Effect of stocking density on zootechnical parameters of shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti culturea
Keywords:
white shrimp, growth, survivalAbstract
Litopenaeus schmitti post larvae (0.081 ± 0.01 g) were cultured at the Marine Shrimp Laboratory of Federal University of Santa Catarina (LCM í UFSC). The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of three stocking densities (8, 20 and 50 shrimp m-2) on zootechnical parameters. Shrimps were fed 4 times a day with a feeding rate that varied from 3 to 50% of biomass; water exchange varied from 5 to 50%. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey test to determine differences among treatments (Pâ"°¤0.05). The results showed significant differences in productivity: 463.2, 918.5 and 2,340 kg ha-1 per cycle, representing the treatments 8, 20 and 50 shrimp m-2, respectively. Survival was over 90% for 20 and 50 shrimp m-2. Greatest final weight was obtained in the density of 8 shrimp m-2 (8.20 g) while in 20 and 50 shrimp m-2 densities the final weight were 4.95 and 5.38 g, respectively. The best weekly growth rate was obtained with 8 shrimp m-2 (0.55 g). Feed conversion rate (FCR) showed no significant differences and range from 3.58 and 4.43. Water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, transparency, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and total suspended solids) did not demonstrate significantly differences between treatments, being acceptable ranges for shrimp culture. These results indicate effect of stocking density on final weight (negative), weekly growth rate (negative) and productivity (positive).
References
ALLAN, G.A.; MAGUIRE, G.B. 1992 Effects of stocking density on production of Penaeus monodon Fabricius in model farming ponds. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 107(1): 49-66.
ALVAREZ, J.S.; HERNANDEZ-LLAMAS, A.; GALINDO, J.; FRAGA, I.; GARCIA, T.; VILLARREAL, H. 2007 Substitution of fishmeal with soybean meal in practical diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti (Pérez-Farfante & Kensley 1997). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 38: 689-695.
A.P.H.A/A.AW.W.A/W.E.F. 1995 Standart methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington: A.P.H.A., 560p.
ARAGÓN-NORIEGA, E.A.; CÓRDOVA-MURUETA, J.H.; TRÍAS-HERNÁNDEZ, H.L; GARCÍAJUÁREZ. A.R. 2000 Efecto de la densidad de siembra y la estacionalidad en la producción de camarón azul Litopenaeus stylirostris. Ciencia Pesquera, México, 14: 39-46.
ARNOLD, S.J.; SELLARS, M.J.; CROCOS, P.J.; COMAN, G.J. 2006 An evaluation of stocking density on the intensive production of juvenile brown tiger shrimp(Penaeus esculentus).Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 256: 174í 179.
BARBIERI, E. 2010 Acute toxicity of ammonia in white shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti) (Burkenroad, 1936, Crustacea) at different salinity levels.Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 306: 329-333.
BALAKRISHNAN, G.; PEYAIL, S.; RAMACHANDRAN, K.; THEIVASIGAMANI,A.; SAVJI, K.A.; CHOKKAIAH, M.; NATARAJ, P. 2011 Growth of cultured white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) in different stocking density. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2(3): 107-113.
COSTA, R.C.; FRANSOZO, A.; MELO, G.A.S.;FREIRE, F.A.M. 2003 An illustrated key for
Dendrobranchiata shrimps from the northern coast of São Paulo state. Braz. Biota Neotropica,São Paulo, 3(1): 1í 12.
DECAMP, O.; CONQUEST, L.; CODY, J.; FORSTER,I.; TACON, A.G.J. 2007 Effect of shrimp stocking density on size-fractionated phytoplankton and ecological groups of ciliated protozoa within zero-water exchange shrimp culture systems. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 38(3): 395-406.
FAO. 2010 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2009. Roma: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 197p.
FERNANDEZ, R.; BARBARO, J.; SOSA, R. 1994a Engorde intensivo del camaron Penaeus schmitti en Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, Havana, 15(2): 157-163.
FERNANDEZ, R.; FUNES, H.; ZARAGOZA, I. 1994b Engorde intensivo del camaron Penaeus schmitti en estanques de 2,5 ha con aeraçao por paletas. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, Havana, 18(5): 20-24.
FÓES, G.K.; FRÓES,C.; KRUMMENAUER, D,. POERSCH, L.; WASIELESKY Jr, W. 2011
Nursery of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis in biofloc technology culture system: survival and growth at different stocking densities. Journal of Shellfish Research, Hanover, 30(2): 367-373.
FRAGA, I.; GALINDO, J.; ARAZOZA, M.; SÁNCHEZ, A.; JAIME, B.; ALVAREZ, S. 2002
Evaluación de niveles de proteín y densidades de siembra em el crecimiento del camarón blanco Litopenaues schmitti. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, Havana, 23(2): 141-147.
FRAGA, I.; GALINDO, J.; JAIME, B. 2010 Evaluación de niveles de inclusión de harina de cangrejo rojo de tiena (Gecarcinus ruricola) em la dieta de juveniles de camarón blanco Litopenaues schmitti.Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, Havana, 31(1):
53-60.
GOLTERMAN, H.J.; CLYMO, R.S.; OHNSTAD, M.A.M. 1978 Methods for physical and chemical analysis of freshwaters. London: Scientic Publications. 214p.
HOPKINS, J.E.; HAMILTON, R.; SANDIFER, P.;BROWDY, C.; STOKES, A. 1993 Effect of water exchange rate on production, water quality, effluent characteristics and nitrogen budgets of intensive shrimp ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 24(3): 304-320.
HOPKINS, J.E.; SANDIFER, P.; BROWDY, C. 1994 Sludge management in intensive pond culture of shrimp: effect of management regime on water quality, sludge characteristics, nitrogen extinction, and shrimp production. Aquacultural engineering, Amsterdam, 13: 11-30.
JAIME-CEBALLOS, B.; FRAGA-CASTRO, I.; GALINDO-LÓPES, J.; ALVAREZ-CAPOTE, S.
2009 Effect of shrimp head meal inclusion level in Litopenaeus schmitti juveniles diet Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, Havana, 30(1): 71- 78.
KOROLEFF, F. 1976 Determination of nutrients. In:GRASSHOFF, K. Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag: Chemie Weinhein, p.117-187.
KRUMMENAUER, D.; WASIELESKY Jr, W.;CAVALLI, R.O.; PEIXOTO, S., ZOGBI, P.R. 2006
Viabilidade do cultivo do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Crustacea:Decapoda) em gaiolas sob diferentes densidades durante o outono no sul do Brasil. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 36(1): 252-257.
KRUMMENAUER, D.; CAVALLI, R.O.;BALLESTER, L.C.E.; WASIELESKY Jr, W. 2011 Feasibility of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei culture in southern Brazil: effects of stocking density and a single or a double CROP management strategy in earthen ponds.Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 41: 240-248.
LI, Y.; LI, J.; WANG, Q. 2006 The effects of dissolved oxygen concentration and stocking density on growth and non-specific immunity factors in Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 256: 608-616.
LOPES, D.L.A.; WASIELESKY Jr, W.; BALLESTER,E.C.; PEIXOTO, S. 2009 Análise comparativa da criação dos camarões-rosa Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis e Farfantepenaeus paulensis criados em gaiolas em ambiente estuarino. Ciência Rural,
Santa Maria, 39(5): 1540-1546.
MACKERETH, F.J.H.; HERON, J.; TALLING, J.F.1978 Water analysis: some revised methods for limnologists. London: Scientic Publications. 121p.
MALPARTIDA, J. e VINATEA, L. 2007 Monitoramento do crescimento de juvenis de
Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Peréz-Farfante, 1967)com vista a um futuro repovoamento da Lagoa de Ibiraquera, Imbituba, SC. Biotemas, Florianópolis, 20 (3): 37-45.
MPA. 2012 Boletim Técnico e Estatístico da Pesca e Aquicultura. Brasil: Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura. 128p
MARINHO JR, M. e FONTELES-FILHO, A. 2010 Crescimento do camarão-cinza, Litopenaeus vannamei, sob um sistema de cultivo intensivo. Arquivo de Ciências do Mar, Fortaleza, 43(1): 12-17.
MARTIN, J.L.M.; VERAN, Y.; GUELORGET, O.; PHAN, D. 1998 Shrimp rearing: stocking
density, growth, impact on sediment, waste output and their relationships studied through the nitrogen budget in rearing ponds. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 164: 135-149.
NUNES, A.J.P.; GESTEIRA, T.C.V.; OLIVEIRA,G.G.; LIMA, R.C.; MIRANDA, P.T.C; MADRID,
R.M. 2005 Principio de boas práticas de manejo na engorda de camarão marinho no Estado do Ceará.Fortaleza: Instituto de Ciências do Mar í LABOMAR. 109p.
NUNES, A.J.P.; MADRID, R.M.; ANDRADE, T.P. 2011 Carcinicultura marinha no Brasil passado, presente e futuro. Panorama da Aqüicultura, Rio de Janeiro, 21(124): 26 - 33.
OSTRENSKY, A. e PESTANA, D. 2000 Avaliação das taxas de crescimento de Farfantepenaeus paulensis Pérez-Farfante, 1967 em viveiros de cultivo.Archives of Veterinary Science, Paraná, 5: 5-15.
OSTRENSKY, A. e WASIELESKY Jr., W. 1995 Acute toxicity of ammonia to various life stages of the São Paulo shrimp, P. paulensis Pérez-Farfante,1976. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 132(3-4): 339-347.
OSTRENSKY, A.; BORGES, R.B.; FOES, G.K. 1998 Comparações técnicas entre Penaeus
vannamei, P. schmitti e P. paulensis em cultivos comerciais realizados na região
Sul do Brasil. In: AQUICULTURA BRASIL'98: DESENVOLVIMENTO COM SUSTENTABILIDADE, 1., Recife, 2-6/nov./1997.Anais…Recife: Associação Brasileira de
Aquicultura. p.83.
PRETO, A.L.; CAVALLI, R.; PISSETTI, T.; ABREU,P.C.; WASIELESKY, W. 2005 Efeito da
densidade de estocagem sobre o biofilme e o desempenho de pós-larvas do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis cultivadas em gaiolas. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 35(6):1417-1423
PRETO, A.L.; PISSETTI, T.L.; WASIELESKY Jr, W.;POERSCH, L.H.; CAVALLI, R.O. 2009
Production of live bait-shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) in cages at varying stocking densities. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, 35(1):39-45.
SANCHEZ-ZAZUETA, E.; HERNÁNDEZ, J.M.;MARTINEZ-CRODERO, F.J. 2011 Stocking
density and date decisions in semi-intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) farming: a bioeconomic approach. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, on line: 1-14.
(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03060.x)
SOOKYING, D.; SILVA, F.S.D; DAVIS, D.A.; HANSON, T.R. 2011 Effects of stocking density on the performance of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultured under pond and outdoor tank conditions using a high soybean meal diet. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 319(1-2):232-239.
SOUZA, F.M.M.; MESSIAS, G.A.; FIALHO, D.H.F.; SOARES, R.B.; CORREIA, E.S. 2009 Crescimento do camarão marinho Farfantepenaeus subtilis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967) cultivado em tanques com diferentes protocolos de fertilização orgí¢nica Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, Maringá, 31(3): 221-226.
VAN WYK, P. e SCARPA, J. 1999 Water Quality Requirements and Management. In: VAN WYK, P.; DAVIS-HODGKINS, M.; LARAMORE, R.;MAIN, K.L.; MOUNTAIN, J.; SCARPA, J. Farming marine shrimp in recirculating freshwater systems. Florida: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Harbor Branch Oceanic Institute. p.141-162.
WYBAN J.A. e SWEENEY, N. 1991 Intensive shrimp production technology. Hawaii: USA: Oceanic Institute. 158p.
ZAKI, M. A.; NOUR, A. A.; ABDEL-RAHIN, M .M.; SROUR, T. M. 2004 Effect of stocking density on survival, growth performance, feed utilization and production of marine shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus in earthen ponds. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, Egito, 30(b): 429-442.
ALVAREZ, J.S.; HERNANDEZ-LLAMAS, A.; GALINDO, J.; FRAGA, I.; GARCIA, T.; VILLARREAL, H. 2007 Substitution of fishmeal with soybean meal in practical diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti (Pérez-Farfante & Kensley 1997). Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 38: 689-695.
A.P.H.A/A.AW.W.A/W.E.F. 1995 Standart methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington: A.P.H.A., 560p.
ARAGÓN-NORIEGA, E.A.; CÓRDOVA-MURUETA, J.H.; TRÍAS-HERNÁNDEZ, H.L; GARCÍAJUÁREZ. A.R. 2000 Efecto de la densidad de siembra y la estacionalidad en la producción de camarón azul Litopenaeus stylirostris. Ciencia Pesquera, México, 14: 39-46.
ARNOLD, S.J.; SELLARS, M.J.; CROCOS, P.J.; COMAN, G.J. 2006 An evaluation of stocking density on the intensive production of juvenile brown tiger shrimp(Penaeus esculentus).Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 256: 174í 179.
BARBIERI, E. 2010 Acute toxicity of ammonia in white shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti) (Burkenroad, 1936, Crustacea) at different salinity levels.Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 306: 329-333.
BALAKRISHNAN, G.; PEYAIL, S.; RAMACHANDRAN, K.; THEIVASIGAMANI,A.; SAVJI, K.A.; CHOKKAIAH, M.; NATARAJ, P. 2011 Growth of cultured white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) in different stocking density. Advances in Applied Science Research, 2(3): 107-113.
COSTA, R.C.; FRANSOZO, A.; MELO, G.A.S.;FREIRE, F.A.M. 2003 An illustrated key for
Dendrobranchiata shrimps from the northern coast of São Paulo state. Braz. Biota Neotropica,São Paulo, 3(1): 1í 12.
DECAMP, O.; CONQUEST, L.; CODY, J.; FORSTER,I.; TACON, A.G.J. 2007 Effect of shrimp stocking density on size-fractionated phytoplankton and ecological groups of ciliated protozoa within zero-water exchange shrimp culture systems. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 38(3): 395-406.
FAO. 2010 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2009. Roma: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 197p.
FERNANDEZ, R.; BARBARO, J.; SOSA, R. 1994a Engorde intensivo del camaron Penaeus schmitti en Santa Cruz del Sur, Cuba. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, Havana, 15(2): 157-163.
FERNANDEZ, R.; FUNES, H.; ZARAGOZA, I. 1994b Engorde intensivo del camaron Penaeus schmitti en estanques de 2,5 ha con aeraçao por paletas. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, Havana, 18(5): 20-24.
FÓES, G.K.; FRÓES,C.; KRUMMENAUER, D,. POERSCH, L.; WASIELESKY Jr, W. 2011
Nursery of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis in biofloc technology culture system: survival and growth at different stocking densities. Journal of Shellfish Research, Hanover, 30(2): 367-373.
FRAGA, I.; GALINDO, J.; ARAZOZA, M.; SÁNCHEZ, A.; JAIME, B.; ALVAREZ, S. 2002
Evaluación de niveles de proteín y densidades de siembra em el crecimiento del camarón blanco Litopenaues schmitti. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, Havana, 23(2): 141-147.
FRAGA, I.; GALINDO, J.; JAIME, B. 2010 Evaluación de niveles de inclusión de harina de cangrejo rojo de tiena (Gecarcinus ruricola) em la dieta de juveniles de camarón blanco Litopenaues schmitti.Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, Havana, 31(1):
53-60.
GOLTERMAN, H.J.; CLYMO, R.S.; OHNSTAD, M.A.M. 1978 Methods for physical and chemical analysis of freshwaters. London: Scientic Publications. 214p.
HOPKINS, J.E.; HAMILTON, R.; SANDIFER, P.;BROWDY, C.; STOKES, A. 1993 Effect of water exchange rate on production, water quality, effluent characteristics and nitrogen budgets of intensive shrimp ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, 24(3): 304-320.
HOPKINS, J.E.; SANDIFER, P.; BROWDY, C. 1994 Sludge management in intensive pond culture of shrimp: effect of management regime on water quality, sludge characteristics, nitrogen extinction, and shrimp production. Aquacultural engineering, Amsterdam, 13: 11-30.
JAIME-CEBALLOS, B.; FRAGA-CASTRO, I.; GALINDO-LÓPES, J.; ALVAREZ-CAPOTE, S.
2009 Effect of shrimp head meal inclusion level in Litopenaeus schmitti juveniles diet Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, Havana, 30(1): 71- 78.
KOROLEFF, F. 1976 Determination of nutrients. In:GRASSHOFF, K. Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag: Chemie Weinhein, p.117-187.
KRUMMENAUER, D.; WASIELESKY Jr, W.;CAVALLI, R.O.; PEIXOTO, S., ZOGBI, P.R. 2006
Viabilidade do cultivo do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Crustacea:Decapoda) em gaiolas sob diferentes densidades durante o outono no sul do Brasil. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 36(1): 252-257.
KRUMMENAUER, D.; CAVALLI, R.O.;BALLESTER, L.C.E.; WASIELESKY Jr, W. 2011 Feasibility of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei culture in southern Brazil: effects of stocking density and a single or a double CROP management strategy in earthen ponds.Aquaculture Research, Oxford, 41: 240-248.
LI, Y.; LI, J.; WANG, Q. 2006 The effects of dissolved oxygen concentration and stocking density on growth and non-specific immunity factors in Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 256: 608-616.
LOPES, D.L.A.; WASIELESKY Jr, W.; BALLESTER,E.C.; PEIXOTO, S. 2009 Análise comparativa da criação dos camarões-rosa Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis e Farfantepenaeus paulensis criados em gaiolas em ambiente estuarino. Ciência Rural,
Santa Maria, 39(5): 1540-1546.
MACKERETH, F.J.H.; HERON, J.; TALLING, J.F.1978 Water analysis: some revised methods for limnologists. London: Scientic Publications. 121p.
MALPARTIDA, J. e VINATEA, L. 2007 Monitoramento do crescimento de juvenis de
Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Peréz-Farfante, 1967)com vista a um futuro repovoamento da Lagoa de Ibiraquera, Imbituba, SC. Biotemas, Florianópolis, 20 (3): 37-45.
MPA. 2012 Boletim Técnico e Estatístico da Pesca e Aquicultura. Brasil: Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura. 128p
MARINHO JR, M. e FONTELES-FILHO, A. 2010 Crescimento do camarão-cinza, Litopenaeus vannamei, sob um sistema de cultivo intensivo. Arquivo de Ciências do Mar, Fortaleza, 43(1): 12-17.
MARTIN, J.L.M.; VERAN, Y.; GUELORGET, O.; PHAN, D. 1998 Shrimp rearing: stocking
density, growth, impact on sediment, waste output and their relationships studied through the nitrogen budget in rearing ponds. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 164: 135-149.
NUNES, A.J.P.; GESTEIRA, T.C.V.; OLIVEIRA,G.G.; LIMA, R.C.; MIRANDA, P.T.C; MADRID,
R.M. 2005 Principio de boas práticas de manejo na engorda de camarão marinho no Estado do Ceará.Fortaleza: Instituto de Ciências do Mar í LABOMAR. 109p.
NUNES, A.J.P.; MADRID, R.M.; ANDRADE, T.P. 2011 Carcinicultura marinha no Brasil passado, presente e futuro. Panorama da Aqüicultura, Rio de Janeiro, 21(124): 26 - 33.
OSTRENSKY, A. e PESTANA, D. 2000 Avaliação das taxas de crescimento de Farfantepenaeus paulensis Pérez-Farfante, 1967 em viveiros de cultivo.Archives of Veterinary Science, Paraná, 5: 5-15.
OSTRENSKY, A. e WASIELESKY Jr., W. 1995 Acute toxicity of ammonia to various life stages of the São Paulo shrimp, P. paulensis Pérez-Farfante,1976. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 132(3-4): 339-347.
OSTRENSKY, A.; BORGES, R.B.; FOES, G.K. 1998 Comparações técnicas entre Penaeus
vannamei, P. schmitti e P. paulensis em cultivos comerciais realizados na região
Sul do Brasil. In: AQUICULTURA BRASIL'98: DESENVOLVIMENTO COM SUSTENTABILIDADE, 1., Recife, 2-6/nov./1997.Anais…Recife: Associação Brasileira de
Aquicultura. p.83.
PRETO, A.L.; CAVALLI, R.; PISSETTI, T.; ABREU,P.C.; WASIELESKY, W. 2005 Efeito da
densidade de estocagem sobre o biofilme e o desempenho de pós-larvas do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis cultivadas em gaiolas. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 35(6):1417-1423
PRETO, A.L.; PISSETTI, T.L.; WASIELESKY Jr, W.;POERSCH, L.H.; CAVALLI, R.O. 2009
Production of live bait-shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) in cages at varying stocking densities. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, 35(1):39-45.
SANCHEZ-ZAZUETA, E.; HERNÁNDEZ, J.M.;MARTINEZ-CRODERO, F.J. 2011 Stocking
density and date decisions in semi-intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) farming: a bioeconomic approach. Aquaculture Research, Oxford, on line: 1-14.
(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03060.x)
SOOKYING, D.; SILVA, F.S.D; DAVIS, D.A.; HANSON, T.R. 2011 Effects of stocking density on the performance of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultured under pond and outdoor tank conditions using a high soybean meal diet. Aquaculture, Amsterdam, 319(1-2):232-239.
SOUZA, F.M.M.; MESSIAS, G.A.; FIALHO, D.H.F.; SOARES, R.B.; CORREIA, E.S. 2009 Crescimento do camarão marinho Farfantepenaeus subtilis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967) cultivado em tanques com diferentes protocolos de fertilização orgí¢nica Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, Maringá, 31(3): 221-226.
VAN WYK, P. e SCARPA, J. 1999 Water Quality Requirements and Management. In: VAN WYK, P.; DAVIS-HODGKINS, M.; LARAMORE, R.;MAIN, K.L.; MOUNTAIN, J.; SCARPA, J. Farming marine shrimp in recirculating freshwater systems. Florida: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Harbor Branch Oceanic Institute. p.141-162.
WYBAN J.A. e SWEENEY, N. 1991 Intensive shrimp production technology. Hawaii: USA: Oceanic Institute. 158p.
ZAKI, M. A.; NOUR, A. A.; ABDEL-RAHIN, M .M.; SROUR, T. M. 2004 Effect of stocking density on survival, growth performance, feed utilization and production of marine shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus in earthen ponds. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, Egito, 30(b): 429-442.
Downloads
Published
2018-11-10
Issue
Section
Scientific Article
