Digestible nutrients of nile tilapia feed
Keywords:
amino acids, digestibility, energy, nutrition, Nile tilapiaAbstract
The utilization of energetic and protein feeds, highly digestible as well, becomes more and more necessary due to the quality of formulated rations, fish performance and relationship with the environment. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter, protein, energy, phosphorus, and amino acids of corn starch, corn, wheat, rice, soybean, cottonseed meal, corn gluten and fish meal were determined for Nile tilapia. ADC was determined using a reference diet based on albumin, gelatin, corn starch, and the inert indicator chromium III oxide (Cr2O3). Each test diet was composed by 70% of reference diet and 30% of the test diet. Feces were collected using modified Guelph system. ADC values for protein and average ADC of amino acids were as follows: corn 89.76 and 96.43%, rice meal 95.88 and 92.26%, wheat meal 93.54 and 84.41%, fish meal 82.59 and 86.36%, corn gluten 89.82 and 87.98%, soybean meal 94.13 and 91.93%, cotton meal 87.10 and 77.47%, respectively. According to the results of this work, ADC of protein is not a reliable indicator of ADC values of amino acids, even more so for wheat meal, corn, and cotton meal. Among protein feeds, soybean meal was found to have the highest ADC for protein and amino acids, while corn was the energetic feed with the highest ADC (86.15%) for energy.
References
AIN (American Institute of Nutrition) 1977.Standards for Nutritional Studies Report,
Report of the American institute of nutrition ad hoc committee on standards for nutrition studies, Journal Nutrition, London, 107: 1340-1348.
ALLAN, G. L.; PARKINSON, S.; BOOTH, M.A. 2000 Replacentemet of fish meal in diets for Australian silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus: I.Digestibility of alternative ingredients. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 186: 293-310.
ALSTED, N.S. 1991 Studies on the reduction of discharges from fish farms by modification of the diet In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FEEDING FISH IN OUR WATER:NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUACULTURE WASTE, 1991, Ontario. Anais... p.77-90.
ANDERSON, J.S.; LALL, S.P.; ANDERSON, D.M.1992 Apparent and true availability of amino acids from common feed ingredients for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in sea water. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 108: 111-114.
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS í AOAC. Official methods of
analysis. 14 ed., Washington, D.C., p.152-160,1984.
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS í AOAC. 2000 Official methods of
analysis. 17 ed., Maryland. p.5-20.
BOSCOLO, W.R.; HAYASHI, C.; MEURER, F.2002 Digestibilidade aparente da energia e
nutriente de alimentos convencionais e alternativos para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus, L.). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, 31(2):539-545.
BREMER NETO, H., GRANER, C.A.F., PEZZATO, L.E. 2005. The spectrophotometric
method on the routine of 1,5-diphenylcarbazide was adjusted on chromium determination in feces, after its utilization as a biological marker as chromium (III) oxide. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 25(3): 691-697.
BRISSON, G.J. 1956 On the routine determination of chromic oxide in feces.
Canadian Journal of Agriculture Science, Toronto, 36: 210-212.
CHENG, Z.J. & HARDY, R.W. 2002 Apparent digestibility coefficients and nutritional value of cottonseed meal for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture,
Amsterdam, 212: 361-372.
DE SILVA, S.S.; ANDERSON, T.A. 1995 Fish Nutrition Aquaculture. London: Chapman &
Hall, 319p.
DE SILVA, S.S.; GUNASEKERA, R.M.; GOOLEY,G. 2000 Digestibility and amino acid
availability of three protein-rich ingredientincorporated diets by Murray cod
Maccullochella peelii peelli (Mitchell) and the Australian shortfin eel Anguilla australis Richardson. Aquaculture Research, Idaho, 31:195-205.
DEGANI, G.; REVACH, A. 1991 Digestive capabilities of three commensal fish species:
carp, Cyprinus carpio L., tilápia, Oreochromis aureus x O. niloticus, and African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1882). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Inverness, 22: 397-403.
FOSTER, I. 1999 A note on the method of calculating digestibility coefficients of
nutrients provided by single ingredients to feeds of aquatic animals. Aquaculture
Nutrition, Bergen, 5: 143-145.
FREIRE, E.S.; HISANO, H.; GONí"¡ALVES, G.S. 2001 Determinação de Cr2O3 utilizado como marcador de rações em fezes de peixes por GFAAS após mineralização em forno de microondas. In: ENCONTRO REGIONAL DE QUÍMICA DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE QUÍMICA, 31., 2001, Araraquara. Anais...Araraquara: Instituto de Química da Unesp, p.73.
FURUYA, W.M. 2000 Digestibilidade aparente de aminoácidos e substituição da proteína da farinha de peixe pela proteína do farelo de soja com base no conceito de proteína ideal em rações para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Botucatu.
70p. (Tese de Doutoramento. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP).
FURUYA, W.M.; PEZZATO, L.E.; FURUYA,V.R.B. 1999 Digestibilidade aparente da
proteína e aminoácidos do farelo de canola pela tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. In: ACUICULTURA VENEZUELA, 1999. Anais...Puerto La Cruz: WAS/LAC. p. 206-217.
FURUYA, W.M.; PEZZATO, L.E.; PEZZATO, A.C.2001 Coeficientes de digestibilidade e valores de aminoácidos digestíveis de alguns ingredientes para a Tilápia do Nilo
(Oreochromis niloticus). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, 30(4): 1143-1149.
GAYLORD, T.G.; GATLIN III, D.M. 1996 Apparent digestibility coefficients and
nutritional value of cottonseed meal for rainbow trout. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 139:303-314.
GOLDMAN, H.N.; L.G. HARGIS. Analytical Chemists.1969. 490p.
GONí"¡ALVES, G.S. 2003 Digestibilidade aparente de alimentos vegetais suplementados com fitase pela tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus).
Botucatu. 72p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP).
GONí"¡ALVES, G.S. 2007 Digestibilidade e exigência de lisina, proteína e energia em dietas para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus).Jaboticabal: 98p. (Tese de Doutoramento.Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP).
GONí"¡ALVES, G.S.; PEZZATO, L.E.; BARROS,M.M. 2004 Digestibilidade aparente e
suplementação de fitase em alimentos vegetais para a tilápia do Nilo. Acta
Scientiarum Animal Sciences, Maringá, 26(3):313-321.
GONí"¡ALVES, G.S; PEZZATO, L.E.; BARROS, M.M. 2005 Disponibilidade Aparente do Mg,Ca, Zn, Cu, Mn e Fe e Suplementação de Fitase em Alimentos Vegetais para a Tilápia do Nilo. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa,34(6): 2155-2163.
GUIMARíES, I.G. 2006 Digestibilidade aparente, pela tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), de alimentos extrusados. Botucatu. 65p.(Dissertação de Mestrado. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. UNESP.
HANLEY, F. 1987 The digestibility of foodstuffs and effects of feeding selectivity and
digestibility determinations in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam , 66: 163-179.
HOSSAIN, M.A.; JAUNCEY, K. 1989 Studies on the protein, energy and amino acids
digestibility of fish meal, mustard oilcake, linseed and sesame meal for commom carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture, Amsterdam,83:59-72.
JOHNSEN, F.; WANDSVIK, A. 1991 The impact of high energy diets on pollution control in the fish farming industry. In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
FEEDING FISH IN OUR WATER: NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUACULTURE WASTE, 1991, Ontario. Anais... p.51-64.
Kí–PRíÅ“CíÅ“, K.; í–ZDEMIR, Y. 2005. Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients for Nile tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam , 250: 308-316.
KUBARIK, J. 1997 Tilapia on highly flexible diets.Feed International, Califórnia, 6: 16-18.
LEE, S.M. 2002 Apparent digestibility coefficients of various feed ingredients for juvenile and grower rockfish (Sebastesschlegeli).Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 207: 79-95.
LIU, B-L.; RAFIQ, A.; TZENG, Y-M. 1998 The induction and characterization of phytase and beyond. Enzime and Microbial Technology,Amsterdam, 22: 415-424.
LOVELL, T. 1981 Cottonseed meal in fish feeds.Feedstuffs, Califórnia, 53-52: 28-29.
MARTIN, S. D. 1990 Gossypol effects in animal feeding can be controlled. Feedstuffs,
Califórnia, 62: 14-7.
MASUMOTO, T.; RUCHIMAT, T.; ITO, Y. 1996 Amino acid availability values for several
protein sources for yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 146:109-119.
McGOOGAN, B.B.; REIGH, R.C. 1996 Apparent digestibility of selected ingredients in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) diets. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 141: 233-244.
MEURER, F.; HAYASHI, C.; BOSCOLO, W.R. 2003. Digestibilidade aparente de alguns
alimentos protéicos para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Revista Brasileira de Zootencia, Viçosa, 32(6):1801-1809.
NOSE, T. 1960 On the digestion of food protein by gold-fish (Carassius auratus) and rainbow trout (Salmo irideus G). Bulletin Freshwater Fish Research, Inverness, 10: 11-20.
NRC 1993 (National Research Council), Nutrient requirement of fish. National
Academy Press, Washington, DC. 114p.
OGUNJI, J.O. 2004 Alternative protein sources in diets for farmed. Nutrition abstracts and reviews: series B, 74(9): 23-32.
PEZZATO, L.E.; Miranda, E.C, Barros, M.M.; Pinto, L.G.Q.; Furuya, W.M.; Pezzato, A.C.
2002. Digestibilidade aparente de ingredientes pela tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, 31(4):1595-1604.
PORTZ, L. 2001 Utilização de diferentes fontes protéicas em dietas formuladas pelo conceito de proteína ideal para o "black bass†(Micropterus salmoides). Piracicaba. 88p. (Tese de Doutoramento. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, USP).
RICHARD, J., LEE, J.K., DABROWSKI, K. 2003 Influence of gossipol from cottonseed meal on hematology, reproductive steroids and tissue gossypol enantiomer concentrations in male rainbow trout (Oncorhymchus mykiss).Aquaculture nutrition, Bergen, 9: 275-282.
RICHE, M.; BROWN, P.B. 1996. Availability of phosphorus from feedstuffs fed to rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 142: 269-282.
SADIKU, S.O.E.; JAUNCEY, K. 1995 Digestibility,apparent amino acid availability and waste generation potential of soybean flour: poultry meat blend based diets for tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L), fingerling. Aquaculture Research,Oxford, 26: 651-657.
SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems Institute) 1995 Use's guide, version 6. 4 ed., Cary:
SAS®/STAT, SAS Institute, 365p.
SMALL, B.C. ; AUSTIC, R.E.; JOSEPH Jr., H.S.1999 Amino acid availability of four practical feed ingredients fed to striped bass Morone saxatilis. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 30(1): 58-64.
STONE, D.A.J.; ALLAN, G.L.; PARKINSON, S. 2000 Replacement of fish meal in diets for
Australian silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus III. Digestibility and growth using meat products.Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 186: 311-326.
STOREBAKKEN, T.; SHEARER, K.D.;BAEVERFJORD, G. 2000 Digestibility of
macronutrients, energy and amino acids,absorption of elements and absence of
intestinal enteritis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fed diets with wheat gluten. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 184: 115-132.
SULLIVAN, J.A.; REIGH, R.C. 1995 Apparent digestibility of selected feedstuffs in diets for hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysops). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 138: 313-322.
TENGJAROENKUL, B.; SMITH, B.J.CACECI, T.2000 Distribution of intestinal enzyme
activities along the intestinal tract of cultured Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L.
Aquaculture, Amsterdam , 182: 317-327.
UM, Y.Y.; LAM, T.J.; GUO, J.Y; 2000 Protein digestibility and amino acid availability of
several protein sources for several protein sources for juvenile Chineses hairy crab
Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne-Edwards (Decapoda, Grapsidae). Aquaculture Research,
Oxford, 31: 757-765.
VIELMA, J.; LALL, S.P.; KOSKELA, J. 1998 Effects of dietary phytase and cholecalciferol on phosphorus bioavailability in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture,
Amsterdam , 163(3-4): 309-323.
VIOLA, S.; ARIELI, Y. 1983 Nutrition studies in tilapia hybrids. II. The effects of oils
supplement to practical diets for intensive aquaculture. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture,Bamidgeh, 35: 44-52.
WATANABE, F.S.; ONSENI, S.R. 1965 Soil Science Society American Proceedings, 29:
677.
WILSON, R.P. 1985 Amino acid and protein requirements of fish. In: EL-SAYED, A.F.M.;
TESHIMA, C.B.; MAKIE, A.M. Nutrition and feeding of fish. London: Academic Press. p.1-16.
WILSON, R.P.; ROBINSON, E.H.; POE, W.E. 1981 Apparent and true availability of amino acids from common feed ingredients for channel catfish. Journal Nutrition, London, 111: 923-929.
ZIMMERMANN, S; FITZSIMMONS, K. 2004 Tilapicultura intensiva. In: CYRINO, J.E.P.;
URBINATI, E.C.; FRACALOSSI, D. M.; CASTAGNOLLI, N. Tópicos especiais em piscicultura de água doce tropical intensiva. SãoPaulo: Tecart, p.239-266.
Report of the American institute of nutrition ad hoc committee on standards for nutrition studies, Journal Nutrition, London, 107: 1340-1348.
ALLAN, G. L.; PARKINSON, S.; BOOTH, M.A. 2000 Replacentemet of fish meal in diets for Australian silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus: I.Digestibility of alternative ingredients. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 186: 293-310.
ALSTED, N.S. 1991 Studies on the reduction of discharges from fish farms by modification of the diet In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FEEDING FISH IN OUR WATER:NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUACULTURE WASTE, 1991, Ontario. Anais... p.77-90.
ANDERSON, J.S.; LALL, S.P.; ANDERSON, D.M.1992 Apparent and true availability of amino acids from common feed ingredients for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in sea water. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 108: 111-114.
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS í AOAC. Official methods of
analysis. 14 ed., Washington, D.C., p.152-160,1984.
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS í AOAC. 2000 Official methods of
analysis. 17 ed., Maryland. p.5-20.
BOSCOLO, W.R.; HAYASHI, C.; MEURER, F.2002 Digestibilidade aparente da energia e
nutriente de alimentos convencionais e alternativos para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus, L.). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, 31(2):539-545.
BREMER NETO, H., GRANER, C.A.F., PEZZATO, L.E. 2005. The spectrophotometric
method on the routine of 1,5-diphenylcarbazide was adjusted on chromium determination in feces, after its utilization as a biological marker as chromium (III) oxide. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 25(3): 691-697.
BRISSON, G.J. 1956 On the routine determination of chromic oxide in feces.
Canadian Journal of Agriculture Science, Toronto, 36: 210-212.
CHENG, Z.J. & HARDY, R.W. 2002 Apparent digestibility coefficients and nutritional value of cottonseed meal for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture,
Amsterdam, 212: 361-372.
DE SILVA, S.S.; ANDERSON, T.A. 1995 Fish Nutrition Aquaculture. London: Chapman &
Hall, 319p.
DE SILVA, S.S.; GUNASEKERA, R.M.; GOOLEY,G. 2000 Digestibility and amino acid
availability of three protein-rich ingredientincorporated diets by Murray cod
Maccullochella peelii peelli (Mitchell) and the Australian shortfin eel Anguilla australis Richardson. Aquaculture Research, Idaho, 31:195-205.
DEGANI, G.; REVACH, A. 1991 Digestive capabilities of three commensal fish species:
carp, Cyprinus carpio L., tilápia, Oreochromis aureus x O. niloticus, and African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1882). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Inverness, 22: 397-403.
FOSTER, I. 1999 A note on the method of calculating digestibility coefficients of
nutrients provided by single ingredients to feeds of aquatic animals. Aquaculture
Nutrition, Bergen, 5: 143-145.
FREIRE, E.S.; HISANO, H.; GONí"¡ALVES, G.S. 2001 Determinação de Cr2O3 utilizado como marcador de rações em fezes de peixes por GFAAS após mineralização em forno de microondas. In: ENCONTRO REGIONAL DE QUÍMICA DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE QUÍMICA, 31., 2001, Araraquara. Anais...Araraquara: Instituto de Química da Unesp, p.73.
FURUYA, W.M. 2000 Digestibilidade aparente de aminoácidos e substituição da proteína da farinha de peixe pela proteína do farelo de soja com base no conceito de proteína ideal em rações para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Botucatu.
70p. (Tese de Doutoramento. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP).
FURUYA, W.M.; PEZZATO, L.E.; FURUYA,V.R.B. 1999 Digestibilidade aparente da
proteína e aminoácidos do farelo de canola pela tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. In: ACUICULTURA VENEZUELA, 1999. Anais...Puerto La Cruz: WAS/LAC. p. 206-217.
FURUYA, W.M.; PEZZATO, L.E.; PEZZATO, A.C.2001 Coeficientes de digestibilidade e valores de aminoácidos digestíveis de alguns ingredientes para a Tilápia do Nilo
(Oreochromis niloticus). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, 30(4): 1143-1149.
GAYLORD, T.G.; GATLIN III, D.M. 1996 Apparent digestibility coefficients and
nutritional value of cottonseed meal for rainbow trout. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 139:303-314.
GOLDMAN, H.N.; L.G. HARGIS. Analytical Chemists.1969. 490p.
GONí"¡ALVES, G.S. 2003 Digestibilidade aparente de alimentos vegetais suplementados com fitase pela tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus).
Botucatu. 72p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP).
GONí"¡ALVES, G.S. 2007 Digestibilidade e exigência de lisina, proteína e energia em dietas para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus).Jaboticabal: 98p. (Tese de Doutoramento.Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP).
GONí"¡ALVES, G.S.; PEZZATO, L.E.; BARROS,M.M. 2004 Digestibilidade aparente e
suplementação de fitase em alimentos vegetais para a tilápia do Nilo. Acta
Scientiarum Animal Sciences, Maringá, 26(3):313-321.
GONí"¡ALVES, G.S; PEZZATO, L.E.; BARROS, M.M. 2005 Disponibilidade Aparente do Mg,Ca, Zn, Cu, Mn e Fe e Suplementação de Fitase em Alimentos Vegetais para a Tilápia do Nilo. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa,34(6): 2155-2163.
GUIMARíES, I.G. 2006 Digestibilidade aparente, pela tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), de alimentos extrusados. Botucatu. 65p.(Dissertação de Mestrado. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. UNESP.
HANLEY, F. 1987 The digestibility of foodstuffs and effects of feeding selectivity and
digestibility determinations in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam , 66: 163-179.
HOSSAIN, M.A.; JAUNCEY, K. 1989 Studies on the protein, energy and amino acids
digestibility of fish meal, mustard oilcake, linseed and sesame meal for commom carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture, Amsterdam,83:59-72.
JOHNSEN, F.; WANDSVIK, A. 1991 The impact of high energy diets on pollution control in the fish farming industry. In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
FEEDING FISH IN OUR WATER: NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUACULTURE WASTE, 1991, Ontario. Anais... p.51-64.
Kí–PRíÅ“CíÅ“, K.; í–ZDEMIR, Y. 2005. Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients for Nile tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, Amsterdam , 250: 308-316.
KUBARIK, J. 1997 Tilapia on highly flexible diets.Feed International, Califórnia, 6: 16-18.
LEE, S.M. 2002 Apparent digestibility coefficients of various feed ingredients for juvenile and grower rockfish (Sebastesschlegeli).Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 207: 79-95.
LIU, B-L.; RAFIQ, A.; TZENG, Y-M. 1998 The induction and characterization of phytase and beyond. Enzime and Microbial Technology,Amsterdam, 22: 415-424.
LOVELL, T. 1981 Cottonseed meal in fish feeds.Feedstuffs, Califórnia, 53-52: 28-29.
MARTIN, S. D. 1990 Gossypol effects in animal feeding can be controlled. Feedstuffs,
Califórnia, 62: 14-7.
MASUMOTO, T.; RUCHIMAT, T.; ITO, Y. 1996 Amino acid availability values for several
protein sources for yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 146:109-119.
McGOOGAN, B.B.; REIGH, R.C. 1996 Apparent digestibility of selected ingredients in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) diets. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 141: 233-244.
MEURER, F.; HAYASHI, C.; BOSCOLO, W.R. 2003. Digestibilidade aparente de alguns
alimentos protéicos para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Revista Brasileira de Zootencia, Viçosa, 32(6):1801-1809.
NOSE, T. 1960 On the digestion of food protein by gold-fish (Carassius auratus) and rainbow trout (Salmo irideus G). Bulletin Freshwater Fish Research, Inverness, 10: 11-20.
NRC 1993 (National Research Council), Nutrient requirement of fish. National
Academy Press, Washington, DC. 114p.
OGUNJI, J.O. 2004 Alternative protein sources in diets for farmed. Nutrition abstracts and reviews: series B, 74(9): 23-32.
PEZZATO, L.E.; Miranda, E.C, Barros, M.M.; Pinto, L.G.Q.; Furuya, W.M.; Pezzato, A.C.
2002. Digestibilidade aparente de ingredientes pela tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, 31(4):1595-1604.
PORTZ, L. 2001 Utilização de diferentes fontes protéicas em dietas formuladas pelo conceito de proteína ideal para o "black bass†(Micropterus salmoides). Piracicaba. 88p. (Tese de Doutoramento. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, USP).
RICHARD, J., LEE, J.K., DABROWSKI, K. 2003 Influence of gossipol from cottonseed meal on hematology, reproductive steroids and tissue gossypol enantiomer concentrations in male rainbow trout (Oncorhymchus mykiss).Aquaculture nutrition, Bergen, 9: 275-282.
RICHE, M.; BROWN, P.B. 1996. Availability of phosphorus from feedstuffs fed to rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 142: 269-282.
SADIKU, S.O.E.; JAUNCEY, K. 1995 Digestibility,apparent amino acid availability and waste generation potential of soybean flour: poultry meat blend based diets for tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L), fingerling. Aquaculture Research,Oxford, 26: 651-657.
SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems Institute) 1995 Use's guide, version 6. 4 ed., Cary:
SAS®/STAT, SAS Institute, 365p.
SMALL, B.C. ; AUSTIC, R.E.; JOSEPH Jr., H.S.1999 Amino acid availability of four practical feed ingredients fed to striped bass Morone saxatilis. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 30(1): 58-64.
STONE, D.A.J.; ALLAN, G.L.; PARKINSON, S. 2000 Replacement of fish meal in diets for
Australian silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus III. Digestibility and growth using meat products.Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 186: 311-326.
STOREBAKKEN, T.; SHEARER, K.D.;BAEVERFJORD, G. 2000 Digestibility of
macronutrients, energy and amino acids,absorption of elements and absence of
intestinal enteritis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fed diets with wheat gluten. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 184: 115-132.
SULLIVAN, J.A.; REIGH, R.C. 1995 Apparent digestibility of selected feedstuffs in diets for hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysops). Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 138: 313-322.
TENGJAROENKUL, B.; SMITH, B.J.CACECI, T.2000 Distribution of intestinal enzyme
activities along the intestinal tract of cultured Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L.
Aquaculture, Amsterdam , 182: 317-327.
UM, Y.Y.; LAM, T.J.; GUO, J.Y; 2000 Protein digestibility and amino acid availability of
several protein sources for several protein sources for juvenile Chineses hairy crab
Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne-Edwards (Decapoda, Grapsidae). Aquaculture Research,
Oxford, 31: 757-765.
VIELMA, J.; LALL, S.P.; KOSKELA, J. 1998 Effects of dietary phytase and cholecalciferol on phosphorus bioavailability in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture,
Amsterdam , 163(3-4): 309-323.
VIOLA, S.; ARIELI, Y. 1983 Nutrition studies in tilapia hybrids. II. The effects of oils
supplement to practical diets for intensive aquaculture. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture,Bamidgeh, 35: 44-52.
WATANABE, F.S.; ONSENI, S.R. 1965 Soil Science Society American Proceedings, 29:
677.
WILSON, R.P. 1985 Amino acid and protein requirements of fish. In: EL-SAYED, A.F.M.;
TESHIMA, C.B.; MAKIE, A.M. Nutrition and feeding of fish. London: Academic Press. p.1-16.
WILSON, R.P.; ROBINSON, E.H.; POE, W.E. 1981 Apparent and true availability of amino acids from common feed ingredients for channel catfish. Journal Nutrition, London, 111: 923-929.
ZIMMERMANN, S; FITZSIMMONS, K. 2004 Tilapicultura intensiva. In: CYRINO, J.E.P.;
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2018-11-04
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