SEX REVERSAL IN SIAMESE FIGHTING FISH LARVAE BY THERMAL MANAGEMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2021.47.e676Keywords:
fish farming;, larviculture;, masculinization;, ornamental fish.Abstract
The present study evaluated the influence of thermal management during the larviculture of Betta splendens on survival and sex ratio, aiming to increase the proportion of males. Newly hatched larvae were subjected to different thermal regimes, namely, T25, T28, T30 and T33 (25, 28, 30 and 33ºC, respectively). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design, with 4 treatments and 10 repetitions. Thermal treatment was maintained until 15 days post-hatch (DPH). Mortality was determined at the end of the thermal regime and again at 45 DPH. At the end of the experiment, the number of males and females obtained in the different thermal treatments was counted to analyze the obtained sex ratio. There was a significant effect on mortality as a function of temperature only at 15 DPH (p <0.001), with the lowest values recorded in treatments T25, T28 and T30. In terms of sex ratio, up to 65% of males were obtained in treatment T33 (p = 0.037). In conclusion, thermal management during the larval period can be a strategy to increase the proportion of males, but the increase in mortality due to the rise in temperature should be considered.
References
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Carvalho, R.S.; Mello, P.T.S.; Figueiredo, P.G.P.; Sousa, Q.R.R.B.; Silva, L.R.; Silva, R.R.; Lopes, J.M.; Ramos, L.R.V. 2021. Determination of the upper and lower critical limits of temperature in Betta splendens (Regan, 1910) larviculture. In: Cordeiro, C.A.M.; Sampaio, D.S.; Holanda, F.C.A.F. (eds). Engenharia de pesca, aspectos teóricos e práticos. Guarujá, SP: Editora Científica, p. 145-154. https://doi.org/10.37885/210203414.
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Dzikowski, R.; Hulata, G.; Karplus, I.; Harpaz, S. 2001. Effect of temperature and dietary L-carnitine supplementation on reproductive performance of female guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Aquaculture, 199(3-4): 323-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00561-0.
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Fujioka, Y. 2002. Effects of hormone treatments and temperature on sex-reversal of Nigorobuna Carassius carassius grandoculis. Fisheries Science, 68(4): 889-893. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-2906.2002.00507.x.
Gomes, V.D.S.; De Lima Amí¢ncio, A.L.; Jordão Filho, J.; Cavalcanti, C.R.; Batista, J.M.M.; Da Silva, J.H.V. 2019. Índices de desenvolvimento em juvenis Betta splendens alimentados com aditivos enzimáticos. Visão Acadêmica, 19(4): 46-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/acd.v19i1.61302.
Goto-Kazeto, R.; Abe, Y.; Masai, K.; Yamaha, E.; Adachi, S.; Yamauchi, K. 2006. Temperature-dependent sex differentiation in goldfish: establishing the temperature-sensitive period and effect of constant and fluctuating water temperatures. Aquaculture, 254(1-4): 617-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.10.009.
Harlioglu, M.M.; Mise-Yonar, S. 2008. The importance of temperature, individual size and habitat arrangement on the bubble nest construction of Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens Regan, 1910). International Journal of Science & Technology, 3(1): 53-58.
Jaroensutasinee, M.; Jaroensutasinee, K. 2001. Bubble nest habitat characteristics of wild Siamese fighting fish. Journal of Fish Biology, 58(5): 1311-1319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02288.x.
Kavumpurath, S.; Pandian, T.J. 1994. Masculinization of fighting fish, Betta splendens Regan, using synthetic or natural androgens. Aquaculture Research, 25(4): 373-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1994.tb00702.x.
Kestemont, P. 1995. Influence of feed supply, temperature and body size on the growth of goldfish Carassius auratus larvae. Aquaculture, 136(3-4): 341-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)00060-7.
Kipouros, K.; Paschos, I.; Gouva, E.; Ergolavou, A.; Perdikaris, C. 2011. Masculinization of the ornamental Siamese fighting fish with oral hormonal administration. Science Asia, 37(3): 277-280. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2011.37.277.
Kirankumar, S.; Pandian, T.J. 2002. Effect on growth and reproduction of hormone immersed and masculinized fighting fish Betta splendens. The Journal of Experimental Zoology, 293(6): 606-616. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.10181.
Kwon, Y.M.; Vranken, N.; Hoge, C.; Lichak, M.R.; Francis, K.X.; Camacho-Garcia, J.; Bista, I.; Wood, J.; McCarthy, S.; Chow, W.; Tan, H.H.; Howe, K.; Bandara, S.; von Lintig, J.; Durbin, R.; Svardal, H.; Bendesky, A. 2021. Genomic consequences of domestication of the Siamese fighting fish. bioRxiv 2021:1-30. Pre-print. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.29.442030.
Ospina-Álvarez, N.; Piferrer, F. 2008. Temperature-dependent sex determination in fish revisited: prevalence, a single sex ration response pattern, and possible effects of climate change. PLoS One, 3(7): e2837. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002837.
Pattiasina, B.J.; Pattinasarany, M.M.; Manuputty, M.M.D.; Kokmesa, E.R. 2021. Masculinization of beta fish larvae Betta splendens through the different treatment immersion of honey solution and larval age. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environment Sciences, 797(1): 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/797/1/012016.
Reis, V.R.; De Almeida, F.L.; Piferrer, F. 2016. Produção de populações monossexo em peixes. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 40(1): 22-28.
Sampaio, I.B.M. 2010. Estatística aplicada a experimentação animal. 3ª ed. Belo Horizonte: Fundação de Estudo e Pesquisa em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 264 p.
Santos, D.; Luzio, A.; Coimbra, A.M. 2017. Zebrafish sex differentiation and gonad development: a review on the impact of environmental factors. Aquatic Toxicology, 191: 141-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.08.005.
Schwertman, N.C.; Owens, M.A.; Adnan, R. 2004. A simple more general boxplot method for identifying outliers. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 47(1): 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2003.10.012.
SISCOMEX í Sistema Integrado de Comércio Exterior. 2020 [online] URL: http://comexstat.mdic.gov.br/pt/geral
Thongprajukaew, K.; Kovitvadhi, S.; Kovitvadhi, U.; Rungruangsakâ€ÂTorrissen, K. 2014. Pigment deposition and in vitro screening of natural pigment sources for enhancing pigmentation in male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens Regan, 1910). Aquaculture Research, 45(4): 709-719. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12009.
Zanoni, M.A.; Leal, T.V.; Caetano Filho, M.; de Oliveira, C.A.L.; Ribeiro, R.P. 2013. Sex reversal of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Supreme variety, fingerlings submitted to different temperatures for sexual differentiation phase. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 34(1): 455-466. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2013v34n1p455.
Zhang, W.; Wang, H.; Brandt, D.Y.C.; Hu, B.; Sheng, J.; Wang, M.; Luo, H.; Guo, S.; Sheng, B.; Zeng, Q.; Peng, K.; Zhao, D.; Jian, S.; Wu, D.; Wang, J.; van Esch, J.H.M.; Shi, W.; Ren, J.; Nielsen, R.; Hong, Y. 2021. The genetic architecture of phenotypic diversity in the betta fish (Betta splendens). bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.10.443352.
Zuanon, J.A.S.; Salaro, A.L.; Balbino, E.M.; Saraiva, A.; Quadros, M.; Fontanari, R.L. 2006. Níveis de proteína bruta em dietas para alevinos de acará-bandeira. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 35(5): 1893-1896. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006000700003.
Zuanon, J.A.S.; Salaro, A.L.; Furuya, W.M. 2011. Produção e nutrição de peixes ornamentais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(1): 165-174.
Baroiller, J.F.; D’cotta, H.; Saillant, E. 2009. Environmental effects on fish sex determination and differentiation. Sexual Development: Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution, Endocrinology, Embryology, and Pathology of Sex Determination and Differentiation, 3(2-3): 118-135. https://doi.org/10.1159/000223077.
Boyd, C.E.; Tucker, C.S. 2012. Pond aquaculture water quality management. USA: Springer Science & Business Media. 700p.
Budd, A.M.; Banh, Q.Q.; Domingos, J.A.; Jerry, D.R. 2015. Sex control in fish: approaches, challenges and opportunities for aquaculture. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 3(2): 329-355. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse3020329.
Carvalho, R.S.; Mello, P.T.S.; Figueiredo, P.G.P.; Sousa, Q.R.R.B.; Silva, L.R.; Silva, R.R.; Lopes, J.M.; Ramos, L.R.V. 2021. Determination of the upper and lower critical limits of temperature in Betta splendens (Regan, 1910) larviculture. In: Cordeiro, C.A.M.; Sampaio, D.S.; Holanda, F.C.A.F. (eds). Engenharia de pesca, aspectos teóricos e práticos. Guarujá, SP: Editora Científica, p. 145-154. https://doi.org/10.37885/210203414.
Dias, J.A.R.; Abe, H.A.; Sousa, N.C.; Ramos, F.M.; Cordeiro, C.A.M.; Fujimoto, R.Y. 2018. Uso do sal comum (NaCl) e densidade de estocagem durante a larvicultura de Betta splendens. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 42(3): 719-726. https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2016v42n3p719.
Dzikowski, R.; Hulata, G.; Karplus, I.; Harpaz, S. 2001. Effect of temperature and dietary L-carnitine supplementation on reproductive performance of female guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Aquaculture, 199(3-4): 323-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00561-0.
FAO í Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2020. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in Action. Rome, Italy: FAO. 244p. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en.
Faria, P.M.C.; Crepaldi, D.V.; Teixeira, E.A.; Ribeiro, L.P.; Souza, A.B.; Carvalho, D.C.; Melo, D.C.; Saliba, E.O.S. 2006. Criação, manejo e reprodução do peixe Betta splendens (Regan 1910). Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 30(3-4): 134-149.
Fujioka, Y. 2002. Effects of hormone treatments and temperature on sex-reversal of Nigorobuna Carassius carassius grandoculis. Fisheries Science, 68(4): 889-893. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-2906.2002.00507.x.
Gomes, V.D.S.; De Lima Amí¢ncio, A.L.; Jordão Filho, J.; Cavalcanti, C.R.; Batista, J.M.M.; Da Silva, J.H.V. 2019. Índices de desenvolvimento em juvenis Betta splendens alimentados com aditivos enzimáticos. Visão Acadêmica, 19(4): 46-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/acd.v19i1.61302.
Goto-Kazeto, R.; Abe, Y.; Masai, K.; Yamaha, E.; Adachi, S.; Yamauchi, K. 2006. Temperature-dependent sex differentiation in goldfish: establishing the temperature-sensitive period and effect of constant and fluctuating water temperatures. Aquaculture, 254(1-4): 617-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.10.009.
Harlioglu, M.M.; Mise-Yonar, S. 2008. The importance of temperature, individual size and habitat arrangement on the bubble nest construction of Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens Regan, 1910). International Journal of Science & Technology, 3(1): 53-58.
Jaroensutasinee, M.; Jaroensutasinee, K. 2001. Bubble nest habitat characteristics of wild Siamese fighting fish. Journal of Fish Biology, 58(5): 1311-1319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02288.x.
Kavumpurath, S.; Pandian, T.J. 1994. Masculinization of fighting fish, Betta splendens Regan, using synthetic or natural androgens. Aquaculture Research, 25(4): 373-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1994.tb00702.x.
Kestemont, P. 1995. Influence of feed supply, temperature and body size on the growth of goldfish Carassius auratus larvae. Aquaculture, 136(3-4): 341-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)00060-7.
Kipouros, K.; Paschos, I.; Gouva, E.; Ergolavou, A.; Perdikaris, C. 2011. Masculinization of the ornamental Siamese fighting fish with oral hormonal administration. Science Asia, 37(3): 277-280. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2011.37.277.
Kirankumar, S.; Pandian, T.J. 2002. Effect on growth and reproduction of hormone immersed and masculinized fighting fish Betta splendens. The Journal of Experimental Zoology, 293(6): 606-616. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.10181.
Kwon, Y.M.; Vranken, N.; Hoge, C.; Lichak, M.R.; Francis, K.X.; Camacho-Garcia, J.; Bista, I.; Wood, J.; McCarthy, S.; Chow, W.; Tan, H.H.; Howe, K.; Bandara, S.; von Lintig, J.; Durbin, R.; Svardal, H.; Bendesky, A. 2021. Genomic consequences of domestication of the Siamese fighting fish. bioRxiv 2021:1-30. Pre-print. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.29.442030.
Ospina-Álvarez, N.; Piferrer, F. 2008. Temperature-dependent sex determination in fish revisited: prevalence, a single sex ration response pattern, and possible effects of climate change. PLoS One, 3(7): e2837. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002837.
Pattiasina, B.J.; Pattinasarany, M.M.; Manuputty, M.M.D.; Kokmesa, E.R. 2021. Masculinization of beta fish larvae Betta splendens through the different treatment immersion of honey solution and larval age. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environment Sciences, 797(1): 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/797/1/012016.
Reis, V.R.; De Almeida, F.L.; Piferrer, F. 2016. Produção de populações monossexo em peixes. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 40(1): 22-28.
Sampaio, I.B.M. 2010. Estatística aplicada a experimentação animal. 3ª ed. Belo Horizonte: Fundação de Estudo e Pesquisa em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 264 p.
Santos, D.; Luzio, A.; Coimbra, A.M. 2017. Zebrafish sex differentiation and gonad development: a review on the impact of environmental factors. Aquatic Toxicology, 191: 141-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.08.005.
Schwertman, N.C.; Owens, M.A.; Adnan, R. 2004. A simple more general boxplot method for identifying outliers. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 47(1): 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2003.10.012.
SISCOMEX í Sistema Integrado de Comércio Exterior. 2020 [online] URL: http://comexstat.mdic.gov.br/pt/geral
Thongprajukaew, K.; Kovitvadhi, S.; Kovitvadhi, U.; Rungruangsakâ€ÂTorrissen, K. 2014. Pigment deposition and in vitro screening of natural pigment sources for enhancing pigmentation in male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens Regan, 1910). Aquaculture Research, 45(4): 709-719. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12009.
Zanoni, M.A.; Leal, T.V.; Caetano Filho, M.; de Oliveira, C.A.L.; Ribeiro, R.P. 2013. Sex reversal of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Supreme variety, fingerlings submitted to different temperatures for sexual differentiation phase. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 34(1): 455-466. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2013v34n1p455.
Zhang, W.; Wang, H.; Brandt, D.Y.C.; Hu, B.; Sheng, J.; Wang, M.; Luo, H.; Guo, S.; Sheng, B.; Zeng, Q.; Peng, K.; Zhao, D.; Jian, S.; Wu, D.; Wang, J.; van Esch, J.H.M.; Shi, W.; Ren, J.; Nielsen, R.; Hong, Y. 2021. The genetic architecture of phenotypic diversity in the betta fish (Betta splendens). bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.10.443352.
Zuanon, J.A.S.; Salaro, A.L.; Balbino, E.M.; Saraiva, A.; Quadros, M.; Fontanari, R.L. 2006. Níveis de proteína bruta em dietas para alevinos de acará-bandeira. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 35(5): 1893-1896. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006000700003.
Zuanon, J.A.S.; Salaro, A.L.; Furuya, W.M. 2011. Produção e nutrição de peixes ornamentais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(1): 165-174.
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2021-12-17
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