Performance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) using peruvian watergrass (Luziola peruviana) as main food source
Keywords:
biologic control, fish culture, pond, extensive fish cultureAbstract
For irrigated rice are built pond for water storage, which, over time, are colonized by aquatic macrophytes that reduce the capacity of the retention of the water and increase the loss by evapotranspiration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) feeding with Luziola peruviana (Peruvian watergrass), the dominant species in shallow ponds in Rio Grande do Sul. The production of the herbivorous grass carp during four years allowed assessing the variation of the conditions that exist in an extensive system of creation. The introduction of fish has always occurred in October with the harvesting in April of the following year. The pond has area of 7.62 ha of water surface and maximum depth of 1.24 m. The biomass of L. peruviana was estimated by the method of square plots of 0.25 m2 at 15 points randomly distributed in the pond. The grazed areas were measured each year before the introduction of the fish and after the harvesting. The fish consume the stems and leaves, that representing a biomass of 9,852 kg DM ha-1. The grass carp had a good performance, since it obtained a mean weight gain of 1.0 kg fish-1 after 180 days, specific growth rate of 0.74 g day-1 and feed conversion ratio of 43 kg DM kg-1 fish. The initial biomass of 93 kg ha-1 of grass carp, using juveniles of 320 g of weight, was adequate for a good performance of the fish, and for the efficient control of the macrophyte L. peruviana.
References
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comunidade de macrófitas aquáticas em um açude de contenção (São Jerônimo, RS).
Revista Brasileira de Biociências, Porto Alegre,5(1): 828-830.
AOAC-ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS. 2000 Official
Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17a ed. Gaithersburg: AOAC.
APHA-AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION. 1998 Standard Methods for
the examination of water and wastewater. 20 ed. Washington DC: APHA/American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment
Federation. 964p.
ARRIGNON, J. 1979 Ecologia y piscicultura de águas dulces. Madrid: Ediciones Mundi-Prensa. 365p.
BAIRAGI, A.; GHOSH, K.S.; SEN, S.K.; RAY, A.K.2002 Enzyme producing bacterial flora
isolated from fish digestive tracts. Aquaculture International, New York, 10(2): 109-121.
BERGAMASCHI, H.; GUADAGNIN, M.R.;CARDOSO, L.S.; SILVA, M.I.G. 2003 Clima da
estação experimental da UFRGS (e região de abrangência). Porto Alegre: UFRGS. 78p.
BOLDRINI, I.I.; LONGHI-WAGNER, H.M.; BOECHAT, S.C. 2005 Morfologia e taxonomia de gramíneas sul-riograndenses. Porto Alegre:UFRGS. 96p.
CAI, Z. and CURTIS, L.R. 1989 Effects of diet on consumption, growth and fatty acid
composition in young grass carp. Aquaculture,Amsterdan, 81(1): 47-60.
CAMARGO, J.B.J.; NETO, J.R.; EMANUELLI, T.;LAZZARI, R.; COSTA, M.L.; LOSEKANN,
M.E.; LIMA, R.L.D.; SCHERER, R.; AUGUSTI, P.R.; PEDRON, F.D.A.; MEDEIROS, T.D.S.
2006 Cultivo de alevinos de carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) alimentados com ração e forragens cultivadas. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, Pelotas, 12(2): 211-215.
CASTAGNOLLI, N. 1992 Criação de peixes de água doce. Jaboticabal: Funep. 189p.
CATARINO, L.F.; FERREIRA, M.T.; MOREIRA, I.S. 1997 Preferences of grass carp for
macrophytes in Iberian drainage channels.Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, Tehran,35(2): 79-83.
CHILTON II, E.W. and MUONEKE, M.I. 1992 Biology and management of grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinidae) for vegetation control: a North American
perspective. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, London, 2(4): 283-320.
COSTA, M.L.; NETO, J.R.; LAZZARI, R.; LOSEKANN, M.E.; SUTILI, F.J.; BRUM, A.Z.;
VEIVERBERG, C.A.; GRZECZINSKI, J.A. 2008 Juvenis de carpa capim alimentados com
capim teosinto e suplementados com diferentes taxas de arraçoamento. Ciência
Rural, Santa Maria, 38(2): 492-497.
CUDMORE, B. and MANDRAK, N.E. 2004 Biological Synopsis of Grass Carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella). Burlington: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 44p.
GODDARD, S. 1996 Feed management in intensive aquaculture. New York: Chapman
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HAJRA, A. 1987 Biochemical investigations on the protein-calorie availability in grass
carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) from an aquatic weed (Ceratophyllum demersum
Linn.) in the tropics. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 61(2): 113-120.
HALL, S.R. and MILLS, E.L. 2000 Exotic species in large lakes of the world. Aquatic Ecossystem Health and Management, Burlington, 3: 105-135.
HANLON, S.G.; HOYER, M.V.; CICHRA, C.E.;CANFIELD JUNIOR, D.E. 2000 Evaluation of
macrophyte control in 38 Florida lakes using triploid grass carp. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, Tehran, 38(1): 48-54.
HRABIK, T.R.; MAGNUSON, J.J.; McLAIN, A.S.1998 Predicting the effects of rainbow smelt on native fishes in small lakes: evidence from long-term research on two lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,Ottawa, 55: 1364-1371.
IRGA 2005 Censo da Lavoura Orizícola 2005.Disponível em:
http://www.irga.rs.gov.br/index.php?action=publicacoes> Acesso em: 5 jul. 2008.
IRGANG, B.E. e GASTAL JíÅ¡NIOR, C.V.D.S. 1996 Plantas aquáticas da planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre: Irgang, B.E. e Gastal Junior, C.V.D.S. 290p.
JHINGRAN, V.G. and PULLIN, R.S.V. 1985 A hatchery manual for the common, Chinese and Indian major carps. Manila: ICLARM. 191p.
KHAN, M.A.; JAFRI, A.K.; CHADHA, N.K. 2004 Growth, reproductive performance, muscle and egg composition in grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes),
Hydrilla or formulated diets with varying protein levels. Aquaculture Research,
Hagerman, 35(13): 1277-1285.
KIRKAGAí"¡, M.U. and DEMIR, N. 2004 The effects of grass carp on aquatic plants,
plankton and benthos in ponds. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, Tehran, 42(Jan.):32-39.
KUBITZA, F.; LOVSHIN, L.L.; ONO, E.A.;SAMPAIO, A.V. 1999 Planejamento da produção de peixes. 3a ed. Jundiaí: Acquaimagem. 77p.
KUMAR, M.S.; BINH, T.T.; LUU, L.T.; CLARKE,S.M. 2005 Evaluation of fish production using organic and inorganic fertilizer: Application to grass carp polyculture. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, New York , 17(1): 19-34.
MAKINOUCHI, S. 1980 Criação de carpas em água parada. Informe Agropecuário, Belo Horizonte, 6(67): 30-47.
MARTINO, R.C.; CYRINO, J.E.P.; PORTZ, L.;TRUGO, L.C. 2002 Effect of dietary lipid level
on nutritional performance of the surubim,Pseudoplatystoma coruscans. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 209(1-4): 209-218.
MITCHELL, C.P. 1980 Control of water weeds by grass carp in two small lakes. New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research,Gainesville, 14(4): 381-390.
PÍPALOVÁ, I. 2002 Initial impact of low stocking density of grass carp on aquatic macrophytes.Aquatic Botany, San Luis Obispo, 73(1): 9-18.
PÍPALOVÁ, I. 2003 Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza). Aquaculture International, New York, 11(4): 325-336.
POMPíÅ O, M.L.M. e MOSCHINI-CARLOS, V.2003 Macrófitas aquáticas e perifíton, aspectos ecológicos e metodológicos. São Carlos: Editora Rima. 134p.
SAHA, S.; ROY, R.N.; SEN, S.K.; RAY, A.K. 2006 Characterization of cellulase-producing
bacteria from the digestive tract of tilapia,Oreochromis mossambica (Peters) and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes). Aquaculture Research,
Hagerman, 37(4): 380-388.
SANDERS, L.; HOOVER, J.J.; KILLGORE, K.J.1991 Triploid grass carp as a biological control of aquatic vegetation. Disponível em:http://www.wvu.edu/~Agexten/aquaculture/ triploid.htm> Acesso em: 10 mar. 2008.
SCHí"žFER, A.E. 1984 Fundamentos de ecologia enbiogeografia das águas continentais. Porto Alegre: UFRGS. 532p.
SCHEFFER, M. 1998 Ecology of Shallow Lakes.London: Chapman and Hall. 357p.
SHIREMAN, J.V. and MACEINA, M.J. 1981 The utilization of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., for Hydrilla control in Lake Baldwin, Florida. Journal of Fish Biology,Washington, 19(6): 629-636.
SILVA, L.B.; BARCELLOS, L.J.G.; QUEVEDO,R.M.; SOUZA, S.M.G.; KESSLER, A.D.M.;
KREUTZ, L.C.; RITTER, F.; FINCO, J.A.; BEDIN, A.C. 2008 Introduction of jundia
Rhamdia quelen (Quoy and Gaimard) and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) increases the productivity of carp polyculture in southern Brazil. Aquaculture Research, Hagerman, 39(5): 542-551.
SODERBERG, R.W. 1995 Flowing water fish culture.Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers. 147p.
SPONCHIADO, M. e SCHWARZBOLD, A.Influência da macrófita aquática Luziola
peruviana na diní¢mica de um ecossistema açude raso. In: SEMINÁRIO DE ESTUDOS
LIMNOLÓGICOS EM CLIMA SUBTROPICAL, 1., Rio Grande, 27-29/jul./2008. Anais... Rio Grande: Sociedade Brasileira de Limnologia, 1 CD-ROM.
SUTTON, D.L. and VANDIVER JUNIOR, V.V. 2006 Grass Carp: a fish for biologidal
management of hydrilla and other aquatic weeds in Florida. Miami: Department of
Fisheries and Aquacultural Sciences/Florida Cooperative Extension Service/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences/University of Florida. 9p.
TAKAMURA, N.; IWATA, K.; GEN-SHENG, F.; XUE-BAO, Z.; ZHENG-FENG, S. 1994
Feeding habits of mixed cyprinid species in a Chinese integrated fish culture pond: change in planktivorous density induces feeding changes in planktivorous carps. Japanese Journal of Limnology, Osaka, 55(2): 131-141.
TAMASSIA, S.T.J. e ZANPARETTI, A.D.S. 1987 Justificativas e sugestões para a criação de carpas em Santa Catarina. Florianópolis:EMPASC. 16p.
TEDESCO, M.J.; GIANELLO, C.; BISSANI, C.A.;BOHNEN, H.; VOLKWEISS, S.J. 1995
Análises de solo, plantas e outros materiais. 2a ed. Porto Alegre: Departamento de Solos daUFRGS. 147p.
VAN ZON, J.C.J. 1977 Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) in Europe.
Aquatic Botany, San Luis Obispo, 3: 143-155.
VÉLEZ-MARTIN, E.; MENEGHETII, J.O.; SCHWARZBOLD, A. 1998 Relationships
between waterbirds and wetlands in the west coastal plain, southern Brazil: methodology of wetland sampling design. Verhandlungen International Vereinigung Limnologie, Stuttgart,26: 2347-2349.
VENKATESH, B. and SHETTY, H.P.C. 1978 Studies on the growth rate of grass carp
Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes) fed on two aquatic weeds and a terrestrial grass.Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 13: 45-53.
WETZEL, R.G. and LIKENS, G.E. 1991 Limnological Analyses. 2a ed. New York:
Springer-Verlag. 391p.
comunidade de macrófitas aquáticas em um açude de contenção (São Jerônimo, RS).
Revista Brasileira de Biociências, Porto Alegre,5(1): 828-830.
AOAC-ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS. 2000 Official
Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17a ed. Gaithersburg: AOAC.
APHA-AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION. 1998 Standard Methods for
the examination of water and wastewater. 20 ed. Washington DC: APHA/American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment
Federation. 964p.
ARRIGNON, J. 1979 Ecologia y piscicultura de águas dulces. Madrid: Ediciones Mundi-Prensa. 365p.
BAIRAGI, A.; GHOSH, K.S.; SEN, S.K.; RAY, A.K.2002 Enzyme producing bacterial flora
isolated from fish digestive tracts. Aquaculture International, New York, 10(2): 109-121.
BERGAMASCHI, H.; GUADAGNIN, M.R.;CARDOSO, L.S.; SILVA, M.I.G. 2003 Clima da
estação experimental da UFRGS (e região de abrangência). Porto Alegre: UFRGS. 78p.
BOLDRINI, I.I.; LONGHI-WAGNER, H.M.; BOECHAT, S.C. 2005 Morfologia e taxonomia de gramíneas sul-riograndenses. Porto Alegre:UFRGS. 96p.
CAI, Z. and CURTIS, L.R. 1989 Effects of diet on consumption, growth and fatty acid
composition in young grass carp. Aquaculture,Amsterdan, 81(1): 47-60.
CAMARGO, J.B.J.; NETO, J.R.; EMANUELLI, T.;LAZZARI, R.; COSTA, M.L.; LOSEKANN,
M.E.; LIMA, R.L.D.; SCHERER, R.; AUGUSTI, P.R.; PEDRON, F.D.A.; MEDEIROS, T.D.S.
2006 Cultivo de alevinos de carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) alimentados com ração e forragens cultivadas. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência, Pelotas, 12(2): 211-215.
CASTAGNOLLI, N. 1992 Criação de peixes de água doce. Jaboticabal: Funep. 189p.
CATARINO, L.F.; FERREIRA, M.T.; MOREIRA, I.S. 1997 Preferences of grass carp for
macrophytes in Iberian drainage channels.Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, Tehran,35(2): 79-83.
CHILTON II, E.W. and MUONEKE, M.I. 1992 Biology and management of grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinidae) for vegetation control: a North American
perspective. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, London, 2(4): 283-320.
COSTA, M.L.; NETO, J.R.; LAZZARI, R.; LOSEKANN, M.E.; SUTILI, F.J.; BRUM, A.Z.;
VEIVERBERG, C.A.; GRZECZINSKI, J.A. 2008 Juvenis de carpa capim alimentados com
capim teosinto e suplementados com diferentes taxas de arraçoamento. Ciência
Rural, Santa Maria, 38(2): 492-497.
CUDMORE, B. and MANDRAK, N.E. 2004 Biological Synopsis of Grass Carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella). Burlington: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 44p.
GODDARD, S. 1996 Feed management in intensive aquaculture. New York: Chapman
and Hall. 194p.
HAJRA, A. 1987 Biochemical investigations on the protein-calorie availability in grass
carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) from an aquatic weed (Ceratophyllum demersum
Linn.) in the tropics. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 61(2): 113-120.
HALL, S.R. and MILLS, E.L. 2000 Exotic species in large lakes of the world. Aquatic Ecossystem Health and Management, Burlington, 3: 105-135.
HANLON, S.G.; HOYER, M.V.; CICHRA, C.E.;CANFIELD JUNIOR, D.E. 2000 Evaluation of
macrophyte control in 38 Florida lakes using triploid grass carp. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, Tehran, 38(1): 48-54.
HRABIK, T.R.; MAGNUSON, J.J.; McLAIN, A.S.1998 Predicting the effects of rainbow smelt on native fishes in small lakes: evidence from long-term research on two lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,Ottawa, 55: 1364-1371.
IRGA 2005 Censo da Lavoura Orizícola 2005.Disponível em:
http://www.irga.rs.gov.br/index.php?action=publicacoes> Acesso em: 5 jul. 2008.
IRGANG, B.E. e GASTAL JíÅ¡NIOR, C.V.D.S. 1996 Plantas aquáticas da planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre: Irgang, B.E. e Gastal Junior, C.V.D.S. 290p.
JHINGRAN, V.G. and PULLIN, R.S.V. 1985 A hatchery manual for the common, Chinese and Indian major carps. Manila: ICLARM. 191p.
KHAN, M.A.; JAFRI, A.K.; CHADHA, N.K. 2004 Growth, reproductive performance, muscle and egg composition in grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes),
Hydrilla or formulated diets with varying protein levels. Aquaculture Research,
Hagerman, 35(13): 1277-1285.
KIRKAGAí"¡, M.U. and DEMIR, N. 2004 The effects of grass carp on aquatic plants,
plankton and benthos in ponds. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, Tehran, 42(Jan.):32-39.
KUBITZA, F.; LOVSHIN, L.L.; ONO, E.A.;SAMPAIO, A.V. 1999 Planejamento da produção de peixes. 3a ed. Jundiaí: Acquaimagem. 77p.
KUMAR, M.S.; BINH, T.T.; LUU, L.T.; CLARKE,S.M. 2005 Evaluation of fish production using organic and inorganic fertilizer: Application to grass carp polyculture. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, New York , 17(1): 19-34.
MAKINOUCHI, S. 1980 Criação de carpas em água parada. Informe Agropecuário, Belo Horizonte, 6(67): 30-47.
MARTINO, R.C.; CYRINO, J.E.P.; PORTZ, L.;TRUGO, L.C. 2002 Effect of dietary lipid level
on nutritional performance of the surubim,Pseudoplatystoma coruscans. Aquaculture,Amsterdam, 209(1-4): 209-218.
MITCHELL, C.P. 1980 Control of water weeds by grass carp in two small lakes. New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research,Gainesville, 14(4): 381-390.
PÍPALOVÁ, I. 2002 Initial impact of low stocking density of grass carp on aquatic macrophytes.Aquatic Botany, San Luis Obispo, 73(1): 9-18.
PÍPALOVÁ, I. 2003 Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) grazing on duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza). Aquaculture International, New York, 11(4): 325-336.
POMPíÅ O, M.L.M. e MOSCHINI-CARLOS, V.2003 Macrófitas aquáticas e perifíton, aspectos ecológicos e metodológicos. São Carlos: Editora Rima. 134p.
SAHA, S.; ROY, R.N.; SEN, S.K.; RAY, A.K. 2006 Characterization of cellulase-producing
bacteria from the digestive tract of tilapia,Oreochromis mossambica (Peters) and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes). Aquaculture Research,
Hagerman, 37(4): 380-388.
SANDERS, L.; HOOVER, J.J.; KILLGORE, K.J.1991 Triploid grass carp as a biological control of aquatic vegetation. Disponível em:http://www.wvu.edu/~Agexten/aquaculture/ triploid.htm> Acesso em: 10 mar. 2008.
SCHí"žFER, A.E. 1984 Fundamentos de ecologia enbiogeografia das águas continentais. Porto Alegre: UFRGS. 532p.
SCHEFFER, M. 1998 Ecology of Shallow Lakes.London: Chapman and Hall. 357p.
SHIREMAN, J.V. and MACEINA, M.J. 1981 The utilization of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., for Hydrilla control in Lake Baldwin, Florida. Journal of Fish Biology,Washington, 19(6): 629-636.
SILVA, L.B.; BARCELLOS, L.J.G.; QUEVEDO,R.M.; SOUZA, S.M.G.; KESSLER, A.D.M.;
KREUTZ, L.C.; RITTER, F.; FINCO, J.A.; BEDIN, A.C. 2008 Introduction of jundia
Rhamdia quelen (Quoy and Gaimard) and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) increases the productivity of carp polyculture in southern Brazil. Aquaculture Research, Hagerman, 39(5): 542-551.
SODERBERG, R.W. 1995 Flowing water fish culture.Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers. 147p.
SPONCHIADO, M. e SCHWARZBOLD, A.Influência da macrófita aquática Luziola
peruviana na diní¢mica de um ecossistema açude raso. In: SEMINÁRIO DE ESTUDOS
LIMNOLÓGICOS EM CLIMA SUBTROPICAL, 1., Rio Grande, 27-29/jul./2008. Anais... Rio Grande: Sociedade Brasileira de Limnologia, 1 CD-ROM.
SUTTON, D.L. and VANDIVER JUNIOR, V.V. 2006 Grass Carp: a fish for biologidal
management of hydrilla and other aquatic weeds in Florida. Miami: Department of
Fisheries and Aquacultural Sciences/Florida Cooperative Extension Service/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences/University of Florida. 9p.
TAKAMURA, N.; IWATA, K.; GEN-SHENG, F.; XUE-BAO, Z.; ZHENG-FENG, S. 1994
Feeding habits of mixed cyprinid species in a Chinese integrated fish culture pond: change in planktivorous density induces feeding changes in planktivorous carps. Japanese Journal of Limnology, Osaka, 55(2): 131-141.
TAMASSIA, S.T.J. e ZANPARETTI, A.D.S. 1987 Justificativas e sugestões para a criação de carpas em Santa Catarina. Florianópolis:EMPASC. 16p.
TEDESCO, M.J.; GIANELLO, C.; BISSANI, C.A.;BOHNEN, H.; VOLKWEISS, S.J. 1995
Análises de solo, plantas e outros materiais. 2a ed. Porto Alegre: Departamento de Solos daUFRGS. 147p.
VAN ZON, J.C.J. 1977 Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) in Europe.
Aquatic Botany, San Luis Obispo, 3: 143-155.
VÉLEZ-MARTIN, E.; MENEGHETII, J.O.; SCHWARZBOLD, A. 1998 Relationships
between waterbirds and wetlands in the west coastal plain, southern Brazil: methodology of wetland sampling design. Verhandlungen International Vereinigung Limnologie, Stuttgart,26: 2347-2349.
VENKATESH, B. and SHETTY, H.P.C. 1978 Studies on the growth rate of grass carp
Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes) fed on two aquatic weeds and a terrestrial grass.Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 13: 45-53.
WETZEL, R.G. and LIKENS, G.E. 1991 Limnological Analyses. 2a ed. New York:
Springer-Verlag. 391p.
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