGLU, H.; HOEKSTRA, A.Y. 2013 Grey water footprint accounting: Tier
1 supporting guidelines, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 65, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the
Netherlands.
GERBENS-LENNES, P.W.; MEKONNEN, M.M.; HOEKSTRA, A.Y. 2011 A comparative study on the water footprint of poultry, pork and beef in different countries and production systems.Value of Water Research Report Series, nº 55, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, Netherlands.
HOEKSTRA, A.Y.; CHAPAGAIN, A.K.; ALADAYA,M.M.; MEKONNEN, M.M. 2011 The water
footprint assessment manual: Setting the globalstandard. London, Earthscan, 203p.
KRUMMENAUER, D.; SAMOCHA, T.; POERSCH,L.; LARA, G.; WASIELESKY, W. 2014 The Reuse
of Water on the Culture of Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei, in BFT System. Journal of
the World Aquaculture Society, 45(1): 14.
LAI, D.Y.; LAM, K.C. 2008 Phosphorus retention and release by sediments in the eutrophic Mai Po
Marshes, Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin,57(6-12): 349í 356.
MCINTOSH, R.M. 2000 Changing paradigms in shrimp farming: III Pond desing and operation
considerations. The Global Aquaculture Advocate,3(1): 42-45.
MCINTOSH, R.M. 2001 Changing paradigms in shrimp farming: V Establishment of heterotrophic bacterial communities. The Global Aquaculture Advocate, 4(1): 53í 58.
MEKONNEN, M.M.; HOEKSTRA, A.Y. 2012 A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm
Animal Products. Ecosystems, 15(3): 401í 415.
MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT 2007 Pollution Departament Control. Notification of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment: Designated Brackish Aquaculture as Pollution Point Sources. Royal Government Gazette, 124 Part 84 D, B.E. 2550. Disponível em: <http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/en_reg_std_water04.html#s12> Acesso em 30 ago. 2016.
PEREIRA, A.C.; SILVA, R.F. 2012 Produção de tilápias.Programa Rio Rural. Manual Técnico 31, 52 p.
PHILMINAQ 2008 Water quality criteria and standards for freshwater and Marine Aquaculture. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources- Mitigating Impact of Aquaculture in the Philippines (BFAR) PHILMINAQ Project,Diliman, Quezon City.
PIEDRAHITA, R.H. 2003 Reducing the potential environmental impact of tank aquaculture
effluents through intensification and recirculation. Aquaculture, 226(1-4) 35í 44.
PIÉRRI, V.; VALTER-SEVERINO, D.; OLIVEIRA, K. G.; SANTO, C. M. E.; VIEIRA, F. N.; SEIFFERT, W.
Q. 2015 Cultivation of marine shrimp in biofloc technology (BFT) system under different water
alkalinities. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 75(3): 558-564.
RAY, A.J.; DRURY, T. H.; CECIL, A. 2017 Comparing clear-water RAS and biofloc systems: Shrimp
(Litopenaeus vannamei) production, water quality, and biofloc nutritional contributions estimated
using stable isotopes. Aquacultura Engineering,77(1): 9-14.
ROSS, L.G; TELFER, T.C.; FALCONER, L.; SOTO,D.; AGUILAR-MANJARREZ, J. 2013 Carrying
capacities and site selection within the ecosystem approach to aquaculture. In L.G. Ross, T.C.
Telfer, L. Falconer, D. Soto & J. AguilarManjarrez, eds. Site selection and carrying capacities for inland and coastal aquaculture, pp.19í 46. FAO/Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Expert Workshop, 6í 8 December 2010. Stirling, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings No. 21. Rome, FAO.282 pp.
S A M O C H A , T . M . ; S C H V E I T Z E R , R . ;KRUMMENAUER, D.; MORRIS, T.C. 2012 Recent advances in super-intensive, zeroexchange shrimp raceway systems. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 15(6) 70-71.
SANTA CATARINA 2009 LEI Estadual nº14.675, de 13 de abril de 2009. Institui o Código Estadual do Meio Ambiente e estabelece outras providências. Diário Oficial do Estado de Santa Catarina, 14 de
abril de 2009, nº 18.585.
SHARPLEY, A.N.; MCDOWELL, R.W.; KLEINMAN, P.J.A. 2001 Phosphorus loss from land to water:
integrating agricultural and environmental management. Plant and Soil, 237(2): 287-307.
VASS, K.K.; WANGENEO, A.; SAMANTA, S.;ADHIKARI, S.; MURALIDHAR, M. 2015 Phosphorus dynamics, eutrophication and fisheries in the aquatic ecosystems in India. Current Science, 108(7): 1306-1314.
WAINBERG, A.A. 2000 Na Criação de Camarões os Lucros e o Meio Ambiente devem Caminhar de
Mãos Dadas. Panorama da Aquicultura, 10(57):35-41.
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2017-09-25
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