Response of the tambacu hybrid (Piaractus mesopotamicus Homberg, 1887 male x Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818 female) to single and consecutive stimuli of capture
Keywords:
fish, tambacu hybrid, stress, cortisol, glucose, hematologyAbstract
The effect of two kinds of capture stress on the physiological and hematological response were evaluated in tambacu hybrid (Piaractus mesopotamicus male x Colossoma macropomum female). Throughout the consecutive stimuli stress (CS), the samples were collected before (T0) the stress induction to determine basal values and one hour after each stimulus (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5). These groups of fish were submitted to five stresses with intervals of one hour. In the fish submitted to single stress (SS), the samples were collected before the stimulus (T0) to determine basal values and 60 min (T1); 90 min (T2); 120 min (T3); 150 min (T4), and 180 min after stress (T5). Therefore, fish were submitted to just one stress. Through CS, fish showed reduced cortisol concentration at T2; increased glucose levels from T1 with maximum at T4; increased number of blood leucocytes at T3; the hematocrit and erythrocyte number increased from T4; the percentage of monocytes and neutrophils increased, and that of lymphocytes reduced at T2. No alteration was observed in the levels of cortisol and glucose through SS. On the other hand, increased leucocyte number occurred at T1 and reduction on erythrocyte number, at T2. Thrombocyte number, hemoglobin rate and hematocrit did not alter but an increase on neutrophil percentage and a decrease on lymphocyte percentage from T1 were also observed. The study showed the quick response of tambacu hybrids to stress when compared to their parent Piaractus mesopotamicus.
References
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________ e ZITZOW, R.E. 1995 Physiological responses of juvenile walleyes to handling stress with recovery in
saline water. Prog. Fish Cult., Bethesda, 57: 267-276.Respostas do híbrido tambacu (P. mesopotamicus macho x C. macropomum fêmea) a estímulos
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in largemouth bass. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., Bethesda, 113: 767-777.
CASILLAS, E. e SMITH, L.S. 1977 Effect of stress on blood coagulation and haematology in rainbow trout (Salmo
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DAVIS, E.L. e SCHRECK, C.B. 1997 The energetic response to handling stress in juvenile coho salmon. Trans. Am.
Fish. Soc., Bethesda, 126: 248-258.
DAVIS, K.B. e PARKER, N.C. 1986 Plasma corticosteroid stress response of fourteen species of warmwater fish
to transportation. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., Bethesda,115: 495-499.
________; SUTTLE, M.A.; PARKER, N.C. 1984 Biotic and abiotic influences on corticosteroid hormone rhythms
in channel catfish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., Bethesda,113: 414-421.
DHEER, J.M.S.; DHEER, T.R.; MAHAJAN, C.L. 1987 Haematological and haematopoietic response to acid stress
in an air-breathing freshwater fish, Channa punctatus Bloch. J. Fish Biol., London, 30: 577-588.
DICK, P.T. e DIXON, D.G. 1985 Changes in circulating blood cell levels of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson,following acute and chronic exposure to copper. J. Fish Biol., London, 26: 475-481.
ELLSAESSER, C.F. e CLEM, L.W. 1986 Haematological and immunological changes in channel catfish stressed by
handling and transport. J. Fish Biol., London, 28:511-521.
FORSMANN, L.; PIRHONEN, J.; SOIVIO, A. 1998 Effect of longterm stress on the smolting of two forms of brown trout(Salmo trutta L.). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 168: 49-55.
FRYER, J.N. e PETER, R.E. 1977 Hypothalamic control of ACTH secretion in goldfish. III. Hypothalamic cortisol
implant studies. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., Orlando,33: 215-225.
GOLTERMAN, H.L.; CLYMO, R.S.; OHNSTAD, M.A. 1978 Methods for physical and chemical analysis of freshwates, 2.ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific (JNP Handbook, 8). 213p.
HATTINGH, J. e VAN PLETZEN, A.J. 1974 The influence of capture and transportation on some blood parameters
of fresh water fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Oxford,49: 607-609.
HONTELA, A.; DUMONT, P.; DUCLOS, D.; FORTIN, R. 1995 Endocrine and metabolic dysfunction in yellow perch, Perca flavescens, exposed to organic contaminants and heavy metals in the St. Lawrence River. Arch. Environ.
Contamin. Toxicol., New York, 14: 725-731.
HOUSTON, A.H.; DOBRIC, N.; KAHURANANGA, R. 1996 The nature of hematological response in fish. Fish Physiol. Biochem., Amsterdam, 15: 339-347.
HWANG, P.P.; WU, S.M.; LIN, J.H.; WU, L.S. 1992 Cortisol content of eggs and larvae of teleosts. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., Orlando, 86: 189-196.
JOHANSON-SJí–BECK, M.; DAVE, G.; LARSSON, A.; LEWANDER, K.; LIDMAN, U. 1978 Hematological effects of cortisol in the european eel, Anguilla anguilla L. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Oxford, 60: 165-168.
KEBUS, M.J.; COLLINS, M.T.; BROWNFIELD, M.S.; AMUNDSON, C.H.; KAYES, T.B.; MALISON, J.A. 1992 Effects of rearing density on the stress response and growth of rainbow trout. J. Aquat. Anim. Health, Bethesda, 4: 1-6.
KING, E.J. e GARNER, R.J. 1947 Colorimetric determination of glucose. J. Clin. Pathol., London, 1: 30-33.
KRIEGER-AZZOLINI, M.H.; DELATTRE, E.; CARLSFELD, J.;CECCARELI, P.S.; MENEZES, F.V. 1989 A time-course study
of physiological indicators of handling stress in the tropical fish Piaractus mesopotamicus (Pacu). Braz. J.Med. Biol. Res., São Paulo, 22: 1019-1022.
MARTINS, M.L.; MORAES, F.R.; MORAES, J.R.E.; MALHEIROS, E.C. 2000 Falha na resposta do cortisol ao estresse por
captura e por carragenina em Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes: Characidae). Acta Scientiarum, Paraná, 22: 545-552.
MAZUR, C.F. e IWAMA, G.K. 1993 Handling and crowding stress reduces number of plaque-forming cells in Atlantic salmon. J. Aquat. Anim. Health, Bethesda, 5: 98-101.
MCCORMICK, S.D.; SHRIMPTOM, J.M.; CAREY, J.B.; O´DEA, M.F.; SLOAN, K.E.; MORIYAMA, S.; BJí–RNSSON, B.T. 1998
Repeated acute stress reduces growth rate of Atlantic salmon parr and alters plasma levels of growth hormone,
insulin-like growth factor 1 and cortisol. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 168: 221-235.
NOLAN, D.T.; OP’T VELD, R.L.J.M.; BALM, P.H.M.; WENDELAAR BONGA, S.E. 1999 Ambient salinity modulates the response of the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), to net confinement. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 177: 297-309.
PICKERING, A.D. e POTTINGER, T.G. 1987 Poor water quality suppresses the cortisol response of salmonid fish to
handling and confinement. J. Fish Biol., London, 30:363-374.
PICKFORD, G.E.; SRIVASTAVA, A.K.; SLICHER, A.M.; PANG, P.K.T. 1971 The stress response in the abundance of
circulating leucocytes in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. I. The cold-shock sequence and the effects of hypophysectomy. J. Experim. Zool., New York,177: 89-96. MARTINS et al.
POTTINGER, T.G. e MORAN, T.A. 1993 Differences in plasma cortisol and cortisone dynamics during stress in two strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Fish Biol., London, 43: 121-130.
_______; PICKERING, A.D.; HURLEY, M.A. 1992 Consistency in the stress response of individuals of two strains of
rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 103: 275-289.
PROCARIONE, L.S.; BARRY, T.P.; MALISON, J.A. 1999 Effects of high rearing densities and loading rates on the growth and stress responses of juvenile rainbow trout. North Am. J. Aquac., Bethesda, 61: 91-96.
RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T. 1995 Células do sangue periférico e contagem diferencial de leucócitos de tainha Mugil
platanus Gunther, 1880 (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) da região estuarino-lagunar de Cananéia - SP (Lat.25°00’S-Long. 47o55’W). B. Inst. Pesca, São Paulo, 22: 23-40.
ROBERTSON, L.; THOMAS, P.; ARNOLD, C.R. 1988 Plasma cortisol and secondary stress responses of cultured red
drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) to several transportation procedures. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 68: 115-130.
ROSENFELD, G. 1947 Corante pancrômico para hematologia e citologia clínica. Nova combinação dos componentes do May-Grünwald e do Giemsa num só corante de emprego rápido. Mem. Inst. Butantan, São
Paulo, 20: 329-334.
RUANE, N.M.; HUISMAN, E.A.; KOMEN, J. 2001 Plasma cortisol and metabolite level profiles in two isogenic strains of common carp during confinement. J. Fish Biol., London, 59: 1-12.
SALONIUS, K. e IWAMA, G.K. 1993 Effects of early rearing environment on stress response, immune function, and
disease resistance in juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha).Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., Ottawa, 50: 759-766.
SELYE, H. 1950 Stress and the general adaptation syndrome.British Med. J., London, 1: 1383-1392.
SNEDECOR, G.W. e COCHRAN, G. 1974 Statistical Methods. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
SOIVIO, A. e OIKARI, A. 1976 Haematological effects of stress on a teleost, Esox lucius L. J. Fish Biol., London,
8: 397-411.
SOPINSKA, A. 1984 Effect of physiological factors, stress, and disease on the hematological parameters of carp, with a particular reference to leukocyte pattern. II. Hematological results of stress in carp. Acta Ichthyol.
Pisc., Szczecin, 14: 121-139.
SUMPTER, J.P. 1997 The endocrinology of stress. In: IWAMA, G.K.; PICKERING, A.D.; SUMPTER, J.P.; SCHERECK, C.B.
Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture. Cambridge:Cambridge Universtity Press. p.95-117.
SUN, L.T.; CHEN, G.R.; CHANG, C.F. 1992 The physiological responses of tilapia exposed to low temperatures.
J. Thermal Biol., Exeter, 17: 149-153.
SWIFT, D.J. 1983 Blood component value changes in the atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) subjected
to capture, handling and confinement. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Oxford, 76A: 795-802.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; SCHALCH, S.H.C.; MARTINS, M.L.; SILVA, E.D.; MORAES, F.R.; PERECIN, D. 1999a Hematologia
de teleósteos brasileiros com infecção parasitária. I.Variáveis do Leporinus macrocephalus Garavelo e
Britski, 1988 (Anostomidae) e Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Characidae). Acta Scientiarum, Paraná, 21: 337-342.
________; TENANI, R.A.; GIOLI, L.D.; FAUSTINO, C.D. 1999b Características hematológicas de teleósteos brasileiros. II.Parí¢metros sanguíneos do Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes: Characidae) em policultivo intensivo. Revta Bras Zool., Paraná, 16: 423-431.
________; SANDRIM, E.F.S.; MORAES, F.R.; CARNEIRO, P.C.F. 2001 Physiological responses of "tambaquiâ€Â
Colossoma macropomum (Characidae) to acute stress. B. Inst. Pesca, São Paulo, 27(1): 43-48.
VIJAYAN, M.M. e MOON, T.W. 1994 The stress response and the plasma disappearance of corticosteroid and glucose in a marine teleost, the sea raven. Can. J. Zool., Ottawa,72: 379-382.
WEINREB, E.L. 1958 Studies on the histology and histopathology of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri irideus. I. Hematology: Under normal and experimental conditions of inflammation. Zoologica, New York,43: 145-154.
WENDELAAR BONGA, S.E. 1997 The stress response in fish.Physiol. Rev., 77: 591-625.
YOUNG, P.S. e CECH JR., J.J. 1993 Effects of exercise conditioning on stress responses and recovery in ultured and wild young-of-the-year striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., Ottawa,50: 2094-2099.
________; WOEHL, V.M.; WASSERMANN, G.F.; QUEVEDO, R.M.; ITTZÉS, I.; KRIEGER, M.H. 2001 Plasma levels
of cortisol and glucose in response to capture and tank transference in Rhamdia quelen (QUOY e GAIMARD),
a South American catfish. Aquac. Res., Oxford, 32:121-123.
BARTON, B.A.; SCHRECK, C.B.; SIGISMONDI, L.A. 1986 Multiple acute disturbances evoke cumulative physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., Bethesda, 115:245-251.
________ e ZITZOW, R.E. 1995 Physiological responses of juvenile walleyes to handling stress with recovery in
saline water. Prog. Fish Cult., Bethesda, 57: 267-276.Respostas do híbrido tambacu (P. mesopotamicus macho x C. macropomum fêmea) a estímulos
CARMICHAEL, G.J.; TOMASSO, J.R.; SIMCO, B.A.; DAVIS, K.B.1984 Confinement and water quality induced stress
in largemouth bass. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., Bethesda, 113: 767-777.
CASILLAS, E. e SMITH, L.S. 1977 Effect of stress on blood coagulation and haematology in rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri). J. Fish Biol., London, 10: 481-491.
DAVIS, E.L. e SCHRECK, C.B. 1997 The energetic response to handling stress in juvenile coho salmon. Trans. Am.
Fish. Soc., Bethesda, 126: 248-258.
DAVIS, K.B. e PARKER, N.C. 1986 Plasma corticosteroid stress response of fourteen species of warmwater fish
to transportation. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., Bethesda,115: 495-499.
________; SUTTLE, M.A.; PARKER, N.C. 1984 Biotic and abiotic influences on corticosteroid hormone rhythms
in channel catfish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., Bethesda,113: 414-421.
DHEER, J.M.S.; DHEER, T.R.; MAHAJAN, C.L. 1987 Haematological and haematopoietic response to acid stress
in an air-breathing freshwater fish, Channa punctatus Bloch. J. Fish Biol., London, 30: 577-588.
DICK, P.T. e DIXON, D.G. 1985 Changes in circulating blood cell levels of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson,following acute and chronic exposure to copper. J. Fish Biol., London, 26: 475-481.
ELLSAESSER, C.F. e CLEM, L.W. 1986 Haematological and immunological changes in channel catfish stressed by
handling and transport. J. Fish Biol., London, 28:511-521.
FORSMANN, L.; PIRHONEN, J.; SOIVIO, A. 1998 Effect of longterm stress on the smolting of two forms of brown trout(Salmo trutta L.). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 168: 49-55.
FRYER, J.N. e PETER, R.E. 1977 Hypothalamic control of ACTH secretion in goldfish. III. Hypothalamic cortisol
implant studies. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., Orlando,33: 215-225.
GOLTERMAN, H.L.; CLYMO, R.S.; OHNSTAD, M.A. 1978 Methods for physical and chemical analysis of freshwates, 2.ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific (JNP Handbook, 8). 213p.
HATTINGH, J. e VAN PLETZEN, A.J. 1974 The influence of capture and transportation on some blood parameters
of fresh water fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Oxford,49: 607-609.
HONTELA, A.; DUMONT, P.; DUCLOS, D.; FORTIN, R. 1995 Endocrine and metabolic dysfunction in yellow perch, Perca flavescens, exposed to organic contaminants and heavy metals in the St. Lawrence River. Arch. Environ.
Contamin. Toxicol., New York, 14: 725-731.
HOUSTON, A.H.; DOBRIC, N.; KAHURANANGA, R. 1996 The nature of hematological response in fish. Fish Physiol. Biochem., Amsterdam, 15: 339-347.
HWANG, P.P.; WU, S.M.; LIN, J.H.; WU, L.S. 1992 Cortisol content of eggs and larvae of teleosts. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., Orlando, 86: 189-196.
JOHANSON-SJí–BECK, M.; DAVE, G.; LARSSON, A.; LEWANDER, K.; LIDMAN, U. 1978 Hematological effects of cortisol in the european eel, Anguilla anguilla L. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Oxford, 60: 165-168.
KEBUS, M.J.; COLLINS, M.T.; BROWNFIELD, M.S.; AMUNDSON, C.H.; KAYES, T.B.; MALISON, J.A. 1992 Effects of rearing density on the stress response and growth of rainbow trout. J. Aquat. Anim. Health, Bethesda, 4: 1-6.
KING, E.J. e GARNER, R.J. 1947 Colorimetric determination of glucose. J. Clin. Pathol., London, 1: 30-33.
KRIEGER-AZZOLINI, M.H.; DELATTRE, E.; CARLSFELD, J.;CECCARELI, P.S.; MENEZES, F.V. 1989 A time-course study
of physiological indicators of handling stress in the tropical fish Piaractus mesopotamicus (Pacu). Braz. J.Med. Biol. Res., São Paulo, 22: 1019-1022.
MARTINS, M.L.; MORAES, F.R.; MORAES, J.R.E.; MALHEIROS, E.C. 2000 Falha na resposta do cortisol ao estresse por
captura e por carragenina em Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes: Characidae). Acta Scientiarum, Paraná, 22: 545-552.
MAZUR, C.F. e IWAMA, G.K. 1993 Handling and crowding stress reduces number of plaque-forming cells in Atlantic salmon. J. Aquat. Anim. Health, Bethesda, 5: 98-101.
MCCORMICK, S.D.; SHRIMPTOM, J.M.; CAREY, J.B.; O´DEA, M.F.; SLOAN, K.E.; MORIYAMA, S.; BJí–RNSSON, B.T. 1998
Repeated acute stress reduces growth rate of Atlantic salmon parr and alters plasma levels of growth hormone,
insulin-like growth factor 1 and cortisol. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 168: 221-235.
NOLAN, D.T.; OP’T VELD, R.L.J.M.; BALM, P.H.M.; WENDELAAR BONGA, S.E. 1999 Ambient salinity modulates the response of the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), to net confinement. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 177: 297-309.
PICKERING, A.D. e POTTINGER, T.G. 1987 Poor water quality suppresses the cortisol response of salmonid fish to
handling and confinement. J. Fish Biol., London, 30:363-374.
PICKFORD, G.E.; SRIVASTAVA, A.K.; SLICHER, A.M.; PANG, P.K.T. 1971 The stress response in the abundance of
circulating leucocytes in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. I. The cold-shock sequence and the effects of hypophysectomy. J. Experim. Zool., New York,177: 89-96. MARTINS et al.
POTTINGER, T.G. e MORAN, T.A. 1993 Differences in plasma cortisol and cortisone dynamics during stress in two strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Fish Biol., London, 43: 121-130.
_______; PICKERING, A.D.; HURLEY, M.A. 1992 Consistency in the stress response of individuals of two strains of
rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 103: 275-289.
PROCARIONE, L.S.; BARRY, T.P.; MALISON, J.A. 1999 Effects of high rearing densities and loading rates on the growth and stress responses of juvenile rainbow trout. North Am. J. Aquac., Bethesda, 61: 91-96.
RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T. 1995 Células do sangue periférico e contagem diferencial de leucócitos de tainha Mugil
platanus Gunther, 1880 (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) da região estuarino-lagunar de Cananéia - SP (Lat.25°00’S-Long. 47o55’W). B. Inst. Pesca, São Paulo, 22: 23-40.
ROBERTSON, L.; THOMAS, P.; ARNOLD, C.R. 1988 Plasma cortisol and secondary stress responses of cultured red
drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) to several transportation procedures. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 68: 115-130.
ROSENFELD, G. 1947 Corante pancrômico para hematologia e citologia clínica. Nova combinação dos componentes do May-Grünwald e do Giemsa num só corante de emprego rápido. Mem. Inst. Butantan, São
Paulo, 20: 329-334.
RUANE, N.M.; HUISMAN, E.A.; KOMEN, J. 2001 Plasma cortisol and metabolite level profiles in two isogenic strains of common carp during confinement. J. Fish Biol., London, 59: 1-12.
SALONIUS, K. e IWAMA, G.K. 1993 Effects of early rearing environment on stress response, immune function, and
disease resistance in juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha).Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., Ottawa, 50: 759-766.
SELYE, H. 1950 Stress and the general adaptation syndrome.British Med. J., London, 1: 1383-1392.
SNEDECOR, G.W. e COCHRAN, G. 1974 Statistical Methods. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
SOIVIO, A. e OIKARI, A. 1976 Haematological effects of stress on a teleost, Esox lucius L. J. Fish Biol., London,
8: 397-411.
SOPINSKA, A. 1984 Effect of physiological factors, stress, and disease on the hematological parameters of carp, with a particular reference to leukocyte pattern. II. Hematological results of stress in carp. Acta Ichthyol.
Pisc., Szczecin, 14: 121-139.
SUMPTER, J.P. 1997 The endocrinology of stress. In: IWAMA, G.K.; PICKERING, A.D.; SUMPTER, J.P.; SCHERECK, C.B.
Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture. Cambridge:Cambridge Universtity Press. p.95-117.
SUN, L.T.; CHEN, G.R.; CHANG, C.F. 1992 The physiological responses of tilapia exposed to low temperatures.
J. Thermal Biol., Exeter, 17: 149-153.
SWIFT, D.J. 1983 Blood component value changes in the atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) subjected
to capture, handling and confinement. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Oxford, 76A: 795-802.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; SCHALCH, S.H.C.; MARTINS, M.L.; SILVA, E.D.; MORAES, F.R.; PERECIN, D. 1999a Hematologia
de teleósteos brasileiros com infecção parasitária. I.Variáveis do Leporinus macrocephalus Garavelo e
Britski, 1988 (Anostomidae) e Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Characidae). Acta Scientiarum, Paraná, 21: 337-342.
________; TENANI, R.A.; GIOLI, L.D.; FAUSTINO, C.D. 1999b Características hematológicas de teleósteos brasileiros. II.Parí¢metros sanguíneos do Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes: Characidae) em policultivo intensivo. Revta Bras Zool., Paraná, 16: 423-431.
________; SANDRIM, E.F.S.; MORAES, F.R.; CARNEIRO, P.C.F. 2001 Physiological responses of "tambaquiâ€Â
Colossoma macropomum (Characidae) to acute stress. B. Inst. Pesca, São Paulo, 27(1): 43-48.
VIJAYAN, M.M. e MOON, T.W. 1994 The stress response and the plasma disappearance of corticosteroid and glucose in a marine teleost, the sea raven. Can. J. Zool., Ottawa,72: 379-382.
WEINREB, E.L. 1958 Studies on the histology and histopathology of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri irideus. I. Hematology: Under normal and experimental conditions of inflammation. Zoologica, New York,43: 145-154.
WENDELAAR BONGA, S.E. 1997 The stress response in fish.Physiol. Rev., 77: 591-625.
YOUNG, P.S. e CECH JR., J.J. 1993 Effects of exercise conditioning on stress responses and recovery in ultured and wild young-of-the-year striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., Ottawa,50: 2094-2099.
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