Impacto das atividades de aqüicultura e sistemas de tratamento de efluentes com macrófitas aquáticas í relato de caso
Palavras-chave:
aquicultura, poluição aquática, impacto ambiental, efluente, macrófitas aquáticasResumo
Os efluentes de aquicultura são ricos em nitrogênio, fósforo e matéria orgí¢nica e contribuem para a eutrofização dos corpos de água receptores, além de ocasionar redução ou alteração da biodiversidade. Para minimizar tais impactos é importante formular dietas com maior digestibilidade e com menor quantidade de nutrientes e efetuar o manejo correto das criações. Além disso, há a necessidade do tratamento dos efluentes visando atender í exigência das novas legislações e í s pressões de órgãos ambientais e da própria sociedade. Esta revisão sobre as atividades de aquicultura e sobre os seus impactos ambientais está dividida em quatro partes principais. A primeira parte enfoca os efeitos da aquicultura sobre o ambiente, através do consumo de matéria e energia. A segunda é sobre como a aquicultura pode afetar diretamente o ambiente, principalmente através do lançamento de efluentes. A terceira aborda os sistemas de tratamento de efluentes de aquicultura com macrófitas aquáticas. A quarta demonstra como aquicultura pode ser desenvolvida de forma sustentável.
Referências
BACCARIN, A.E. 2002 Impacto ambiental e parí¢metros zootécnicos da produção de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis
niloticus) sob diferentes manejos alimentares. Jaboticabal. 56p. (Tese de Doutoramento. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal).
BAIRD, D.J.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; KELLY, L.A.; MUIS, J.F. 1996 Aquaculture and waters resourse management. London: Blackwell Science Ltd. 219p.
BARDACH, J.E. 1997 Sustainable Aquaculture. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 251p.
BERGHEIM, A.; AABEL, J.B.; SEYMOUR, E.A. 1991 Past and present approaches to aquaculture waste management in Norwegian net pen culture operations. In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUACULTURE WASTE, 1, Ontario. Anais…p. 88-95.
BOAVENTURA, R.; PEDRO, A.M.; COIMBRA, J.; LENCASTRE, E. 1997 Trout farm effluents: characterization and impact on the receiving streams. Environmental Pollution, 95(3): 379-387.
BOYD, C.E. 1999 Aquaculture sustainable and environmental issues. World Aquaculture, 30(2):10-13/71-72.
BRIX, H. and SCHIERUP, H.H. 1989 The use of aquatic macrophytes in water í pollution control. Ambio,15: 100-107.
BROW, J. J.; GLENN, E. P.; FITZSIMMONS, K.M.;SMITH, S.E. 1999 Halophytes for the treatment of saline aquaculture effluent. Aquaculture, 175:255-268.
CAMARGO, J.A. 1992 Temporal and spatial variations in dominance, diversity and biotic indices along a limestone stream receiving a trout farm effluent.Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 63: 343-359.
CASTELLANI, D.E BARRELA, W. 2006 Impactos da atividade de piscicultura na Bacia do Rio Ribeira de Iguape. B. Inst. Pesca, 32(2): 161-171.
CHUA, T.E.; PAW, J.N.; GUARIAN, F.Y. 1989 The environmental impact of aquaculture and the effects of pollution on coastal aquaculture development in Southeast Asia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 20: 335-343.
COCHAVA, M.; DIAB, S.; AVNIMELECH, Y. MIRES,D.; AMIT, Y. 1990 Intensive growth of fish with minimal water exchange. Fish. Fish-breeding Israel,23(4): 174-181.
COOPER, P.F. e FINDLATER, B.C. 1990 Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control, Oxford:Pergamon Press.
ENNABILI, A.; ATER, M.; RADOUX, M. 1998 Biomass Biomass production and NPK retention in macrophytes
from wetlands of the Tingitan Peninsula. Aquatic Botany, 62: 45-56.
FAO 1988 Aspects of FAO’s policies, programs, budget and activities aimed at contributing to sustainable
development. Rome: FAO.
FAO 1994 Diagnóstico sobre el estado de la acuicultura e América Latina y el Caribe. Documento de Campo Documento de Campo n. 11. México: FAO.
FAO 1997 Aquaculture development. Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries. n. 5, Rome: FAO.FARAHBAKHSHAZAD, N.; MORISON, G.M.; SALATI, E.F. 2000 Nutrient removal in a vertical upflow wetland in Piracicaba, Brazil. Ambio, 29: 74-77.
GOPAL, B. 1999 Natural and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: potential and problems.Water Science Technology, 40(3): 27-35.
GUNTENSPERGEN, F.; STEARNS, F.; KADLEC, J.A. 1989 Wetland vegetation. In: HAMER, D.A. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatments,Michigan, Lewis Publishers. p.73-88.
HAMER, D.A. and BASTIAN, R.K. 1989 Wetlands ecosystems: natural water purifiers? New York: Lewis Publishers.
HENRY-SILVA, G.G. 2001 Utilização de macrófitas aquáticas flutuantes (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes e Salvinia molesta) no tratamento de efluentes de piscicultura e possibilidades de aproveitamento da biomassa vegetal. Jaboticabal. 79p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual Paulista,Jaboticabal).
HENRY-SILVA, G.G. and CAMARGO, A.F.M. 2006 Efficiency of aquatic macrophytes to treat Nile tilapia pond effluents. Scientia Agricola, 63(5):417-513.
HOPKINS, J.S; BRADY, C.L.; HAMILTON, R.D.; HEFFERNAN, J.A. 1995 The effect on low-rate sand filtration and modified feed management on effluent quality, pond water quality and production of intensive shrimp ponds. Estuaries,18: 116-123.
KARPISCAK, M.M.; GERBA, C.P.; WATT, P.M.;FOSTER, K.E.; FALABI, J.A. 1996 Multi - Multi -species plant systems for wastewater quality improvements and habitat enhancement. Water Science Technology, 33: 231-236.
LOCH, D.D.; WEST, J.L.; PERLMUTTER, D.G. 1996 The effects of trout farm effluent on the taxa richness of benthic macroinvertebrates.Aquaculture, 147: 37-55.
MACEDO, C.F. 2004 Qualidade da água em viveiros de criação de peixes com sistema de fluxo contínuo.
Jaboticabal. 136p. (Tese de Doutoramento. Universidade Estadual Paulista).
MENEZES, L.C.B. e BEYRUTH, Z. 2003 Impactos da aqüicultura em tanques-rede sobre a comunidade
bentônica da represa de Guarapiranga - São Paulo - SP. Bol. Inst. de Pesca, 29:(1): 77-86.
MIDLEN, A. and REDDING, T. 1998 Environmental Management for Aquaculture. Netherlands: Kluwer
Academic Publishers.
MIRES, D. 1995 Aquaculture and the aquatic environment: mutual impact and preventive management. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture -Bamidgeh, .47: 163-172.
NACA/FAO. 2000 Desenvolvimento da Aqüicultura para Além de 2000: A Declaração de Banguecoque e Estratégia. Conferência sobre Aqüicultura no Terceiro Milênio, 20-25 de fevereiro de 2000, Banguecoque Tailí¢ndia.
NG, W.J.; SIM, T.S.; ONG, K.K. 1990 The effect of Elodea densa on aquaculture water quality.Aquaculture, 87: 267-276.
ODUM, E.P. 1993 Ecology: our endangered life-support systems. Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
ODUM, E.P. 1989 Ecologia. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Guanabara, 1988.
PERSSON, G. 1991 Eutrophication resulting from salmonid fish culture in fresh and salt waters: Scandinavian experiences. In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUACULTURE WASTE, 1, 1991, Ontario. Anais… p.130-136.
PILLAY, T.V.R. 1992 Aquaculture and the environment.Londres: Fishing News Books, 1989p.
PISTORI, R.E.T. 2005 Crescimento da macrófita aquática flutuante Salvinia molesta crescendo em duas represas
submetidas a diferentes níveis de impactos. Jaboticabal. 45p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual Paulista).
REDDING, T.; TODD, S.; MIDLEN, A. 1997 The treatment of aquaculture wastewater - A botanical approach. Journal of Environmental Management,50: 283-299.
REDDY, K.R. and DEBUSK, T.A. 1987 State of the art utilization of aquatic plants in water pollution
control. Water Science and Technology, 19: 61-79.
SCHWARTZ, M.F.; BOYD, C.E. 1995 Constructed wetlands for treatment of channel catfish pond effluents. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 57: 255-266.
SHILO, M. e RIMON, A. 1982 Factors which effect the intensification of fish breeding in Israel. 2.Ammonia transformation in intensive fish ponds.Bamidgeh, 34(3): 101-114.
SILVERT, W. 1992 Assessing environmental impact of finfish aquaculture in marine waters. Aquaculture,
107: 67-79.
SRAC. 1998 Characterization and management of effluents from aquaculture ponds in the southeastern United
States. New York: Pub. 600.
STICKNEY, R.R. 1979 Principles of warm water aquaculture. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. TIAGO, G.G. 2002 Aquicultura, meio Ambiente e legislação. São Paulo: Editora Annablume, 162p.
TOVAR, A.; MORENO, C.; MÁNUEL-VEZ, M. P.;GARCÍA-VARGAS, M. 2000 Environmental impacts of intensive aquaculture in marine waters. Water Resource, 34(1): 334-342.
VALENTI, W.C. 2000 Aquaculture for sustainable development. In: VALENTI, W.C.; POLI, C.R.; . In: VALENTI, W.C.; POLI, C.R.; In: VALENTI, W.C.; POLI, C.R.; PEREIRA, J.A.; BORGHETTI, J.R. Aqüicultura no Brasil: bases para um desenvolvimento sustentável.Brasília: CNPq/Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia.
VINATEA, L.A.A. 2000 Modos de apropriação e gestão patrimonial de recursos costeiros. Florianópolis. 250p.
(Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina).
VYMAZAL, J. 1998 Types of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WETLAND SYSTEMS FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 6, 1998, Águas de São Pedro. Anais…p.150-166.
WOOD, A. 1995 Constructed wetlands in water pollution control: fundamentals to their understanding. Water Science and Technology, 32(3):21-29.
niloticus) sob diferentes manejos alimentares. Jaboticabal. 56p. (Tese de Doutoramento. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal).
BAIRD, D.J.; BEVERIDGE, M.C.M.; KELLY, L.A.; MUIS, J.F. 1996 Aquaculture and waters resourse management. London: Blackwell Science Ltd. 219p.
BARDACH, J.E. 1997 Sustainable Aquaculture. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 251p.
BERGHEIM, A.; AABEL, J.B.; SEYMOUR, E.A. 1991 Past and present approaches to aquaculture waste management in Norwegian net pen culture operations. In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUACULTURE WASTE, 1, Ontario. Anais…p. 88-95.
BOAVENTURA, R.; PEDRO, A.M.; COIMBRA, J.; LENCASTRE, E. 1997 Trout farm effluents: characterization and impact on the receiving streams. Environmental Pollution, 95(3): 379-387.
BOYD, C.E. 1999 Aquaculture sustainable and environmental issues. World Aquaculture, 30(2):10-13/71-72.
BRIX, H. and SCHIERUP, H.H. 1989 The use of aquatic macrophytes in water í pollution control. Ambio,15: 100-107.
BROW, J. J.; GLENN, E. P.; FITZSIMMONS, K.M.;SMITH, S.E. 1999 Halophytes for the treatment of saline aquaculture effluent. Aquaculture, 175:255-268.
CAMARGO, J.A. 1992 Temporal and spatial variations in dominance, diversity and biotic indices along a limestone stream receiving a trout farm effluent.Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 63: 343-359.
CASTELLANI, D.E BARRELA, W. 2006 Impactos da atividade de piscicultura na Bacia do Rio Ribeira de Iguape. B. Inst. Pesca, 32(2): 161-171.
CHUA, T.E.; PAW, J.N.; GUARIAN, F.Y. 1989 The environmental impact of aquaculture and the effects of pollution on coastal aquaculture development in Southeast Asia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 20: 335-343.
COCHAVA, M.; DIAB, S.; AVNIMELECH, Y. MIRES,D.; AMIT, Y. 1990 Intensive growth of fish with minimal water exchange. Fish. Fish-breeding Israel,23(4): 174-181.
COOPER, P.F. e FINDLATER, B.C. 1990 Constructed Wetlands in Water Pollution Control, Oxford:Pergamon Press.
ENNABILI, A.; ATER, M.; RADOUX, M. 1998 Biomass Biomass production and NPK retention in macrophytes
from wetlands of the Tingitan Peninsula. Aquatic Botany, 62: 45-56.
FAO 1988 Aspects of FAO’s policies, programs, budget and activities aimed at contributing to sustainable
development. Rome: FAO.
FAO 1994 Diagnóstico sobre el estado de la acuicultura e América Latina y el Caribe. Documento de Campo Documento de Campo n. 11. México: FAO.
FAO 1997 Aquaculture development. Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries. n. 5, Rome: FAO.FARAHBAKHSHAZAD, N.; MORISON, G.M.; SALATI, E.F. 2000 Nutrient removal in a vertical upflow wetland in Piracicaba, Brazil. Ambio, 29: 74-77.
GOPAL, B. 1999 Natural and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: potential and problems.Water Science Technology, 40(3): 27-35.
GUNTENSPERGEN, F.; STEARNS, F.; KADLEC, J.A. 1989 Wetland vegetation. In: HAMER, D.A. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatments,Michigan, Lewis Publishers. p.73-88.
HAMER, D.A. and BASTIAN, R.K. 1989 Wetlands ecosystems: natural water purifiers? New York: Lewis Publishers.
HENRY-SILVA, G.G. 2001 Utilização de macrófitas aquáticas flutuantes (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes e Salvinia molesta) no tratamento de efluentes de piscicultura e possibilidades de aproveitamento da biomassa vegetal. Jaboticabal. 79p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual Paulista,Jaboticabal).
HENRY-SILVA, G.G. and CAMARGO, A.F.M. 2006 Efficiency of aquatic macrophytes to treat Nile tilapia pond effluents. Scientia Agricola, 63(5):417-513.
HOPKINS, J.S; BRADY, C.L.; HAMILTON, R.D.; HEFFERNAN, J.A. 1995 The effect on low-rate sand filtration and modified feed management on effluent quality, pond water quality and production of intensive shrimp ponds. Estuaries,18: 116-123.
KARPISCAK, M.M.; GERBA, C.P.; WATT, P.M.;FOSTER, K.E.; FALABI, J.A. 1996 Multi - Multi -species plant systems for wastewater quality improvements and habitat enhancement. Water Science Technology, 33: 231-236.
LOCH, D.D.; WEST, J.L.; PERLMUTTER, D.G. 1996 The effects of trout farm effluent on the taxa richness of benthic macroinvertebrates.Aquaculture, 147: 37-55.
MACEDO, C.F. 2004 Qualidade da água em viveiros de criação de peixes com sistema de fluxo contínuo.
Jaboticabal. 136p. (Tese de Doutoramento. Universidade Estadual Paulista).
MENEZES, L.C.B. e BEYRUTH, Z. 2003 Impactos da aqüicultura em tanques-rede sobre a comunidade
bentônica da represa de Guarapiranga - São Paulo - SP. Bol. Inst. de Pesca, 29:(1): 77-86.
MIDLEN, A. and REDDING, T. 1998 Environmental Management for Aquaculture. Netherlands: Kluwer
Academic Publishers.
MIRES, D. 1995 Aquaculture and the aquatic environment: mutual impact and preventive management. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture -Bamidgeh, .47: 163-172.
NACA/FAO. 2000 Desenvolvimento da Aqüicultura para Além de 2000: A Declaração de Banguecoque e Estratégia. Conferência sobre Aqüicultura no Terceiro Milênio, 20-25 de fevereiro de 2000, Banguecoque Tailí¢ndia.
NG, W.J.; SIM, T.S.; ONG, K.K. 1990 The effect of Elodea densa on aquaculture water quality.Aquaculture, 87: 267-276.
ODUM, E.P. 1993 Ecology: our endangered life-support systems. Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
ODUM, E.P. 1989 Ecologia. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Guanabara, 1988.
PERSSON, G. 1991 Eutrophication resulting from salmonid fish culture in fresh and salt waters: Scandinavian experiences. In: INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES IN MANAGEMENT OF AQUACULTURE WASTE, 1, 1991, Ontario. Anais… p.130-136.
PILLAY, T.V.R. 1992 Aquaculture and the environment.Londres: Fishing News Books, 1989p.
PISTORI, R.E.T. 2005 Crescimento da macrófita aquática flutuante Salvinia molesta crescendo em duas represas
submetidas a diferentes níveis de impactos. Jaboticabal. 45p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual Paulista).
REDDING, T.; TODD, S.; MIDLEN, A. 1997 The treatment of aquaculture wastewater - A botanical approach. Journal of Environmental Management,50: 283-299.
REDDY, K.R. and DEBUSK, T.A. 1987 State of the art utilization of aquatic plants in water pollution
control. Water Science and Technology, 19: 61-79.
SCHWARTZ, M.F.; BOYD, C.E. 1995 Constructed wetlands for treatment of channel catfish pond effluents. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 57: 255-266.
SHILO, M. e RIMON, A. 1982 Factors which effect the intensification of fish breeding in Israel. 2.Ammonia transformation in intensive fish ponds.Bamidgeh, 34(3): 101-114.
SILVERT, W. 1992 Assessing environmental impact of finfish aquaculture in marine waters. Aquaculture,
107: 67-79.
SRAC. 1998 Characterization and management of effluents from aquaculture ponds in the southeastern United
States. New York: Pub. 600.
STICKNEY, R.R. 1979 Principles of warm water aquaculture. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. TIAGO, G.G. 2002 Aquicultura, meio Ambiente e legislação. São Paulo: Editora Annablume, 162p.
TOVAR, A.; MORENO, C.; MÁNUEL-VEZ, M. P.;GARCÍA-VARGAS, M. 2000 Environmental impacts of intensive aquaculture in marine waters. Water Resource, 34(1): 334-342.
VALENTI, W.C. 2000 Aquaculture for sustainable development. In: VALENTI, W.C.; POLI, C.R.; . In: VALENTI, W.C.; POLI, C.R.; In: VALENTI, W.C.; POLI, C.R.; PEREIRA, J.A.; BORGHETTI, J.R. Aqüicultura no Brasil: bases para um desenvolvimento sustentável.Brasília: CNPq/Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia.
VINATEA, L.A.A. 2000 Modos de apropriação e gestão patrimonial de recursos costeiros. Florianópolis. 250p.
(Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina).
VYMAZAL, J. 1998 Types of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WETLAND SYSTEMS FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 6, 1998, Águas de São Pedro. Anais…p.150-166.
WOOD, A. 1995 Constructed wetlands in water pollution control: fundamentals to their understanding. Water Science and Technology, 32(3):21-29.
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2018-11-01
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