EFICÁCIA DA BENZOCAINA COMO ANESTÉSICO EM DIFERENTES TEMPERATURAS DE ÁGUA PARA JUVENIS DE CURIMBA (<i>Prochilodus lineatus</i> Valenciennes, 1836), UMA ESPÉCIE DE PEIXE NEOTROPICAL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2019.45.3.474Palavras-chave:
anestesia, manejo, piscicultura, indução, recuperação, aquiculturaResumo
Os anestésicos têm sido usados com frequência na aquicultura para minimizar o estresse durante o manejo. Entretanto, vários fatores podem afetar a eficiência do anestésico. Por exemplo, a temperatura é um dos fatores abióticos que controlam o metabolismo animal e, consequentemente, os efeitos anestésicos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia da benzocaína como anestésico em juvenis de curimba Prochilodus lineatus em diferentes temperaturas da água. Juvenis (4,7 ± 1,6 g e comprimento total de 7,4 ± 0,7 cm) foram submetidos í anestesia nas concentrações de 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 mg de benzocaína L-1 e temperaturas de 22, 25, 28 e 31 °C. Os efeitos foram avaliados medindose o tempo de indução í anestesia profunda e cirúrgica, tempo de recuperação, tempo de retorno do apetite e taxa de mortalidade em 96 horas. As maiores temperaturas (25, 28 e 31 °C) proporcionaram menores tempos de indução a anestesia profunda e em 50 mg de benzocaína L-1 o tempo de indução foi entre 2 e 3 min. Juvenis nas temperaturas de 28 e 31 °C apresentaram menor tempo de indução a anestesia cirúrgica nas concentrações variando de 60 a 80 mg L-1. O tempo de recuperação foi superior a 22 ° C em todas as concentrações. O tempo de retorno do apetite ocorreu nas primeiras 24 horas após a anestesia e a taxa de mortalidade após 96 horas foi inferior a 10%. Nestas condições, para anestesia profunda, recomenda-se a concentração de 50 mg L-1 de benzocaína nas temperaturas de 25, 28 e 31 °C e 60 mg L-1 para 22 °C. A anestesia cirúrgica pode ser realizada com 50 mg de benzocaína L-1 nas quatro temperaturas. As diferenças documentadas no presente estudo reforçam a necessidade de adequar a concentração do anestésico í temperatura da água para as espécies de peixes neotropicais, devendo ser reconsiderada na recomendação para uso em larga escala.
Referências
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Barton, B.A.; Iwama, G.K. 1991. Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 1: 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(91)90019-g.
Bittencourt, F.; Souza, B.E.; Boscolo, W.R.; Rorato, R.R.; Feiden, A.; Neu, D.H. 2012. Benzocaine and eugenol as anesthetics for golden fish (Carassius auratus). Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 64(6):
1597-1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352012000600028.
Dawson, V.K.; Gilderhus, P.A. 1979. Ethyl-p-aminobenzoate (Benzocaine): Efficacy as an anesthetic for five species of freshwater fish. Investigations in Fish Control 87, La Crosse: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 5p.
Frascá-Scorvo, C.M.D.; Carneiro, D.J.; Malheiros, E.B. 2001. Feeding behaviour of "matrinxã†(Brycon cephalus) during the period of lower temperatures. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 27(1): 1-5.
Garcia, L.O.; Copatti, C.E.; Wachholz, F.; Pereira-Filho, W.; Baldisserotto, B. 2008. Freshwater temperature in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, and its implication for fish culture. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6(2): 275-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252008000200016.
Gilderhus, P.A. 1989. Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic for salmonid fishes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 9(2): 150-153. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1989)009<0150:EO BAAA>2.3.CO;2.
Gilderhus, P.A. 1990. Benzocaine as a fish anesthetic: efficacy and safety for spawning-phase salmon. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 52(3):189-191. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1990)052<0189:BAAFAE>2.3.CO;2.
Gilderhus, P.A.; Carol, A.L.; Woods III, L.C. 1991. Benzocaine as an Anesthetic for Striped Bass. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 53(2): 105-107. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053<0105:BAAAFS>2.3.CO;2.
Gilderhus, P.A.; Marking, L.L. 1987. Comparative efficacy of 16 anesthetic chemicals on Rainbow trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 7(2): 288 292. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1990)052<0189:BAAFAE>2.3.CO;2.
Gimbo, R.Y.; Saita, M.V.; Gonçalves, A.F.N.; Takahashi, L.S. 2008. Diferentes concentrações de benzocaína na indução anestésica do lambari-do-rabo-amarelo (Astyanax altiparanae). Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 9(2): 350-357.
Gomes, D.P.; Chaves, B.W.; Becker, A.G.; Baldisserotto, B. 2011. Water parameters affect anaesthesia induced by eugenol in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. Aquaculture Research, 42(6): 878-886. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02864.x.
Gomes, L.C.; Chippari-Gomes, A.R.; Lopes, N.P.; Roubach, R.; AraujoLima, A.R.M. 2007. Efficacy of Benzocaine as na Anaesthetic in Juvenile Tambaqui, Colossoma Macropomum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 32(4): 426-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2001.tb00470.x.
Hikasa, Y.; Takasa, K.; Ogasawara, T.; Ogasawara, S. 1986. Anesthesia and recovery with tricaine methanesulfonate, eugenol and thiopental sodium in the cap, Cyprinus carpio. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi, 48(2): 341-351.
Hoskonen, P.; Pirhonen, J. 2004. Temperature effects of anaesthesia with clove oil in six temperate-zone fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 64:1136-1142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00359.x.
Houston, A.H.; Woods, R.J. 1976. Influence of temperature upon tricaine methane sulphonate uptake and induction of anestesia in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 54(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4492(76)90016-2.
IBAMA í Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis. 2015. Laudo Técnico Preliminar. Impactos ambientais decorrentes do desastre envolvendo o rompimento da barragem de
Fundão, em Mariana, Minas Gerais. Available from: http://www.ibama.gov.br/phocadownload/barragemdefundao/
laudos/laudo_tecnico_preliminar_Ibama.pdf.
IBGE í Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2016. Produção da Pecuária Municipal, 44: 1-51. ISSN 0101-4234.
Jepsen, N.; Koed, A.; Thorstad, E.B.; Baras, E. 2002. Surgical implantation of telemetry transmitters in fish: how much have we learned? Hydrobiologia, 483(1-3): 239í 248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021356302311.
King, V. W.; Hooper, B.; Hillsgrove, S.; Benton, C.; Berlinsky, D.L. 2005.The use of clove oil, metomidate, tricaine methanesulphonate and 2-phenoxyethanol for inducing anaesthesia and their effect on the cortisol stress response in black sea bass (Centropristis striata L.) Aquaculture Research, 36(14): 1442-1449. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01365.x.
Marking, L.L.; Meyer, F.P. 1985. Are better anesthetics needed in fisheries? Fisheries, 10: 2-5 https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1985)010<0002:ABANIF>2.0.CO;2.
Massee, K.C.; Rust, M.B.; Hardy, R.W.; Stickney, R.R. 1995. The effectiveness of tricaine, quinaldine sulfate and metomidate as anesthetics for larval fish. Aquaculture, 134(3): 351-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)00057-9.
Mylonas, C.C., Cardinaletti, G., Sigelaki, I., Polzonetti-Magni, A., 2005. Comparative efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as anesthetics in the aquaculture of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead
sea bream (Sparus aurata) at different temperatures. Aquaculture, 246(1-4), 467í 481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.046.
Parker, N.; Davis, K. 1981. Requirements of warmwater fish. In: Allen, L.; Kinney, E. Proceedings of the bioengineering symposium for fish culture. Fish culture section of the American Fisheries Society, Bethesda. p. 21-28.
Parma De Croux, M.J. 1990. Benzocaine (Ethyl-p-Aminobenzoate) as na anaesthesia for Prochilodus lineatus, Valenciennes (Pisces,Curimatidae). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 6(3): 189-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1990.tb00578.x.
Piana, P.A.; Cardoso, B.F.; Dias, J.; Gomes, L.C.; Agostinho, A.A.; Miranda, L.E. 2017. Using long-term data to predict fish abundance: the case of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) in the intensely regulated upper Paraná River. Neotropical Ichthyology,15(3): e160029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160029.
Priborsky, J.; Velisek, J. 2018. A Review of Three Commonly Used Fish Anesthetics. Journal
Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 26(4): 417-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2018.1442812.
Ribeiro, P.A.P.; De Melo, D.C.; Santo, A.H.E.; Silva, W.S.; Santos, A.E.H.; Luz, R.K. 2015. A tricaine as an anaesthetic for larvae and juveniles of Lophiosilurus alexandri, a carnivorous freshwater fish. Aquaculture Research, 46(7): 1788í 1792. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12316.
Ross, L.G.; Geddes, J.A. 1979. Sedation of warm-water fish species in aquaculture research. Aquaculture, 16(2): 183-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(79)90150-9.
Ross, L.G.; Ross, B. 2008. Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. Blackwell Scienc, Oxford. p. 240.
Sandblom, E.; Grí¤ns, A.; Axelsson, M.; Seth, H. 2014 Temperature acclimation rate of aerobic scope and feeding metabolism in fishes: implications in a thermally extreme future. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1794): 20141490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1490.
Sneddon, L.U. 2012. Clinical anesthesia and analgesia in fish. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 21(1): 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.009.
Stehly, G.R., Gingerich, W.H., 1999. Evaluation of AQUI-S(TM) (efficacy and minimum toxic concentration) as a fish anaesthetic sedative for public aquaculture in the United States. Aquaculture Research, 30(5):365í 372. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00339.x.
Sylvester, J.R.; Holland, L.E. 1982. Influence of temperature, water hardness, and stocking density on MS-222 response in three species of fish. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 44(3): 138-141. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1982)44[138:IOTWHA]2.0.CO;2.
Taylor, B.W.; Flecker, A.S.; Hall, R.O. 2006. Loss of a harvested fish species disrupts carbon flow in a diverse tropical river. Science, 313(5788):833-836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1128223.
Woolsey, J.; Holcomb, M.; Ingermann, R.L. 2004. Effect of temperature on clove oil anesthesia in steelhead fry. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 66(1): 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1577/A03-008.
Zahl, I.H.; Kiessling, A.; Samuelsen, O.B.; Hansen, M.K. 2009. Anaesthesia of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) í Effects of pre-anaesthetic sedation, and importance of body weight, temperature and stress. Aquaculture, 295(1-2): 52-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.06.019.
Zahl, I.H.; Samuelsen, O.; Kiesslling, A. 2012. Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(1): 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-011-9565-1.
Barton, B.A.; Iwama, G.K. 1991. Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 1: 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(91)90019-g.
Bittencourt, F.; Souza, B.E.; Boscolo, W.R.; Rorato, R.R.; Feiden, A.; Neu, D.H. 2012. Benzocaine and eugenol as anesthetics for golden fish (Carassius auratus). Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 64(6):
1597-1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352012000600028.
Dawson, V.K.; Gilderhus, P.A. 1979. Ethyl-p-aminobenzoate (Benzocaine): Efficacy as an anesthetic for five species of freshwater fish. Investigations in Fish Control 87, La Crosse: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 5p.
Frascá-Scorvo, C.M.D.; Carneiro, D.J.; Malheiros, E.B. 2001. Feeding behaviour of "matrinxã†(Brycon cephalus) during the period of lower temperatures. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 27(1): 1-5.
Garcia, L.O.; Copatti, C.E.; Wachholz, F.; Pereira-Filho, W.; Baldisserotto, B. 2008. Freshwater temperature in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, and its implication for fish culture. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6(2): 275-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252008000200016.
Gilderhus, P.A. 1989. Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic for salmonid fishes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 9(2): 150-153. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1989)009<0150:EO BAAA>2.3.CO;2.
Gilderhus, P.A. 1990. Benzocaine as a fish anesthetic: efficacy and safety for spawning-phase salmon. Progressive Fish-Culturist, 52(3):189-191. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1990)052<0189:BAAFAE>2.3.CO;2.
Gilderhus, P.A.; Carol, A.L.; Woods III, L.C. 1991. Benzocaine as an Anesthetic for Striped Bass. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 53(2): 105-107. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053<0105:BAAAFS>2.3.CO;2.
Gilderhus, P.A.; Marking, L.L. 1987. Comparative efficacy of 16 anesthetic chemicals on Rainbow trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 7(2): 288 292. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1990)052<0189:BAAFAE>2.3.CO;2.
Gimbo, R.Y.; Saita, M.V.; Gonçalves, A.F.N.; Takahashi, L.S. 2008. Diferentes concentrações de benzocaína na indução anestésica do lambari-do-rabo-amarelo (Astyanax altiparanae). Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 9(2): 350-357.
Gomes, D.P.; Chaves, B.W.; Becker, A.G.; Baldisserotto, B. 2011. Water parameters affect anaesthesia induced by eugenol in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. Aquaculture Research, 42(6): 878-886. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02864.x.
Gomes, L.C.; Chippari-Gomes, A.R.; Lopes, N.P.; Roubach, R.; AraujoLima, A.R.M. 2007. Efficacy of Benzocaine as na Anaesthetic in Juvenile Tambaqui, Colossoma Macropomum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 32(4): 426-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2001.tb00470.x.
Hikasa, Y.; Takasa, K.; Ogasawara, T.; Ogasawara, S. 1986. Anesthesia and recovery with tricaine methanesulfonate, eugenol and thiopental sodium in the cap, Cyprinus carpio. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi, 48(2): 341-351.
Hoskonen, P.; Pirhonen, J. 2004. Temperature effects of anaesthesia with clove oil in six temperate-zone fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 64:1136-1142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00359.x.
Houston, A.H.; Woods, R.J. 1976. Influence of temperature upon tricaine methane sulphonate uptake and induction of anestesia in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 54(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4492(76)90016-2.
IBAMA í Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis. 2015. Laudo Técnico Preliminar. Impactos ambientais decorrentes do desastre envolvendo o rompimento da barragem de
Fundão, em Mariana, Minas Gerais. Available from: http://www.ibama.gov.br/phocadownload/barragemdefundao/
laudos/laudo_tecnico_preliminar_Ibama.pdf.
IBGE í Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2016. Produção da Pecuária Municipal, 44: 1-51. ISSN 0101-4234.
Jepsen, N.; Koed, A.; Thorstad, E.B.; Baras, E. 2002. Surgical implantation of telemetry transmitters in fish: how much have we learned? Hydrobiologia, 483(1-3): 239í 248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021356302311.
King, V. W.; Hooper, B.; Hillsgrove, S.; Benton, C.; Berlinsky, D.L. 2005.The use of clove oil, metomidate, tricaine methanesulphonate and 2-phenoxyethanol for inducing anaesthesia and their effect on the cortisol stress response in black sea bass (Centropristis striata L.) Aquaculture Research, 36(14): 1442-1449. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01365.x.
Marking, L.L.; Meyer, F.P. 1985. Are better anesthetics needed in fisheries? Fisheries, 10: 2-5 https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1985)010<0002:ABANIF>2.0.CO;2.
Massee, K.C.; Rust, M.B.; Hardy, R.W.; Stickney, R.R. 1995. The effectiveness of tricaine, quinaldine sulfate and metomidate as anesthetics for larval fish. Aquaculture, 134(3): 351-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)00057-9.
Mylonas, C.C., Cardinaletti, G., Sigelaki, I., Polzonetti-Magni, A., 2005. Comparative efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as anesthetics in the aquaculture of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead
sea bream (Sparus aurata) at different temperatures. Aquaculture, 246(1-4), 467í 481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.046.
Parker, N.; Davis, K. 1981. Requirements of warmwater fish. In: Allen, L.; Kinney, E. Proceedings of the bioengineering symposium for fish culture. Fish culture section of the American Fisheries Society, Bethesda. p. 21-28.
Parma De Croux, M.J. 1990. Benzocaine (Ethyl-p-Aminobenzoate) as na anaesthesia for Prochilodus lineatus, Valenciennes (Pisces,Curimatidae). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 6(3): 189-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1990.tb00578.x.
Piana, P.A.; Cardoso, B.F.; Dias, J.; Gomes, L.C.; Agostinho, A.A.; Miranda, L.E. 2017. Using long-term data to predict fish abundance: the case of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) in the intensely regulated upper Paraná River. Neotropical Ichthyology,15(3): e160029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160029.
Priborsky, J.; Velisek, J. 2018. A Review of Three Commonly Used Fish Anesthetics. Journal
Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 26(4): 417-442. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2018.1442812.
Ribeiro, P.A.P.; De Melo, D.C.; Santo, A.H.E.; Silva, W.S.; Santos, A.E.H.; Luz, R.K. 2015. A tricaine as an anaesthetic for larvae and juveniles of Lophiosilurus alexandri, a carnivorous freshwater fish. Aquaculture Research, 46(7): 1788í 1792. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12316.
Ross, L.G.; Geddes, J.A. 1979. Sedation of warm-water fish species in aquaculture research. Aquaculture, 16(2): 183-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(79)90150-9.
Ross, L.G.; Ross, B. 2008. Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. Blackwell Scienc, Oxford. p. 240.
Sandblom, E.; Grí¤ns, A.; Axelsson, M.; Seth, H. 2014 Temperature acclimation rate of aerobic scope and feeding metabolism in fishes: implications in a thermally extreme future. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1794): 20141490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1490.
Sneddon, L.U. 2012. Clinical anesthesia and analgesia in fish. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, 21(1): 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.009.
Stehly, G.R., Gingerich, W.H., 1999. Evaluation of AQUI-S(TM) (efficacy and minimum toxic concentration) as a fish anaesthetic sedative for public aquaculture in the United States. Aquaculture Research, 30(5):365í 372. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00339.x.
Sylvester, J.R.; Holland, L.E. 1982. Influence of temperature, water hardness, and stocking density on MS-222 response in three species of fish. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 44(3): 138-141. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1982)44[138:IOTWHA]2.0.CO;2.
Taylor, B.W.; Flecker, A.S.; Hall, R.O. 2006. Loss of a harvested fish species disrupts carbon flow in a diverse tropical river. Science, 313(5788):833-836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1128223.
Woolsey, J.; Holcomb, M.; Ingermann, R.L. 2004. Effect of temperature on clove oil anesthesia in steelhead fry. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 66(1): 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1577/A03-008.
Zahl, I.H.; Kiessling, A.; Samuelsen, O.B.; Hansen, M.K. 2009. Anaesthesia of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) í Effects of pre-anaesthetic sedation, and importance of body weight, temperature and stress. Aquaculture, 295(1-2): 52-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.06.019.
Zahl, I.H.; Samuelsen, O.; Kiesslling, A. 2012. Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(1): 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-011-9565-1.
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2019-09-03
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