Effect of different quantities of artificial substrates on shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) grow out, in semi-intensive culture system
Keywords:
artificial substrates, Litopenaeus vannamei culture, grow-outAbstract
The use of artificial substrates, that help the development of biofilm or periphyton, enhances phyto and zoobenthos productivity within ponds in a tri-dimensional space. Benthic omnivorous organisms, like shrimp, take advantage of biofilms from nourishment and the maintenance of more adequate levels of water quality parameters. The present study evaluated the effects of increasing amounts of a high surface vertical substrate (0, 15, 30 and 45% of bottom area) over growth, survival, food demand, productivity and feed conversion ratio of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in pens (n=3) built into a semi-intensive managed earthen pond. Commercial feed was offered 3 times a day through feeding trays for 6 weeks. Growth and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the presence of substrates (P>0.05); however, independent from the amount of substrates, survival, demand for food and productivity were about 20% greater than control (P<0.05). An oscillatory and increasing pattern on food demand was observed, probably associated to molting peaks and environmental stresses. Even with abundant availability of biofilm, commercial feed remained essential and proportional to cultured biomass. Results suggest that the effect of artificial substrates on L. vannamei production in semi-intensive systems can be achieved with a substrate area even less than 15% of the bottom area.
References
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Clifford III, H. 1994 Semi-intensive sensation: a case study in marine shrimp pond management.World Aquaculture, 25(3): 6-12, 98-104.
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Moss, S., Pruder, K., Leber, K., Wyban, J. 1992 The relative enhancement of Penaeus vannamei growth by selected fractions of shrimp pond water. Aquaculture, 101: 229-239.
Nunes, A. 2000 Manual Purina de alimentação de camarões marinhos. Agribrands do Brasil Ltda.40p.
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OTOSHI, C.; MONTGOMERY, A.; MATSUDA, E.; MOSS, S. 2006 Effects of artificial substrate and water source on growth of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 37(2), 210-213.
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Primavera, J. and Lebata, J. 1995 Diel activity patterns in Metapenaeus and Penaeus juveniles.Hidrobiologia, 295 (1-3): 295-302.
Rocha, I. e Maia, E. 1998 Desenvolvimento tecnológico e perspectivas de crescimento da carcinicultura marinha brasileira. Anais do I Congresso Sul-Americano de Aqüicultura, Recife,PE, Brasil, v.1: 213-235.
Sandifer, P.; Hopkins, J.; Stokes, A. 1987 Intensive culture potential of Penaeus vannamei.J. of the World Aquacult. Soc., 18 (2): 94-100.
Sandifer, P.; Stokes, A.; Hopkins, J. 1991 Further intensification of pond shrimp culture in South Carolina. In: Paul Sandifer (Ed.), Shrimp Culture in North America and the Caribbean. Advances in World Aquaculture, v. 4 The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, EUA, p. 84-95.
Schwab, B.; Weber, M.; Lehmann, B. 2002 Key management challenges for the development and growth of a shrimp farm in Northeast Brazil: a case study of Camanor Produtos Marinhos Ltda. Report prepared under the World Bank, NACA,WWF and FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment, 33p. Disponível
em: http://www.enaca.org/shrimp.
Seidman, S. and Lawrence, A. 1985 Growth,feed digestibility, and approximate body composition of juvenile Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon grown at different dissolved oxygen levels. J. of World Mar. Soc., 16: 333-346.
Stoecker. D. and Capuzzo, J. 1990 Predation on protozoa: its importance to zooplankton. J. Plankton Res., 12: 891-908.
Stoner, A. and Zimmerman, S. 1998 Food pathways associated with penaeid shrimps in a mangrove-fringed estuary. Fish. Bull., 86: 543-551.
Tidwell, J.H., Coyle, S., Weibel, C., Evans, J. 1999 Effects and interactions of stocking density and added substrate on production and population structure of freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii. J. of the World Aquacult. Soc. 30(2):174-179.
Tidwell, J., Coyle, S.D., VanArnum, A., Weibel, C. 2000 Production response of freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii to increasing amounts of artificial substrate. J. of the World Aquacult. Soc., 31:452-457.
Tidwell, J., Coyle, S., Arnum, A.V., Weibel, C. D’Abramo, L. 2001 Use of artificial substrates to maximize production of freshwater prawns in temperate climates. World Aquaculture, 40-60.
Torigoi, R. H. 2001 Avaliação do efeito de três densidades de estocagem de Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) sobre os índices de produção e qualidade do efluente. Dissertação de Mestrado em Aqüicultura, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 80p.
Thompson, F., Abreu, P., Wasielesky, W.2002 Importance of biofilm for water quality and nourishment in intensive shrimp culture.Aquaculture 203(3-4), 263-278.
Viacava, M. 1995 Feeder trays for commercial shrimp farming in Peru. World Aquaculture 26(2):11-17.
Wyban, J., Lee, C., Sato, V., Sweeney, J., Richards-Jr, W. 1997 Effect of stocking density on shrimp growth rates in manure-fertilized ponds.Aquaculture, 61: 23-32.
Abreu, P.C.; Thompson, F.L.; Wasielesky, W.Jr.;Cavalli, R.O. 1998 New perspectives in the use of microorganisms in shrimp culture: food source, water quality and diseases control. Anais do I Congresso Sul-Americano de Aqüicultura, v.2: 703-712.
Anderson, R.; Parker, P.; Lawrence, A. 1987 13C/12C tracer study of the utilization of presented feed by a commercially important shrimp Penaeus vannamei in a pond grow out system. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 18(3), 148-155.
Azim, M.; Verdegem, M.; Wahab, M.; van Dam,A.; Beveridge, M. 2001 Periphyton boosts production in pond aquaculture systems. World Aquaculture, 32(4) 57-61.
Boyd, C. 1990 Water quality in ponds for aquaculture.Auburn University, Alabama. Birmingham Publishing Co : Alabama, 482p.
Boyd, C. 2000 Suggestions of pond management practices for combating white spot virus. Proceedings
of V Congresso Equatoriano de Aquicultura:enfocando los retos del 2000, CD-ROM.
Boyd, C. and Clay, J. 2002 Evaluation of Belize Aquaculture, Ltd: a superintensive shrimp aquaculture system. Report prepared under the World Bank, NACA, WWF and FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment. 17p Disponível em: http://www.enaca.org/shrimp.
Bratvold, D. and Browdy, C. 2001 Effects of sand sediment and vertical surfaces (AquamatsTM) on production, water quality, and microbial ecology in an intensive Litopenaeus vannamei culture system.Aquaculture 195, 81-84.
Clifford III, H. 1994 Semi-intensive sensation: a case study in marine shrimp pond management.World Aquaculture, 25(3): 6-12, 98-104.
Chamberlain, G.; Avnimelech, Y.; McIntosh,R.; Velasco, M. 2001 Advantages of aerated microbial reuse systems with balanced C:N. II: composition and nutritional value of organic detritus. The Global Aquaculture Advocate, June 2001.
Dall, W.; Hill, B.; Rothlisberg, P.; Staples, D.1990 The biology of Penaeidae. Adv. Mar. Biol.27: 1-489.
Domingos, J.A.S. e Vinatea, L. 2002 Perspectivas do uso de substratos artificiais. Anais do XII Simpósio Brasileiro de Aqüicultura, Goií¢nia, GO,Brasil. p.36
Fegan, D. and Clifford III, H. 2001 Health management for viral diseases in shrimp farms. In: Craig L. Browdy and Darryl E. Jory (Ed.), The New Wave, Proceedings of the Special Session on Sustainable Shrimp Culture, Aquaculture 2001, The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge,Louisiana, EUA, p.168-198.
Focken, U.; Groth, A.; Coloso, M.C.; Becker,K. 1998 Contribution of natural food and supplemental feed to the gut content of Penaeus monodon Fabricius in a semi-intensive pond system in the Philippines. Aquaculture 164, 105-116.
Gautier, D.; Bsatidas, M.; Aragón, L.; Urango, W.; Ramos, C.; García, S.; Pastrana, J.; Newmark, F. 2001 The relative importance of natural food and pelleted feed in the gut content of Litopenaeus vannamei raised in semiintensive ponds í role of benthic diatoms. 2001. In: Browdy, C.L. and Jory, D.E. (Ed.), The New Wave, Proceedings of the Special Session on Sustainable Shrimp Culture, Aquaculture 2001, Abstracts of Contributed Papers. The World
Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. p.340-341.
Horowitz, A. and Horowitz, S. 1998 Sustainable shrimp aquaculture: a microbiological perspective. Proceedings on the First Latin American Shrimp Culture Congress. Panama, 6-10, out. CD-Rom.
Jory, D.E.; Cabrera, T.R.; Dugger, D.M.; Fegan, D.; Lee, P.G.; Lawrence, A.L.; Jackson, C.J.; McIntosh, R.P.; Castaí±eda, J. 2001 A global review of shrimp feed management: status and perspectives. In: Browdy, C.L. and Jory,D.E. (Ed.), The New Wave, Proceedings of the Special Session on Sustainable Shrimp Culture, Aquaculture 2001. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, EUA, p. 104-152.
Keshavanath, P.; Gangadhar, B.; Ramesh, T.J.; van Rooij, J.M.; Beveridge, M.; Baird, D.; Verdegem, M.; vam Dam, A. 2001 Use of artificial substrates to enhance production of freshwater herbivorous fish in pond culture. Aquac.Res., 32 (3): 189-197.
Le Moullac, G. 2000 Environmental factors affect immune response and resistance in crustaceans.The Advocate, December: 18-19.
Liu, H. and Loneragan, N. 1997 Size and time of day response of postlarvae and early juvenile
grooved tiger prawn Penaeus simisulcatus De Haan (Decapoda: Penaeidae) to natural and artificial sea
grass in the laboratory. J. of Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 211 (2), 263-277.
Moss, S., Pruder, G. 1995 Characterization of organic particles associated with rapid growth in juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Boone, reared under intensive culture conditions. J. of Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 187: 175-191.
Moss, S., Pruder, K., Leber, K., Wyban, J. 1992 The relative enhancement of Penaeus vannamei growth by selected fractions of shrimp pond water. Aquaculture, 101: 229-239.
Nunes, A. 2000 Manual Purina de alimentação de camarões marinhos. Agribrands do Brasil Ltda.40p.
Nunes, A.; Goddard, S.; Gesteira, T. 1996 Feeding activity patterns of the Southern brown shrimp Penaeus subtilis under semi-intensive culture in NE Brazil. Aquaculture, 144 (4), 371-386.
Nunes, A.; Gesteira, T.; Goddard, S. 1997 Food ingestion and assimilation by the Southern brown shrimp Penaeus subtilis under semi-intensive culture in NE Brazil. Aquaculture, 149 (1-2), 121-136.
OTOSHI, C.; MONTGOMERY, A.; MATSUDA, E.; MOSS, S. 2006 Effects of artificial substrate and water source on growth of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 37(2), 210-213.
Paquotte, P.; Chim, L.; Martin, J.-L.M.; Lemos,E.; Stern, M.; Tosta, G. 1998 Intensive culture of shrimp Penaeus vannamei in floating cages: zootechnical, economic and environmental aspects.Aquaculture 164: 151-166.
Primavera, J. and Lebata, J. 1995 Diel activity patterns in Metapenaeus and Penaeus juveniles.Hidrobiologia, 295 (1-3): 295-302.
Rocha, I. e Maia, E. 1998 Desenvolvimento tecnológico e perspectivas de crescimento da carcinicultura marinha brasileira. Anais do I Congresso Sul-Americano de Aqüicultura, Recife,PE, Brasil, v.1: 213-235.
Sandifer, P.; Hopkins, J.; Stokes, A. 1987 Intensive culture potential of Penaeus vannamei.J. of the World Aquacult. Soc., 18 (2): 94-100.
Sandifer, P.; Stokes, A.; Hopkins, J. 1991 Further intensification of pond shrimp culture in South Carolina. In: Paul Sandifer (Ed.), Shrimp Culture in North America and the Caribbean. Advances in World Aquaculture, v. 4 The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, EUA, p. 84-95.
Schwab, B.; Weber, M.; Lehmann, B. 2002 Key management challenges for the development and growth of a shrimp farm in Northeast Brazil: a case study of Camanor Produtos Marinhos Ltda. Report prepared under the World Bank, NACA,WWF and FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment, 33p. Disponível
em: http://www.enaca.org/shrimp.
Seidman, S. and Lawrence, A. 1985 Growth,feed digestibility, and approximate body composition of juvenile Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon grown at different dissolved oxygen levels. J. of World Mar. Soc., 16: 333-346.
Stoecker. D. and Capuzzo, J. 1990 Predation on protozoa: its importance to zooplankton. J. Plankton Res., 12: 891-908.
Stoner, A. and Zimmerman, S. 1998 Food pathways associated with penaeid shrimps in a mangrove-fringed estuary. Fish. Bull., 86: 543-551.
Tidwell, J.H., Coyle, S., Weibel, C., Evans, J. 1999 Effects and interactions of stocking density and added substrate on production and population structure of freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii. J. of the World Aquacult. Soc. 30(2):174-179.
Tidwell, J., Coyle, S.D., VanArnum, A., Weibel, C. 2000 Production response of freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii to increasing amounts of artificial substrate. J. of the World Aquacult. Soc., 31:452-457.
Tidwell, J., Coyle, S., Arnum, A.V., Weibel, C. D’Abramo, L. 2001 Use of artificial substrates to maximize production of freshwater prawns in temperate climates. World Aquaculture, 40-60.
Torigoi, R. H. 2001 Avaliação do efeito de três densidades de estocagem de Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) sobre os índices de produção e qualidade do efluente. Dissertação de Mestrado em Aqüicultura, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 80p.
Thompson, F., Abreu, P., Wasielesky, W.2002 Importance of biofilm for water quality and nourishment in intensive shrimp culture.Aquaculture 203(3-4), 263-278.
Viacava, M. 1995 Feeder trays for commercial shrimp farming in Peru. World Aquaculture 26(2):11-17.
Wyban, J., Lee, C., Sato, V., Sweeney, J., Richards-Jr, W. 1997 Effect of stocking density on shrimp growth rates in manure-fertilized ponds.Aquaculture, 61: 23-32.
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