Yeast and zinc as pro-nutrients in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets: Hematological aspects
Keywords:
Saccharomyces sp., yeast, zinc, pro-nutrient, feed additiveAbstract
This research evaluated the effect of supplementation of spray dried sugar-cane yeast and zinc (zinc oxide), as pro-nutrients in Nile tilapia diets, on some hematological parameters. Two hundred tilapia fingerlings with initial average weight (1.12±0.05 g) were distributed in 40 aquaria (5 fish/aquarium), in recirculating water system with controlled temperature. The experimental design was factorial 3x3 design (levels of yeast and zinc) plus an additional treatment (control), totaling 10 treatments with four replicates in completely randomized blocks. The experimental diets, isoproteic (30.0% DP) and isoenergetic (3,200 kcal ED/kg diet) were supplemented with three yeast levels (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) and three zinc levels (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg diet). An additional diet with no pro-nutrient was used (control). The number of erythrocytes, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, total plasmatic protein and macroscopic alterations on digestive tract were analyzed. After 90 days, results of hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume showed interaction between levels of yeast and zinc. It was concluded that the proposed levels of yeast and zinc did not provide severe alterations on the evaluated hematological parameters and that it is possible to use them in combination as pro-nutrients in Nile tilapia diets.
References
BOYD, C.E. 1990 Water quality management in ponds for fish culture. Development in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science. New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. 480p.
FELDMAN, B.F. 2000 Schalmís Veterinaty Hematology. 5.ed. Philadelphia: Ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 1221p.
GATLIN, D.M.; PHILLIPS, H.F.; TORRANS, E.L. 1989 Effects of various levels of dietary cooper and zinc of channel catfi sh. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 76: 127-134.
HAHN, J.D. e BAKER, D.H. 1993 Growth and plasma zinc responses of young pigs fed pharmacologic
levels of zinc. Journal of Animal Science, London,71: 3020-3024.
HISANO, H.; PEZZATO, L.E.; BARROS, M.M.; FREIRE, E.S.; GONí"¡ALVES, G.S.; FERRARI, J.E.C. 2004 Zinco e levedura desidratada de álcool como pró-nutrientes para alevinos de til·pia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Acta Scientiarum, Maring·,26(2): 171-179.
KNOX, D.; COWEY, C.B.; ADRON, J.W. 1982 Effects of dietary copper and copper : zinc ratio on rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 27: 111-119.
KNOX, D.; COWEY, C.B.; ADRON, J.W. 1984 Effects of dietary zinc intake upon copper metabolism in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 40: 199-207.
LI, P. e GATLIN III, D.M. 2003 Evaluation of brewers yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as feed supplement
for hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 219: 681-692.
NRC (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL) 1993 Nutrient requirements of fish. Washington: National Academy Press. 124p.
ORTUâ€"O, J.; CUESTA, A.; RODRí-GUEZ, A.; ESTEBAN,M.A.; MESEGUER, J. 2002 Oral administration of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enhances the cellular inate immune response of gilthead seabream (Spaurus auratus L.). Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol.,Amsterdam, 85: 41-50.
ROBERTS, R.J. 1989 Fish Pathology. 2.ed. Philadelphia:Ed. Elsevier. 467p.
RUMSEY, G.L.; KINSELLA, J.E.; SHETTY, K.J. 1991 Effect of high dietary concentration of brewers dried yeast on growth performance and liver uricase in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Animal Feed Sci. Technol., Amsterdam, 33: 177-183.
S£NCHEZ-MUNIZ, F.J.; DE LA HIGUERA, M.;MATAIX, F.J.; VARELA, G. 1979 The yeast Hansenula anmala as protein source for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Hematological aspects.Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Oxford, 63A(1): 153-157.
S£NCHEZ-MUNIZ, F.J.; DE LA HIGUERA, M.;MATAIX, F.J.; VARELA, G. 1982 Alterations of erythrocytes of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by the use of Hansenula anmala yeast as sole protein source. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Oxford,72A(4): 693-696.
STEEL, R.G.D. e TORRIE, S.H. 1984 Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. 2.ed.London: Mc Graw-Hill International. 633p
SWENSON, M.J. 1996 Propriedades fisiológicas e constituintes químicos e celulares do sangue. In: DUKES, H.H.; SWENSON, M.J.; REECE, W.O. Fisiologia dos animais domésticos. 11.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan. p.19-43.
TACON, A.G.J. e COOKE, D.J. 1980 The nutrition value of dietary nucleic acids to trout. Nutri. Rep.Int. Stonehan., 22 (5): 631-640.
TACON, A.G.J. 1990 Standard methods for the nutrition and feeding of farmed fi sh and shrimp. The essential
nutrients. 1.ed. Washington D.C.: Argent Laboratories Press-Redmond. 208p.
TAVARES-DIAS, M. e FAUSTINO, C.D. 1998 Par‚metros hematológicos da til·pia do Nilo Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae) em cultivo extensivo. Ars Veterinária, Jaboticabal, 14(3): 254-263.
