Influence of cage fish farming on the diet and biological attributes of Galeocharax knerii in the Chavantes reservoir, Brazil
Keywords:
fish, Characidae, impact of fish farming, teleostAbstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diet and biological attributes of the population of Galeocharax knerii residing near net cage fish farming activities in the Chavantes reservoir (Paranapanema River, Brazil) in order to check their possible impacts. Samples were collected from two populations: one near the net cages (NC) and one from an area not influenced by these cages, denominated the "reference site†(RS). Monthly samplings were carried out from March 2008 to February 2009. Fish were caught with a standardized effort using gill nets deployed for 14 hours. The alimentary index (AI) and degree of repletion (RD) were calculated to determine diet composition. Analyses of the sex ratio and the gonadosomatic index (GSI) were also performed. The calculations of AI revealed that fish wastes constituted the most frequent food item in the diet in both study areas (NC = 70.43; RS = 87.55), followed by the consumption of Apareiodon affinis (AI = 29.56), which was abundant near the NC, and prawn at the reference site (AI = 12.28). The sex ratio differed from 1:1 and mature individuals were only found in the population near the NC. The findings demonstrate that G. knerii indirectly benefits from the input of organic matter, using small fish as its main food resource. It is concluded that the activities of fish farming influence diet and biological attributes of the species G. knerii, evidenced mainly by higher feeding activity, numerical abundance and biomass in the area of the cages.
References
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BOYRA, A.; SANCHEZ-JEREZ, P.; TUYA, F.;ESPINO, F.; HAROUN, R. 2004 Attraction of
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Hí"¦KANSON, L. 2005 Changes to lake ecosystem structure resulting from fish cage farm emissions. Lakes & Reservoirs Research &Management, 10(1): 71-80.
KAWAKAMI, E. and VAZZOLER, G. 1980 Método gráfico e estimativa de índice alimentar aplicado no estudo de alimentação de peixes. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 29(2): 205-207.
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KUTTI, T. 2008 A aquicultura estimulando a vida animal. Panorama da Aqüicultura, 18: 18-19.
LEHMKUHL,D.M. 1979 How to know the aquatic insects. Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. 168p.
MACHIAS, A.; KARAKASSIS, I.; SOMARAKIS, S.;GIANNOULAKI, M.; APADOPOULOU, K.N.; SMITH, C. 2005 Response of demersal fish communities to the presence of fish farms.Marine Ecology Progress Series, 288: 241-250.
MANNINO, A.M. and SARA, G. 2008 Effects of fishfarm biodeposition on periphyton assemblages on artificial substrates in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Gulf of Castellammare, Sicily). Aquatic Ecology, 42: 575-581.
MARí"¡AL-SHIMABUKU, M.A. and PERET, A.C. 2002 Alimentação de peixes (Osteichthyes,Characiformes) em duas lagoas de uma planície de inundação brasileira da bacia do rio Paraná.Interciência, 27: 299-306.
McCUNE, B. and GRACE, J.B. 2002 Nonmetric multidimensional scaling. In: Analysis of
ecological communities. Oregon: MJM. Software.125p.
MENEZES, L.C.B. and BEYRUTH, Z. 2003 Impactos da aqüicultura em tanques-rede sobre a comunidade bentônica de Guarapiranga - São Paulo - SP. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 29(1): 77-86.
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MIRTO, S.; GRISTINA, M.; SINOPOLI, M.;MARICCHIOLO, G.; GENOVESE, L.; VIZZINI,
S.; MAZZOLA, A. 2012 Meio fauna as an indicator for assessing the impact of fish farming at an exposed marine site. Ecological Indicators,18: 468í 476.
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NICKELL, L.A.; BLACK, K.D.; HUGHES, D.J.;OVERNELL, J.; BRAND, T.; NICKELL, T.D.;
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PILLAY, T.V.R. 2004 Aquaculture and the environment.2ª ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 194p.
RAMOS, I.P.; VIDOTTO-MAGNONI, A.P.; CARVALHO, E.D. 2008 Influence of cage fish
farming on the diet of dominant fish species of a brazilian reservoir (Tietê river, high Paraná river basin). Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 20(3): 245-252.
REIS, R.E.; KULLANDER, S.O.; FERRARIS JR, C.J.2003 Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. 742p.
ROMANA-EGUIA, M.R.R.; IKEDA, M.; BASIAO,Z.U.; TANIGUCHI, N. 2010 Growth comparison of Asian Nile and red tilapia strains in controlled and uncontrolled farm conditions. Aquaculture International, 18(6): 1205í 1221.
STRICTAR-PEREIRA, L.; AGOSTINHO, A.A.;GOMES, L.C. 2010 Cage culture with tilapia
induces alteration in the diet of natural fish populations: the case of Auchenipterus
osteomystax. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 70(4):1021-1030.
STRIXINO, G. and STRIXINO, S.T. 1982 Insetos aquáticos: guia de identificação. São Carlos: Universidade Federal de São Carlos. 21p.
STURGES, H.A. 1926 The Choice of a Class Interval.Journal of the American Statistical Association,21(153): 65-66.
TUYA, F.; SANCHEZ-JERES, P.; DEMPSTER, T.;BOYRA, A.; HAROUN, R.J. 2006 Changes in
demersal wild fish aggregations beneath a seacage farm after the cessation of farming. Journal of Fish Biology, 69(3): 682-697.
VAZZOLER, A.E. 1996 Biologia da reprodução de peixes teleósteos: teoria e prática. Maringá: EDUEM.169p
VEREGUE, A.M.L. and ORSI, M.L. 2003 Biologia Reprodutiva de Astyanax scabripinnis paranae (Eigenmann) (Ostheich tyes, Characidae), do ribeirão das Marrecas, bacia do rio Tibagi, Paraná. Revista Brasileira Zoologia, 20(1): 97-105.
VITA, R.; MARÍN, A.; MADRID, J.A.; JIMÉNEZBRINQUIS, B.; CESAR, A.; MARÍN-GUIRAO, L.2004 Effects of wild fishes on waste exportation from a Mediterranean fish farm. Germany. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 277: 253í 261
WETENGERE, K. 2011 Socio-economic factors critical for intensification of fish farming technology. A case of selected villages in Morogoro and Dar es Salaam regions.Tanzania. Aquaculture International, 19(1): 33í 49.
YOKOYAMA, H. 2003 Environmental quality criteria for fish farms in Japan. Aquaculture, 226(12): 45-56.
ARTHUR, J.R. and BONDAD-REANTASO, M.G. 2012 Introductory training course on risk analysis for movements of live aquatic animals.FAO SAP. Samoa. 167p.
AYRES, M.; AYRES JR, M.; AYRES, D.L.; SANTOS, A.A.S. 2007 BioEstat versão 5.0: aplicações estatísticas nas áreas biomédicas. Belém:Sociedade Civil Mamirauá. MCT í CNPq. 380p.
BENEDITO-CECILIO, E. and AGOSTINHO, A.A.1997 Estrutura de populações de peixes do reservatório de Segredo. In: AGOSTINHO, A.A. and GOMES, L.C. Reservatório de Segredo: bases ecológicas para o manejo. Maringá: EDUEM.p.113-139.
BEVERIDGE, M.C.M. 1996 Cage aquaculture. 2ª ed.Oxford: Fishing News Books. 346p.
BEVERIDGE, M.C.M. 2004 Cage aquaculture. 3ª ed.Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 368p.
BOYRA, A.; SANCHEZ-JEREZ, P.; TUYA, F.;ESPINO, F.; HAROUN, R. 2004 Attraction of
wild coastal fishes to an Atlantic subtropical cage fish farms, Gran Canária, canary Islands.Environmental Biology of Fishes, 70(4): 393-401.
BRANDÃO, H. 2010 Biologia populacional com ênfase na dieta das principais espécies de peixes agregados a um sistema de piscicultura em tanques-rede no
reservatório de Chavantes (médio rio ParanapanemaSP/PR). Botucatu. 150p. (PhD thesis. Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu. UNESP). Available at:http://www2.ibb.unesp.br/posgrad/teses/zoologia_do_2010_heleno_brandao_novo.pdf Access on: 20 Jun. 2012.
BRIGOLIN, D.; PASTRES, R.; NICKELL, T.D.; CROMEY, C.J.; AGUILERA, D.R.; REGNIER, P.
2009 Modelling the impact of aquaculture on early diagenetic processes in sea loch sediments.Marine Ecology Progress Series, 388: 63-80.
CARROL, M.L.; COCHRANE, S.; FIELE, R.;VELVIN, R.; WHITE, P. 2003 Organic
enrichment of sediments from salmon farming in Norway: environmental factors, management practices, and monitoring techniques.Aquaculture, 226(1-4): 165-180.
CARVALHO, E.D.; DAVID, G.M.; SILVA, R.J. 2012 Health and environment in aquaculture. In:CARVALHO, E.D.; SILVA, R.J.; RAMOS, I.P.;PAES, J.V.K.; ZANATTA, A.S.; BRANDÃO, H.;ZICA, E.O.P.; NOBILE, A.A.A.; DAVID, G.S. Ecological features of large neotropical reservoirs and its relation to health of cage reared fish. INTECH:
Rijeka. Croatia. p.361-382
COSTA, C.; IDE, S.; SIMONKA, C.E. 2006 Insetos imaturos: metamorfose e identificação. Ribeirão Preto: Holos Editora. 249p.
DEMÉTRIO, J.A.; LUIZ, G.C.; LATINI, J.D.;AGOSTINHO, A.A. 2012 Influence of net cage
farming on the diet of associated wild fish in a Neotropical reservoir. Aquaculture, 330í 333:172-178.
DEMPSTER, T.; SANCHEZ-JEREZ, P.; BAYLESEMPERE, J.T.; GIMÉNEZ-CASALDUERO, F.;
VALLE, C. 2002 Attraction of wild fish to seacage fish farms in the south-western
Mediterranean Sea: spatial and short-term temporal variability. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 242: 237-252.
DEMPSTER, T.I.M.; SANCHEZ-JEREZ, P.; BAYLESEMPERE, J.; KINGSFORD, M. 2004 Extensive aggregations of wild fish at coastal sea-cage fish farms. Hydrobiologia, 525: 245-248.
DIAS, J.D.; TAKAHASHI, E.M.; SANTANA, N.F.; BONECKER, C.C. 2011 Impact of fish cageculture on the community structure of zooplankton in a tropical reservoir, Iheringia -Série Zoologia, 101(1-2): 75-84.
DUKE ENERGY 2002 Relatório para licenciamento ambiental da usina hidrelétrica de
Chavantes.1.Available at:http://www.dukeenergy.com.br/usinas/uhe_chavantes.asp
Access on: 20 april. 2012.
DEVOE, MR. and HODGES, C.E. 2002 Management of marine aquaculture: the sustainability challenge. Marine Aquaculture, 2: 21-49.
GIANNOULAKI, M.; MACHIAS, A.; SOMARAKIS, S.; KARAKASSIS, I. 2005 Wild fish spatial structure in response to presence of fish farms. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85(5): 1271-1277.
GJEDREM, T. 2012 Genetic improvement for the development of efficient global aquaculture: A personal opinion review. Aquaculture, 344-349:12í 22.
HAHN, N.S and FUGI, R. 2008 Environmental changes. habitat modifications and feeding ecology of freshwater fish. In: CYRINO, J.E.P.;BUREAU, D.P.; KAPOOR, B.G. Feeding and digestive functions of fishes. New Hampshire:Science Publisher. p.35-65.
HAHN, N.S.; AGOSTINHO, A.A.; GOMES, L.C.; BINI, L.M. 1998 Estrutura trófica da ictiofauna do reservatório de Itaipu (Paraná-Brasil) nos primeiros anos de sua formação. Interciência,23(5): 299-305.
Hí"¦KANSON, L. 2005 Changes to lake ecosystem structure resulting from fish cage farm emissions. Lakes & Reservoirs Research &Management, 10(1): 71-80.
KAWAKAMI, E. and VAZZOLER, G. 1980 Método gráfico e estimativa de índice alimentar aplicado no estudo de alimentação de peixes. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 29(2): 205-207.
KUBITZA, F. and ONO, E.A. 2003 Projetos aquícolas:planejamento e avaliação econômica. 1ª ed.Jundiaí. 112p.
KUTTI, T. 2008 A aquicultura estimulando a vida animal. Panorama da Aqüicultura, 18: 18-19.
LEHMKUHL,D.M. 1979 How to know the aquatic insects. Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. 168p.
MACHIAS, A.; KARAKASSIS, I.; SOMARAKIS, S.;GIANNOULAKI, M.; APADOPOULOU, K.N.; SMITH, C. 2005 Response of demersal fish communities to the presence of fish farms.Marine Ecology Progress Series, 288: 241-250.
MANNINO, A.M. and SARA, G. 2008 Effects of fishfarm biodeposition on periphyton assemblages on artificial substrates in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Gulf of Castellammare, Sicily). Aquatic Ecology, 42: 575-581.
MARí"¡AL-SHIMABUKU, M.A. and PERET, A.C. 2002 Alimentação de peixes (Osteichthyes,Characiformes) em duas lagoas de uma planície de inundação brasileira da bacia do rio Paraná.Interciência, 27: 299-306.
McCUNE, B. and GRACE, J.B. 2002 Nonmetric multidimensional scaling. In: Analysis of
ecological communities. Oregon: MJM. Software.125p.
MENEZES, L.C.B. and BEYRUTH, Z. 2003 Impactos da aqüicultura em tanques-rede sobre a comunidade bentônica de Guarapiranga - São Paulo - SP. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 29(1): 77-86.
MERRITT, R.W. and CUMMINS, K.W. 1996 Anin troduction to the aquatic insects of North America. 3ª ed. Dubuque: Kendall Hunt Publ. Co. 722p.
MIRTO, S.; GRISTINA, M.; SINOPOLI, M.;MARICCHIOLO, G.; GENOVESE, L.; VIZZINI,
S.; MAZZOLA, A. 2012 Meio fauna as an indicator for assessing the impact of fish farming at an exposed marine site. Ecological Indicators,18: 468í 476.
MORATA, T.; FALCO, S.; GADEA, I:; SOSPEDRA, J.;RODILLA, M. 2013 Environmental effects of a marine fish farm of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in the NW Mediterranean Sea on water column and sediment. Aquaculture Research, 1í 16. doi: 10.1111/are.12159
NICKELL, L.A.; BLACK, K.D.; HUGHES, D.J.;OVERNELL, J.; BRAND, T.; NICKELL, T.D.;
BREUER, E.; HARVEY, S.M. 2003 Bioturbation,sediment fluxes and benthic community
structure around a salmon cage farm in Loch Creran, Scotland. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology Ecology, 285-286: 221-233.
PILLAY, T.V.R. 2004 Aquaculture and the environment.2ª ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 194p.
RAMOS, I.P.; VIDOTTO-MAGNONI, A.P.; CARVALHO, E.D. 2008 Influence of cage fish
farming on the diet of dominant fish species of a brazilian reservoir (Tietê river, high Paraná river basin). Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 20(3): 245-252.
REIS, R.E.; KULLANDER, S.O.; FERRARIS JR, C.J.2003 Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. 742p.
ROMANA-EGUIA, M.R.R.; IKEDA, M.; BASIAO,Z.U.; TANIGUCHI, N. 2010 Growth comparison of Asian Nile and red tilapia strains in controlled and uncontrolled farm conditions. Aquaculture International, 18(6): 1205í 1221.
STRICTAR-PEREIRA, L.; AGOSTINHO, A.A.;GOMES, L.C. 2010 Cage culture with tilapia
induces alteration in the diet of natural fish populations: the case of Auchenipterus
osteomystax. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 70(4):1021-1030.
STRIXINO, G. and STRIXINO, S.T. 1982 Insetos aquáticos: guia de identificação. São Carlos: Universidade Federal de São Carlos. 21p.
STURGES, H.A. 1926 The Choice of a Class Interval.Journal of the American Statistical Association,21(153): 65-66.
TUYA, F.; SANCHEZ-JERES, P.; DEMPSTER, T.;BOYRA, A.; HAROUN, R.J. 2006 Changes in
demersal wild fish aggregations beneath a seacage farm after the cessation of farming. Journal of Fish Biology, 69(3): 682-697.
VAZZOLER, A.E. 1996 Biologia da reprodução de peixes teleósteos: teoria e prática. Maringá: EDUEM.169p
VEREGUE, A.M.L. and ORSI, M.L. 2003 Biologia Reprodutiva de Astyanax scabripinnis paranae (Eigenmann) (Ostheich tyes, Characidae), do ribeirão das Marrecas, bacia do rio Tibagi, Paraná. Revista Brasileira Zoologia, 20(1): 97-105.
VITA, R.; MARÍN, A.; MADRID, J.A.; JIMÉNEZBRINQUIS, B.; CESAR, A.; MARÍN-GUIRAO, L.2004 Effects of wild fishes on waste exportation from a Mediterranean fish farm. Germany. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 277: 253í 261
WETENGERE, K. 2011 Socio-economic factors critical for intensification of fish farming technology. A case of selected villages in Morogoro and Dar es Salaam regions.Tanzania. Aquaculture International, 19(1): 33í 49.
YOKOYAMA, H. 2003 Environmental quality criteria for fish farms in Japan. Aquaculture, 226(12): 45-56.
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