Influence of stocking density on the zootechnical performance of Litopenaeus vannamei during the nursery phase in a biofloc system
Keywords:
shrimp, bft, growth, survivalAbstract
This study evaluated the zootechnical performance of the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared at different stocking densities during the nursery phase in a biofloc culture system. The experiment consisted of four treatments with three replicates, corresponding to the densities of 1,500, 3,000, 4,500 and 6,000 shrimp m-2. Twelve 300 L circular plastic tanks (microcosms) with a bottom area of 0.5 m2 were randomly stocked with shrimp (0.004 g), according to the treatment and maintained for 35 days. These tanks were supplied by biofloc water from a 200 m2 matrix tank (macrocosm), where L. vannamei was reared with the stocking density of 300 shrimp m-2. The water quality parameters remained within acceptable limits throughout the experiment. The zootechnical performance results showed significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments. The values of final weight were higher in shrimp reared at the densities of 1,500; 3,000 and 4,500 m -², whereas survival was significantly reduced at 4,500 and 6,000 shrimp m-2. The density of 3,000 shrimp m-2 was judged the most appropriate considering the zootechnical performance for the nursery phase of L. vannamei in a biofloc technology system in northeastern Brazil.
References
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DE SCHRYVER, P.; CRAB, R.; DEFOIRDT, T.; BOON, N.; VERSTRAETE, W. 2008 The basics of bio-flocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, 277(3): 125í 137.
EBELING, J.M.; TIMMONS, M.B.; BISOGNI, J.J. 2006 Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of
hotoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic control of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture
production systems. Aquaculture, 257(1-4): 346-358.
FOES, G.K.; FRÓES, C.; KRUMMENAUER, D.; POERSCH, L.; WASIELESKY, W. 2011 Nursery of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis in biofloco technology culture system: survival and growth at different stocking densities. Journal of Shellfish Research, 30(2): 1-7.
FURTADO, P.S.; POERSCH, L.H.; WASIELESKY, W. 2011 Effect of calcium hydroxide, carbonate and
sodium bicarbonate on water quality and zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus
vannamei reared in bio-flocs technology (BFT) systems. Aquaculture, 321(1): 130-135.
JACKSON, C.J and WANG, Y.G. 1998 Modeling growth rate of Penaeus monodon fabricius in
intensively managed ponds: effects of temperature, pond age and stocking density. Aquaculture Research, 29(1): 27-36.
JACKSON, C.; PRESTON, N.; THOMPSON, P.;BURFORD, M. 2003 Nitrogen budget and effluent nitrogen components at an intensive shrimp farm. Aquaculture, 218(1): 397í 411.
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KRUMMENAUER, D.; CAVALLI, R.O.; POERSCH,L.H.; WASIELESKY, W. 2011 Superintensive
culture of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in a biofloc technology system in Southern Brazil at different stocking densities. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(5): 726-733.
LIN, Y. and CHEN, J. 2001 Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at different salinity levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 259(1):109í 119.
LIN, Y. and CHEN, J. 2003 Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at
different salinity levels. Aquaculture, 224(1): 193-201.
MAGUIRE, G.B. and LEEDOW, M.I. 1983 A study of the optimum stocking density and feed rate for
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MAICÁ, F.M.; BORBA, M.R.; WASIELESKY, W.J. 2011 Effect of low salinity on microbial floc composition and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles reared in a zerowater-exchange super-intensive system. Aquaculture Research, 43(3): 1-10.
MCGRAW, W.J.; DAVIS, D.A.; TEICHERTCODDINGTON, D.; ROUSE, D.B. 2002 Acclimation of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae to low salinity: influence of age, salinity endpoint, and rate of salinity reduction. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 33(1): 78-84.
MCINTOSH, B.J.; SAMOCHA, T.M.; JONES, E.R.; LAWRENCE, A.L.; MCKEE, D.A.; HOROWITZ,S.; HOROWITZ, A. 2000 The effect of a bacterial supplement on the high-density culturing of
Litopenaeus vannamei with low-protein diet on outdoor tank system and no water exchange.
Aquacultural Engineering, 21(3): 215-227.
MISHRA, J.K.; SAMOCHA, T.M.; PATNAIK, S.;SPEED, M.; GANDY, R.L.; ALI, A.M. 2008 Performance of an intensive nursery system for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, under limited discharge condition. Aquacultural Engineering, 38(1): 2-15.
MOSS, K.K. and MOSS, S.M. 2004 Effects of artificial substrate and stocking density on the nursery
production of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,35(4): 536-542.
MUGNIER, C. and SOYEZ, C. 2005 Response of the blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris to temperature decrease and hypoxia in relation to molt stage. Aquaculture, 244(1): 315í 322.
OTOSHI, C.A.; MOSS, D.R.; MOSS, S.M. 2011 Growth-enhancing effect of pond water on four
size classes of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,42: 417í 422.
PEIXOTO, S.; LOPES, D.; WASIELESKY, W. 2013 Estuarine cage culture of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis at different stocking densities. Journal of Shellfish Research, 30(2): 1-7.
PETERSON, J.J. and GRIFFITH, D. 1999 Intensive nursery systems. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 2:
60í 61.
PIEDRAHITA, R.H. 2003 Reducing the potential environ- mental impact of tank aquaculture
effluents through intensification and recirculation. Aquaculture, 226(1): 35í 44.
PONCE-PALAFOX, J.; MARTINEZ-PALACIOS, C.A.; ROSS, L.G. 1997 The effect of salinity and
temperature on the growth and survival rates of juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, Boone, 1931. Aquaculture, 157(1): 107-115.
SAMOCHA, T.M.; PAINAIK, S.; SPEED, M.; ALI, A.; BURGUER, J.M.; ALMEIDA, R.V.; AYUB, Z.;
HARISANTO, M.; HOROWITZ, A.; BROCK,D.L. 2007 Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacultural Engineering, 36(2): 184-191.
VAN WYK, P. and SCARPA, J. 1999 Water quality and management. In: VAN WYK, P.; DAVISHODGKINS, M.; LARAMORE, R.; MAIN, K.L.;MOUNTAIN,J.; SCARPA, J. Farming Marine
Shrimp in Recirculating Freshwater Systems.Florida: Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service. p.128-138.
WASIELESKY, W.J.; POERSCH, L.H.; JENSEN. L.; BIANCHINI, A. 2001 Effect of stocking density
on growth of pen reared pink shimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967)
(Crustacea, Penaeidae). Nauplius, 9(2): 163-167.
WASIELESKY, W.J.; ATWOOD, H.I.; STOKES, A.; BROWDY, C.L. 2006 Effect of natural production
in brown water super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.
Aquaculture, 258: 396-403.
WASIELESKY, W.; FROES, C.; FÓES, G.; KRUMMENAUER, D.; LARA, G.; POERSCH,L.H. 2013 Nursery of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in a biofloc system: the effect of stocking densities and compensatory growth. Journal of Shellfish Research, 32(3): 799-806.
WILLIAMS, A.S.; DAVIS, D.A.; ARNOLD, C.R. 1996 Density-dependent growth and survival of Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus vannamei in a semiclosed recirculating system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 27(1): 107-112.
XU, W.J.; PAN, L.Q.; ZHAO, D.H.; HUANG, J. 2012 Preliminary investigation into the contribution
of bioflocs on protein nutrition of Litopenaeus vannamei fed with different dietary protein levels
in zero-water exchange culture tanks. Aquaculture, 350í 353: 147-153.
AVNIMELECH, Y. 2007 Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs tecnology.Aquaculture, 264(1): 140-147.
AVNIMELECH, Y. 2009 Biofloc Technology, a practical guide book. Baton Rouge: World Aquaculture Society. 182p.
CRAB, R.; AVNIMELECH, Y.; DEFOIRDT, T.;BOSSIER, P.; VERSTRAETE, W. 2007 Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production. Aquaculture, 270(1): 1-14.
COELHO, E.; GUSTAVO, M.; WASIELESKY, W.; SOARES, R.; BALLESTER. E.; IZEPPI, E.; CAVALLI, R. 2007 Crescimento e sobrevivência do camarão-rosa (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) na fase de berçário em meio heterotrófico. Acta Scientiarum, 29(1): 1-7.
COHEN, J.; SAMOCHA, T.M.; FOX, J.M.; LAWRENCE, A.L. 2005 Characterization of water quality factors during intensive raceway production of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei using limited discharge and biosecure management tools. Aquaculture Engineering, 32(3): 425í 442.
DE SCHRYVER, P.; CRAB, R.; DEFOIRDT, T.; BOON, N.; VERSTRAETE, W. 2008 The basics of bio-flocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, 277(3): 125í 137.
EBELING, J.M.; TIMMONS, M.B.; BISOGNI, J.J. 2006 Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of
hotoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic control of ammonia-nitrogen in aquaculture
production systems. Aquaculture, 257(1-4): 346-358.
FOES, G.K.; FRÓES, C.; KRUMMENAUER, D.; POERSCH, L.; WASIELESKY, W. 2011 Nursery of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis in biofloco technology culture system: survival and growth at different stocking densities. Journal of Shellfish Research, 30(2): 1-7.
FURTADO, P.S.; POERSCH, L.H.; WASIELESKY, W. 2011 Effect of calcium hydroxide, carbonate and
sodium bicarbonate on water quality and zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus
vannamei reared in bio-flocs technology (BFT) systems. Aquaculture, 321(1): 130-135.
JACKSON, C.J and WANG, Y.G. 1998 Modeling growth rate of Penaeus monodon fabricius in
intensively managed ponds: effects of temperature, pond age and stocking density. Aquaculture Research, 29(1): 27-36.
JACKSON, C.; PRESTON, N.; THOMPSON, P.;BURFORD, M. 2003 Nitrogen budget and effluent nitrogen components at an intensive shrimp farm. Aquaculture, 218(1): 397í 411.
JORY, D.E.; CABRERA, T.R.; DUGGER, D.M.;FEGAN, D.; LEE, P.G.; LAWRENCE, A.L.; JACKSON, C.J.; MCINTOSH, R.P.; CASTAí"˜EDA,J. 2001 A global review of shrimp feed management: Status and perspectives. In:BROWDY, C.L. and JORY, D.E. The New Wave, Proceedings of the Special Session on Sustainable Shrimp Culture, Aquaculture. Baton Rouge: The World Aquaculture Society. p.104-152
KRUMMENAUER, D.; CAVALLI, R.O.; POERSCH,L.H.; WASIELESKY, W. 2011 Superintensive
culture of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in a biofloc technology system in Southern Brazil at different stocking densities. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(5): 726-733.
LIN, Y. and CHEN, J. 2001 Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at different salinity levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 259(1):109í 119.
LIN, Y. and CHEN, J. 2003 Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at
different salinity levels. Aquaculture, 224(1): 193-201.
MAGUIRE, G.B. and LEEDOW, M.I. 1983 A study of the optimum stocking density and feed rate for
school prawns Metapenaeus macleayi (Haswell) in some Australian brackish water farming ponds. Aquaculture, 30(1): 285í 297.
MAICÁ, F.M.; BORBA, M.R.; WASIELESKY, W.J. 2011 Effect of low salinity on microbial floc composition and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles reared in a zerowater-exchange super-intensive system. Aquaculture Research, 43(3): 1-10.
MCGRAW, W.J.; DAVIS, D.A.; TEICHERTCODDINGTON, D.; ROUSE, D.B. 2002 Acclimation of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae to low salinity: influence of age, salinity endpoint, and rate of salinity reduction. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 33(1): 78-84.
MCINTOSH, B.J.; SAMOCHA, T.M.; JONES, E.R.; LAWRENCE, A.L.; MCKEE, D.A.; HOROWITZ,S.; HOROWITZ, A. 2000 The effect of a bacterial supplement on the high-density culturing of
Litopenaeus vannamei with low-protein diet on outdoor tank system and no water exchange.
Aquacultural Engineering, 21(3): 215-227.
MISHRA, J.K.; SAMOCHA, T.M.; PATNAIK, S.;SPEED, M.; GANDY, R.L.; ALI, A.M. 2008 Performance of an intensive nursery system for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, under limited discharge condition. Aquacultural Engineering, 38(1): 2-15.
MOSS, K.K. and MOSS, S.M. 2004 Effects of artificial substrate and stocking density on the nursery
production of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,35(4): 536-542.
MUGNIER, C. and SOYEZ, C. 2005 Response of the blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris to temperature decrease and hypoxia in relation to molt stage. Aquaculture, 244(1): 315í 322.
OTOSHI, C.A.; MOSS, D.R.; MOSS, S.M. 2011 Growth-enhancing effect of pond water on four
size classes of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,42: 417í 422.
PEIXOTO, S.; LOPES, D.; WASIELESKY, W. 2013 Estuarine cage culture of pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis at different stocking densities. Journal of Shellfish Research, 30(2): 1-7.
PETERSON, J.J. and GRIFFITH, D. 1999 Intensive nursery systems. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 2:
60í 61.
PIEDRAHITA, R.H. 2003 Reducing the potential environ- mental impact of tank aquaculture
effluents through intensification and recirculation. Aquaculture, 226(1): 35í 44.
PONCE-PALAFOX, J.; MARTINEZ-PALACIOS, C.A.; ROSS, L.G. 1997 The effect of salinity and
temperature on the growth and survival rates of juvenile white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, Boone, 1931. Aquaculture, 157(1): 107-115.
SAMOCHA, T.M.; PAINAIK, S.; SPEED, M.; ALI, A.; BURGUER, J.M.; ALMEIDA, R.V.; AYUB, Z.;
HARISANTO, M.; HOROWITZ, A.; BROCK,D.L. 2007 Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacultural Engineering, 36(2): 184-191.
VAN WYK, P. and SCARPA, J. 1999 Water quality and management. In: VAN WYK, P.; DAVISHODGKINS, M.; LARAMORE, R.; MAIN, K.L.;MOUNTAIN,J.; SCARPA, J. Farming Marine
Shrimp in Recirculating Freshwater Systems.Florida: Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service. p.128-138.
WASIELESKY, W.J.; POERSCH, L.H.; JENSEN. L.; BIANCHINI, A. 2001 Effect of stocking density
on growth of pen reared pink shimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967)
(Crustacea, Penaeidae). Nauplius, 9(2): 163-167.
WASIELESKY, W.J.; ATWOOD, H.I.; STOKES, A.; BROWDY, C.L. 2006 Effect of natural production
in brown water super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.
Aquaculture, 258: 396-403.
WASIELESKY, W.; FROES, C.; FÓES, G.; KRUMMENAUER, D.; LARA, G.; POERSCH,L.H. 2013 Nursery of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in a biofloc system: the effect of stocking densities and compensatory growth. Journal of Shellfish Research, 32(3): 799-806.
WILLIAMS, A.S.; DAVIS, D.A.; ARNOLD, C.R. 1996 Density-dependent growth and survival of Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus vannamei in a semiclosed recirculating system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 27(1): 107-112.
XU, W.J.; PAN, L.Q.; ZHAO, D.H.; HUANG, J. 2012 Preliminary investigation into the contribution
of bioflocs on protein nutrition of Litopenaeus vannamei fed with different dietary protein levels
in zero-water exchange culture tanks. Aquaculture, 350í 353: 147-153.
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2018-11-20
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