IMPORTÂNCIA DE ÁCIDOS GRAXOS POLIINSATURADOS PRESENTES EM PEIXES DE CULTIVO E DE AMBIENTE NATURAL PARA A NUTRIÇÃO HUMANA
Palavras-chave:
ômega-3, peixes, EPA, DHA, ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, nutrição humanaResumo
O presente trabalho constitui uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a importí¢ncia dos ácidos graxos ômega 3 para a nutrição humana e de como a presença desses ácidos em peixes beneficia o homem, por tornar o peixe um alimento funcional na prevenção de certas doenças que o afetam na atualidade. Nesse sentido, estudos vêm demonstrando que alguns peixes cultivados em viveiro contêm maior quantidade de ácidos graxos n-3 em sua carne, quando comparados a peixes de ambiente natural. Consequentemente, alguns peixes cultivados em viveiro podem fornecer mais PUFAs (Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids) n-3 em cada grama consumido, do que peixes capturados em seu ambiente natural, o que vem a ser uma vantagem para a piscicultura e um impulso ao desenvolvimento de técnicas para a criação de peixes em cativeiro, fato que facilita a produção padronizada de produtos para o comércio internacional.
Referências
ACKMAN, R.G. 1989 Nutritional composition of fats in seafoods. Progress in Food and Nutrition Science,13: 161í 241.
ANDRADE, A.D.; RUBIRA, A.F.; MATSUSHITA, M.; SOUZA, N.E.1995 Omega-3 fatty acids in freshwater fish from south Brazil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72: 1207-1210.
ANDRADE, D.A.; VISENTAINER, V.J.; MATSHUSHITA, M.; de SOUZA, E. 1997 Omega-3 fatty acids in baked freshwater fish from south of Brazil. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 47 (1): 73:76.
BELADA, M.C.R. e CAMPOS, M.A.P. 1991 Ácidos graxos essenciais em nutrição: uma visão atualizada. Ciênc.
Tecnol. Aliment., 11: 5-33.
BELL, M.V.; HENDERSON, R.J.; SARGENT, J.R. 1986 Minireview. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 83B: 711-719.
BNF 1992 Unsaturated fatty acids: Nutritional and physiological significance. The report of the British
Nutrition Foundation’s task force.
BURR, G.O. e BURR, M.M. 1929 A new deficiency disease produced by rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J. Biol. Chem., 82: 345-367. A importí¢ncia dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados presentes em peixes
CHANMUGAM, P.; BOUDREAU, M.; HWANG, D.H. 1986 Differences in the n-3 fatty acid contents in pondreared and wild fish and shellfish. J. Food Sci., 51: 1556-1557.
CHAWFORD, M.A. 1992 The role of dietary fatty acids in biology: Their place in the evolution of the human brain. Nutr. Rev., 50: 3-11.
CONNOR, W.E. 2000 Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71(suppl):171s-175s.
CUNNANE, S.C. 1999 Modeling human infant requirements for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition, 82:163-164.
FAST FORWARD INTO FUNCTIONAL FOODS. 1995 Prepared Foods. New York: Virginia Dare Company Inc. p.38-48.
FAO/WHO 1994 Lipids in early development in fats and oil in human nutrition. n.57. p.49-55.
HARRIS, W.S. 1999 Nonpharmacologic treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: focus on fish oils. Clin.Cardiol., 22(suppl. II): 40-43.
HEARN, T.L.; SGOUTAS, S.A.; HEARN, J.A.; SGOUTAS, D.S. 1987 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and fat in fish flesh
for selecting species for health benefits. J. Food Sci., 52: 1209-1211.
HIRAYARA, T. 1994 Japanese studies on diet and cancer. In: HILL, M.J.; GIACOSA, A.; CAYGILL, C.P.J. eds. Epidemiology of diet and cancer. Chichester: Ellis Horwood. p.17-64.
JAHNCKE, M.L.; HALE, M.B.; GOOCH, J.A.; ANDHOPKINS, J.S. 1988 Comparison of pondraised and wild red
drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) with respect to proximate composition, fatty acid profiles, and sensory evaluations. J. Food Sci., 53: 286-287
JOSUPEIT, H.; LEM, A.; LUPIN, H. 2001 Aquaculture products: quality, safety, marketing and trade. In: R.P. SUBASINGHE, P. BUENO, M.J. PHILLIPS, C. HOUGH, S.E. MCGLADDERY, J.R. ARTHUR eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Bangkok: NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome, 20-25
February. p.249-257.
KINSELLA, J.E. 1990 Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 52: 1-28.
KRIS-ETHERTON, P.M.; SHAFFER, T.D.; YU-POTH, S.; HUTH, P.; MORIARTY, K.; FISHELLL, V.; HARGROVE, L.R.; ZHAO,
G.; ETHERTON, D.T. 2000 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am. J.
Clin. Nutr., 71: (suppl): 179s-188s.
LANDS, W.E.M. 1986 Fish in human health. Orlando: Academic Press, Florida.167p.
LIN, D.S.; CONNOR, W.E.; WOLF, D.P.; NEURINGER, M.; HACHEY, D. L. 1993 Unique lipids of primate spermatozoa: demosterol and docosahexaenoic acid. J. Lipid Res., 34: 491-499.
MAIA, E.L.; CARVALHO, N.L.; OGAWA, N.B.P.; UEDA, B.; YAMASHI, T.; WATANABE, E.; OGAWA, M. 1998 Fatty acids composition of Amazon river fishes. In: BRAZILIAN CONGRESS OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 16, Rio de Janeiro, 1998.Annals... Rio de Janeiro. p.1154-1157.
________; RODRIGEZ-AMAYA, D.B.; FACO, M.R.B. 1994 Fatty acids of the total, neutral, and phospholipids of the Brazilian freshwater fish Prochilodus scrofa. J. Food Comp. Anal.,7: 240-251.
MAYSER, P.; MROWIETZ, U.; ARENBERGER, P.; BARTAK, P.; BUCHVALD, J., CRISTHOPHER, E.; JABLONSKA, S.; SALMOHOFER, W.; SCHILL, W.B.; KRAMER, H.J.; SCHLOTZER, E.; MAYER, K.; SEEGER, W.; GRIMMINGER, F. 1998 Omega-3 fatty acid-based lipid infusion in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 38: 421.
MENEGALDO, T.J. 1999 Enriquecimento de alimentos com ácidos graxos n-3. Engenharia de Alimentos, 27: 2.
METZ, D.A.; KRIST-THERTON, P.M.; MORRIS, C.D.; MU STAD, V.A.; STERN, J.S.; OPARIL, S.; CHAIT, A.; HAYNES,
R.B.; RSNICK, L.M.; CLARK, S.; HATTON, D.C.; MCMAHON, M.; HOLCOMB, S.; SNYDER, G.W.; PISUNYER, X.; MCARRON, D.A. 1997 Dietary compliance and cardiovascular risk reduction with a prepared meal plan compared with a self-selected diet.Am. J. Clin. Nutr., Bethesda, 66: 373-385.
MEYDANI, M. 2000 Omega-3 fatty acids alter soluble markers of endothelial function in coronary heath disease patients. Nutrition Reviews, 58(2): 56-59. SUÁREZ-MAHECHA et al.
MOREIRA, A.B.; VISENTAINER, J.V.; de SOUZA, N.;MATSUSHITA, M. 2001 Fatty Acids Profile and Cholesterol Contents of Three Brazilian Brycon Freshwater Fishes. J. Food Comp. Anal., 14:565-574.
NETTLETON, J.A. 1985 Seafood nutrition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 362p.
NEURINGER, M.; CONNOR, W.E.; LINS, D.S.; BARSTAD, L.; LUCK, S. 1986 Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal omega-3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 83: 4021-4025.
NEWTON, I.S. 1996 Food enrichment with long-chain n-3 PUFA. Food Technology, 7(2): 169-177.
PIGOTT, G.M. e TUCKER, W.B. 1990 Seafood effects of technology on nutrition. In: MARCEL DEKKER, Inc.
p.263.
RAMOS FILHO, M.M.; FERREIRA, A.A.; RAMOS, M.I.L.; HIANE, PA. 2001 Alimentos para o século 21 í desafios e tendências para a América Latina. In: SIMPÓSIO LATINO AMERICANO DE CIíÅ NCIA DE ALIMENTOS, 4, 2001. p.43.
SAITO, H.; YAMASHIRO, R.; ALASALVAR, C.; KONNO, T. 1999 Influence of diet on fatty acids of three subtropical
fish, subfamily Caesioninae (Caesio diagramma and C. tile) and family Siganidae (Siganus canaliculatus).Lipids, 34: 1073-1082.
SANDER, A.B.T. 2000 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in Europe. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,71(suppl): 176s-178s.
SATOH, S.; POE, W.E.; WILSON, R.P. 1989 Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on weight gain and liver polar lipid fatty acid composition of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutrition, 119: 23-28.
SCHMIDT, E.B. e DYERBERG, J. 1994 Omega-3 fatty acids current status in cardiovascular medicine.Drugs, 47: 405-424.
SIMOPOULOS, A.P. e SALEM, N.J. 1989 Purslane: a terrestrial source of omega-3 fatty acids. N. Engl. J. Med.,
321: 1412-1415.
SIMOPOULOS, A. 1990 Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Nutrition and aging, 1:129-156.
STANSBY, M.E. 1982 Properties of fish oils and their application to handling of fish and to nutritional and industry use, in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Marine Food Products. In: MARTIN, R.E.; FLICK,G.J.; HEBARD, C.E.; WARD, D.R. Eds. Wesport: AVI Publishing, CT. p.75.
STICKNEY, R.R.M. e ANDREWS, J.W. 1972 Effects of dietary lipids on growth, food conversion, lipid and fatty acid composition of channel catfish.J. Nutrition, 102: 249-258.
SUGANO, M. e HIRAHARA, F. 2000 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in Japan. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,
71(suppl): 189s-196s.
SUZUKI, H.; OKAZAKI, K.; HAYAKAWA, S.; WADA,S.; TAMURA, S. 1986 Influence of commercial dietary fatty acids on polyunsaturated fatty acids of cultured freshwater fish and comparison with those of wild fish of the same
species. J. Agric.Food Chem., 34: 58-60.
VANNUCCHI, H. 1990 Aplicações das recomen-dações nutricionais adaptadas í população brasileira.Cadernos de Nutrição, São Paulo, 2: 63-67.
VANVLIET, T. e KATAN, M.B. 1990 Lower ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids in cultured than in wild fish. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 51: 1-2
WARD, O.P. 1995 Microbial production of long-chain PUFAs. Biotechnology Inform, 6(6): 683-687.
WEBER, P.C. e LEAF, A. 1991 World. Rev. Nutr. Diet.,66: 218.
WILEY, J. e SONS 1979 Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. In: SWERN, D. Ed. Structure and composition of fats and oils. v.1, 841p.
ANDRADE, A.D.; RUBIRA, A.F.; MATSUSHITA, M.; SOUZA, N.E.1995 Omega-3 fatty acids in freshwater fish from south Brazil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72: 1207-1210.
ANDRADE, D.A.; VISENTAINER, V.J.; MATSHUSHITA, M.; de SOUZA, E. 1997 Omega-3 fatty acids in baked freshwater fish from south of Brazil. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 47 (1): 73:76.
BELADA, M.C.R. e CAMPOS, M.A.P. 1991 Ácidos graxos essenciais em nutrição: uma visão atualizada. Ciênc.
Tecnol. Aliment., 11: 5-33.
BELL, M.V.; HENDERSON, R.J.; SARGENT, J.R. 1986 Minireview. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 83B: 711-719.
BNF 1992 Unsaturated fatty acids: Nutritional and physiological significance. The report of the British
Nutrition Foundation’s task force.
BURR, G.O. e BURR, M.M. 1929 A new deficiency disease produced by rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J. Biol. Chem., 82: 345-367. A importí¢ncia dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados presentes em peixes
CHANMUGAM, P.; BOUDREAU, M.; HWANG, D.H. 1986 Differences in the n-3 fatty acid contents in pondreared and wild fish and shellfish. J. Food Sci., 51: 1556-1557.
CHAWFORD, M.A. 1992 The role of dietary fatty acids in biology: Their place in the evolution of the human brain. Nutr. Rev., 50: 3-11.
CONNOR, W.E. 2000 Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71(suppl):171s-175s.
CUNNANE, S.C. 1999 Modeling human infant requirements for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition, 82:163-164.
FAST FORWARD INTO FUNCTIONAL FOODS. 1995 Prepared Foods. New York: Virginia Dare Company Inc. p.38-48.
FAO/WHO 1994 Lipids in early development in fats and oil in human nutrition. n.57. p.49-55.
HARRIS, W.S. 1999 Nonpharmacologic treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: focus on fish oils. Clin.Cardiol., 22(suppl. II): 40-43.
HEARN, T.L.; SGOUTAS, S.A.; HEARN, J.A.; SGOUTAS, D.S. 1987 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and fat in fish flesh
for selecting species for health benefits. J. Food Sci., 52: 1209-1211.
HIRAYARA, T. 1994 Japanese studies on diet and cancer. In: HILL, M.J.; GIACOSA, A.; CAYGILL, C.P.J. eds. Epidemiology of diet and cancer. Chichester: Ellis Horwood. p.17-64.
JAHNCKE, M.L.; HALE, M.B.; GOOCH, J.A.; ANDHOPKINS, J.S. 1988 Comparison of pondraised and wild red
drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) with respect to proximate composition, fatty acid profiles, and sensory evaluations. J. Food Sci., 53: 286-287
JOSUPEIT, H.; LEM, A.; LUPIN, H. 2001 Aquaculture products: quality, safety, marketing and trade. In: R.P. SUBASINGHE, P. BUENO, M.J. PHILLIPS, C. HOUGH, S.E. MCGLADDERY, J.R. ARTHUR eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Bangkok: NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome, 20-25
February. p.249-257.
KINSELLA, J.E. 1990 Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 52: 1-28.
KRIS-ETHERTON, P.M.; SHAFFER, T.D.; YU-POTH, S.; HUTH, P.; MORIARTY, K.; FISHELLL, V.; HARGROVE, L.R.; ZHAO,
G.; ETHERTON, D.T. 2000 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am. J.
Clin. Nutr., 71: (suppl): 179s-188s.
LANDS, W.E.M. 1986 Fish in human health. Orlando: Academic Press, Florida.167p.
LIN, D.S.; CONNOR, W.E.; WOLF, D.P.; NEURINGER, M.; HACHEY, D. L. 1993 Unique lipids of primate spermatozoa: demosterol and docosahexaenoic acid. J. Lipid Res., 34: 491-499.
MAIA, E.L.; CARVALHO, N.L.; OGAWA, N.B.P.; UEDA, B.; YAMASHI, T.; WATANABE, E.; OGAWA, M. 1998 Fatty acids composition of Amazon river fishes. In: BRAZILIAN CONGRESS OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 16, Rio de Janeiro, 1998.Annals... Rio de Janeiro. p.1154-1157.
________; RODRIGEZ-AMAYA, D.B.; FACO, M.R.B. 1994 Fatty acids of the total, neutral, and phospholipids of the Brazilian freshwater fish Prochilodus scrofa. J. Food Comp. Anal.,7: 240-251.
MAYSER, P.; MROWIETZ, U.; ARENBERGER, P.; BARTAK, P.; BUCHVALD, J., CRISTHOPHER, E.; JABLONSKA, S.; SALMOHOFER, W.; SCHILL, W.B.; KRAMER, H.J.; SCHLOTZER, E.; MAYER, K.; SEEGER, W.; GRIMMINGER, F. 1998 Omega-3 fatty acid-based lipid infusion in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 38: 421.
MENEGALDO, T.J. 1999 Enriquecimento de alimentos com ácidos graxos n-3. Engenharia de Alimentos, 27: 2.
METZ, D.A.; KRIST-THERTON, P.M.; MORRIS, C.D.; MU STAD, V.A.; STERN, J.S.; OPARIL, S.; CHAIT, A.; HAYNES,
R.B.; RSNICK, L.M.; CLARK, S.; HATTON, D.C.; MCMAHON, M.; HOLCOMB, S.; SNYDER, G.W.; PISUNYER, X.; MCARRON, D.A. 1997 Dietary compliance and cardiovascular risk reduction with a prepared meal plan compared with a self-selected diet.Am. J. Clin. Nutr., Bethesda, 66: 373-385.
MEYDANI, M. 2000 Omega-3 fatty acids alter soluble markers of endothelial function in coronary heath disease patients. Nutrition Reviews, 58(2): 56-59. SUÁREZ-MAHECHA et al.
MOREIRA, A.B.; VISENTAINER, J.V.; de SOUZA, N.;MATSUSHITA, M. 2001 Fatty Acids Profile and Cholesterol Contents of Three Brazilian Brycon Freshwater Fishes. J. Food Comp. Anal., 14:565-574.
NETTLETON, J.A. 1985 Seafood nutrition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 362p.
NEURINGER, M.; CONNOR, W.E.; LINS, D.S.; BARSTAD, L.; LUCK, S. 1986 Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and postnatal omega-3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 83: 4021-4025.
NEWTON, I.S. 1996 Food enrichment with long-chain n-3 PUFA. Food Technology, 7(2): 169-177.
PIGOTT, G.M. e TUCKER, W.B. 1990 Seafood effects of technology on nutrition. In: MARCEL DEKKER, Inc.
p.263.
RAMOS FILHO, M.M.; FERREIRA, A.A.; RAMOS, M.I.L.; HIANE, PA. 2001 Alimentos para o século 21 í desafios e tendências para a América Latina. In: SIMPÓSIO LATINO AMERICANO DE CIíÅ NCIA DE ALIMENTOS, 4, 2001. p.43.
SAITO, H.; YAMASHIRO, R.; ALASALVAR, C.; KONNO, T. 1999 Influence of diet on fatty acids of three subtropical
fish, subfamily Caesioninae (Caesio diagramma and C. tile) and family Siganidae (Siganus canaliculatus).Lipids, 34: 1073-1082.
SANDER, A.B.T. 2000 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in Europe. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,71(suppl): 176s-178s.
SATOH, S.; POE, W.E.; WILSON, R.P. 1989 Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on weight gain and liver polar lipid fatty acid composition of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutrition, 119: 23-28.
SCHMIDT, E.B. e DYERBERG, J. 1994 Omega-3 fatty acids current status in cardiovascular medicine.Drugs, 47: 405-424.
SIMOPOULOS, A.P. e SALEM, N.J. 1989 Purslane: a terrestrial source of omega-3 fatty acids. N. Engl. J. Med.,
321: 1412-1415.
SIMOPOULOS, A. 1990 Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Nutrition and aging, 1:129-156.
STANSBY, M.E. 1982 Properties of fish oils and their application to handling of fish and to nutritional and industry use, in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Marine Food Products. In: MARTIN, R.E.; FLICK,G.J.; HEBARD, C.E.; WARD, D.R. Eds. Wesport: AVI Publishing, CT. p.75.
STICKNEY, R.R.M. e ANDREWS, J.W. 1972 Effects of dietary lipids on growth, food conversion, lipid and fatty acid composition of channel catfish.J. Nutrition, 102: 249-258.
SUGANO, M. e HIRAHARA, F. 2000 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in Japan. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,
71(suppl): 189s-196s.
SUZUKI, H.; OKAZAKI, K.; HAYAKAWA, S.; WADA,S.; TAMURA, S. 1986 Influence of commercial dietary fatty acids on polyunsaturated fatty acids of cultured freshwater fish and comparison with those of wild fish of the same
species. J. Agric.Food Chem., 34: 58-60.
VANNUCCHI, H. 1990 Aplicações das recomen-dações nutricionais adaptadas í população brasileira.Cadernos de Nutrição, São Paulo, 2: 63-67.
VANVLIET, T. e KATAN, M.B. 1990 Lower ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids in cultured than in wild fish. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 51: 1-2
WARD, O.P. 1995 Microbial production of long-chain PUFAs. Biotechnology Inform, 6(6): 683-687.
WEBER, P.C. e LEAF, A. 1991 World. Rev. Nutr. Diet.,66: 218.
WILEY, J. e SONS 1979 Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. In: SWERN, D. Ed. Structure and composition of fats and oils. v.1, 841p.
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2018-06-30
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