Histological analysis of Bryconops caudomaculatusgills and liver under different concentrations of ammonia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017v43n1p35Keywords:
morphological changes, contaminants, histology, toxicityAbstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of ammonia (zero; 0.15; 0.30; 0.50; 1.00 mg L-1 NH3) on histology and morphology of gills and liver of juvenile Bryconops caudomaculatus. After 96 hours of exposure, the fish were anesthetized and necropsied for to collect gills and liver, which were embedded in paraffin. Morphological changes were observed on the secondary lamellae of the gills under concentrations greater than 0.15 mg L-1, as hyperplasia, hypertrophy, epithelial displacement, lamellar fusion, swelling, lamellar aneurysm with rupture of the epithelium and increase in width of the lamellae. The liver presented histopathologies (congestion in the capillaries and inflammatory processes) at the presence of 0.30 mg L-1 of NH3, compromising the vital functions, the metabolism, breathing processes, detoxification of the body, hematopoiesis and probably hindered osmoregulation. The results suggest that the changes in gill and liver can be used to monitor fish performance in intensive farming.
References
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BENLI, A.C.K.; Kí–KSAL, G.; OZKUL, A. 2008 Sublethal ammonia exposure of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.): Effects on gill, liver and kidney histology. Chemosphere, 72: 1355-1358.
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CARRIQUIRIBORDE, P.; DE LUCA, J.C.; DULOUT,F.N.; RONCO, A.E. 2007 Nucleolar variation in response to nutritional condition in juvenile pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis (Valenciennes).
Journal Fish Biology, 70(3): 947-958.
COLT, J. 2002 List of spreadsheets prepared as a complement. In: WEDEMEYER G.A. editor. Fish
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COSTA-PEREIRA, R.; SEVERO-NETO, F. 2012 Dining out: Bryconops caudomaculatus jumps out of water to catch flies. Revista Chilena de História Natural,85(2): 241-244.
DONG, X.; ZHANG X.; QIN J; ZONG S. 2013 Acute ammonia toxicity and gill morphological changes
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catfish, Rhamdia quelen, exposed to different NH3 and hardness levels. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 44(2): 293-299.
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GAD, S.C.; ROUSSEAUX, C.G. 2002 Use and misuse of statistics in the design and interpretation of
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Academic Press, San Diego, 1: 327-418.
GRAPHPAD INSTAT. 1998 Instat guide choosing and interpreting statistical tests, version 3.00. San
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JONES, T.C.; HUNT, R.D.; KING, N.W. 2000 Patologia Veterinária. 6ª ed. ed. Manole LTDA, 1415p.
LEASE, H.M.; HANSEN, J.A.; BERGMAN, H.L.;MEYER, J.S. 2003 Structural changes in gills of Lost River suckers exposed to elevated pH and ammonia concentrations. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology. Part A, 134(4): 491í 500.
LINS, J.A.P.N.; KIRSCHNIK, P.G.; QUEIROZ, V.S.; CIRIO, S.M. 2010 Uso de peixes como biomarcadores para monitoramento ambiental aquático. Revista Acadêmica Ciência Agrária e
Ambiental, 8(4): 469-484.
LIEW H.J.; SINHA, A.K.; NAWATA, C. M.; BLUST, R.; WOOD, C.M.; DE BOECK, G. 2013 Differential
responses in ammonia excretion, sodium fluxes and gill permeability explain different sensitivities
to acute high environmental ammonia in three freshwater teleosts. Aquatic Toxicology, 126: 63-76.
MARTINEZ, C.B.R.; AZEVEDO, F.; WINKALER, E.U. 2004 Toxidade e efeitos da amônia em peixes
neotropicais. In: CYRINO, J.E.P.; URBINATI, E.C. Tópicos Especiais em Biologia Aquática e Aquicultura,Jaboticabal. p.81-95.
MERCANTE, C.T.J.; MARTINS, Y.K.; CARMO, C.F.;OSTI, J.S.; MAINARDES-PINTO, C.S.R.; TUCCI, A.
2007 Qualidade da água em viveiro de Tilápia do Nilo (Orechromis niloticus): caracterização diurna de variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas. São Paulo,Brasil. Bioikos, 21(2): 79-88.
MILNE, I.; SEAGER, J.; MALLETT, M.; SIMS, I. 2000 Effects of short-term pulsed ammonia exposure
on fish. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 19:2929í 2936.
MIRON, D.S.; MORAES, B.; BECKER, A.G.;CRESTANI, M.; SPANEVELLO, R.; LORO,V.L.; BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2008 Ammonia and pH effects on some metabolic parameters and gill histology of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen (Heptapteridae). Aquaculture, 277(3): 192í 196.
MIRON, D.S.; BECKER, A.G.; LORO, V.L.;BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2011 Waterborne ammonia
and silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen: survival and growth. Ciência Rural, 41(2): 349-353.
MORON, S.E.; ANDRADE, C.A.; FERNANDES, M.N. 2009 Response of mucous cells of the gills of
traíra (Hoplias malabaricus) and jeju (Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus) (Teleostei: Erythrinidae) to hypo- and hyper-osmotic ion stress. Neotropical Ichtyology, 7(3): 491-498.
PEREIRA, L.P.F.; MERCANTE, C.T.J. 2005 A amônia nos sistemas de criação de peixes e seus efeitos
sobre a qualidade da água. Uma revisão. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 31(1): 81-88.
PIEDRAS, S.R.N.; OLIVEIRA, J.L.R.; MORAES, P.R.R.M.; BAGER, A. 2006 Toxicidade aguda da amônia não ionizada e do nitrito em alevinos de Cichlasoma facetum (JENYNS, 1842). Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 30(5): 1008-1012.
POLEKSIÄ" , V.; MITROVIÄ" -TUTUNDŽIÄ" , V. 1994 Fish gills as a monitor of sublethal and chronic effects of pollution. In: MíÅ“LLER, R.; LLOYD, R. Sublethal and chronic effects of pollutants on freshwater fish. Oxford: Fishing News Books, p.339-352.
PORTO-FORESTI, F.; CASTILHO-ALMEIDA, R. B.; SENHORINI, J. A.; FORESTI, F. 2010. Biologia
e criação do lambari do rabo amarelo (Astyanax altiparanae). In: BALDISSEROTTO, B.; GOMES,
L.C. Espécies nativas para piscicultura no Brasil. Brasil:ed. UFSM. p. 101-115.
RANDALL, D. J.; TSUI, T. K. N. 2002 Ammonia toxicity in fish. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 45(1-12): 17-23.
ROUMIEH, R.; BARAKAT, A.; ABDELMEGUID, N.E.; SAOUD, I.P. 2013 Acute and chronic effects of
aqueous ammonia on marbled spinefoot rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus (Forsska° l 1775). Aquaculture Research, 44(11): 1777í 1790.
SAHA, N.; DUTTA, S.; BHATTACHARJEE, A. 2002 Role of amino acid metabolism in air-breathing
catfish, Clarias batrachus in response to exposure to a high concentration of exogenous ammonia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part B,133(2): 235-250.
SILVA, C.C.; FERREIRA, E.J.G.; DEUS, C.P. 2008 Diet of Bryconops alburnoides and Bryconops caudomaculatus (Osteichthyes: Characiformes) in the region affected by Balbina Hydroeletric Dam (Amazon drainage, Brazil). Neotropical Ichthyology, 6(2):237-242.
SINHA, A.K.; LIEW, H.J.; DIRICX, M.; KUMAR, V.; DARRAS, V.M.; BLUST, R.; DE BOECK, G. 2012
Combined effects of high environmental ammonia, starvation and exercise on hormonal and ionregulatory response in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). Aquatic Toxicology, 114-115: 153-164.
SPENCER, P.; POLLOCK, R.; DUBÉ, M. 2008 Effects of un-ionized ammonia on histological, endocrine, and whole organism endpoints in slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus). Aquatic Toxicology, 90(4): 300í 309.
VERDOUW, H.; VAN ECHTELD, C.J.A.; DEKKERS,E.M.J. 1978 Ammonia determination based on
indophenol formation with sodium salicylate. Water Research, 12(6): 399-402.
VIJAYAVEL, K.; RANI, E.F.; ANBUSELVAN, C.; BALASUBRAMANIAN, M.P. 2006 Interactive
effects of monocrotophos and ammonium chloride on the freshwater fish Oreochromis massambicus with reference to lactate/pyruvate ratio. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 86(3): 157-161.
WEE, N.L.J.; TING, Y.Y.M.; CHENG, H.T.; LEE, S.M.; CHEW, S.F.; IP, Y.K. 2007 Ammonia toxicity and
tolerance in the brain of the African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Aquatic Toxicology, 82(3): 204í 213.
WINGERT, J.; ALABARBA L.R. 2011 A new species of Bryconops (Teleostei: Characidae) from the
rio Madeira basin, Northern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 9(3): 471-476.
WRIGHT, P.A.; WOOD, C.M. 2012 Seven things fish know about ammonia and we don’t. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 184(3): 231-240.
ZACHARY, J.F.; MCGAVIN, M.D. 2013 Bases da Patologia em Veterinária. ed. Elsevier, 5ª ed. 1344p
BARBIERI, E.; BONDIOLI,A.C.V. 2015 Acute toxicity of ammonia in Pacu fish (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg, 1887) at different temperatures levels.Aquaculture Research, 46(3): 564-571.
BENLI, A.C.K.; Kí–KSAL, G. 2005 The acute toxicity of ammonia on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)
larvae and fingerlings. Turkish Journal of Veterinary e Animal Sciences, 29(2): 339-344.
BENLI, A.C.K.; Kí–KSAL, G.; OZKUL, A. 2008 Sublethal ammonia exposure of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.): Effects on gill, liver and kidney histology. Chemosphere, 72: 1355-1358.
BOYD, C.E.; TUCKER, C.S. 1992 Water quality and pond soil analyses for aquaculture. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. Auburn University. Alabama,USA. 183p.
CARRIQUIRIBORDE, P.; DE LUCA, J.C.; DULOUT,F.N.; RONCO, A.E. 2007 Nucleolar variation in response to nutritional condition in juvenile pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis (Valenciennes).
Journal Fish Biology, 70(3): 947-958.
COLT, J. 2002 List of spreadsheets prepared as a complement. In: WEDEMEYER G.A. editor. Fish
hatchery management, 2nd Ed. American Fisheries Society. 751 p.
COSTA-PEREIRA, R.; SEVERO-NETO, F. 2012 Dining out: Bryconops caudomaculatus jumps out of water to catch flies. Revista Chilena de História Natural,85(2): 241-244.
DONG, X.; ZHANG X.; QIN J; ZONG S. 2013 Acute ammonia toxicity and gill morphological changes
of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in normal versus supersaturated oxygen. Aquaculture
Research, 44(11): 1752í 1759.
EATON, A.D.; CLESCERI, L.S; RICE, E.W.; GREENBERG, A.B. 2005 Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington: American Public Health Association. American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, 1368p.
FERNANDES, M.N.; MORON, S.E. 2014 Respiração e Adaptação Respiratórias. In: BALDISSEROTTO,
B.; CYRINO, J. E. P.; URBINARTI, E. C. Biologia e Fisiologia de peixes Neotropicais de água doce. Funep,p.203-231.
FERREIRA, F.W.; CUNHA, R.B.; BALDISSEROTTO,B. 2013 The survival and growth of juvenile silver
catfish, Rhamdia quelen, exposed to different NH3 and hardness levels. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 44(2): 293-299.
FRANCES, J.; NOWAK, B.F.; ALLAN, G.L. 2000 Effects of ammonia on juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus
bidyanus). Aquaculture, 183(1): 95-103.
GAD, S.C.; ROUSSEAUX, C.G. 2002 Use and misuse of statistics in the design and interpretation of
studies. In: HASCHEK, W.M.; ROUSSEAUX, X.G.; WALLIG, M.A. Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology.
Academic Press, San Diego, 1: 327-418.
GRAPHPAD INSTAT. 1998 Instat guide choosing and interpreting statistical tests, version 3.00. San
Diego. [online] URL: <http://www.graphpad.com/>
INOUE, L.A.K.A.; NETO, C.S.; MORAES, G. 2003 Clove oil as anaesthetic for juveniles of matrinxã
Brycon cephalus (Gunther, 1869). Ciência Rural,33(5): 943-947.
JONES, T.C.; HUNT, R.D.; KING, N.W. 2000 Patologia Veterinária. 6ª ed. ed. Manole LTDA, 1415p.
LEASE, H.M.; HANSEN, J.A.; BERGMAN, H.L.;MEYER, J.S. 2003 Structural changes in gills of Lost River suckers exposed to elevated pH and ammonia concentrations. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology. Part A, 134(4): 491í 500.
LINS, J.A.P.N.; KIRSCHNIK, P.G.; QUEIROZ, V.S.; CIRIO, S.M. 2010 Uso de peixes como biomarcadores para monitoramento ambiental aquático. Revista Acadêmica Ciência Agrária e
Ambiental, 8(4): 469-484.
LIEW H.J.; SINHA, A.K.; NAWATA, C. M.; BLUST, R.; WOOD, C.M.; DE BOECK, G. 2013 Differential
responses in ammonia excretion, sodium fluxes and gill permeability explain different sensitivities
to acute high environmental ammonia in three freshwater teleosts. Aquatic Toxicology, 126: 63-76.
MARTINEZ, C.B.R.; AZEVEDO, F.; WINKALER, E.U. 2004 Toxidade e efeitos da amônia em peixes
neotropicais. In: CYRINO, J.E.P.; URBINATI, E.C. Tópicos Especiais em Biologia Aquática e Aquicultura,Jaboticabal. p.81-95.
MERCANTE, C.T.J.; MARTINS, Y.K.; CARMO, C.F.;OSTI, J.S.; MAINARDES-PINTO, C.S.R.; TUCCI, A.
2007 Qualidade da água em viveiro de Tilápia do Nilo (Orechromis niloticus): caracterização diurna de variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas. São Paulo,Brasil. Bioikos, 21(2): 79-88.
MILNE, I.; SEAGER, J.; MALLETT, M.; SIMS, I. 2000 Effects of short-term pulsed ammonia exposure
on fish. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 19:2929í 2936.
MIRON, D.S.; MORAES, B.; BECKER, A.G.;CRESTANI, M.; SPANEVELLO, R.; LORO,V.L.; BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2008 Ammonia and pH effects on some metabolic parameters and gill histology of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen (Heptapteridae). Aquaculture, 277(3): 192í 196.
MIRON, D.S.; BECKER, A.G.; LORO, V.L.;BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2011 Waterborne ammonia
and silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen: survival and growth. Ciência Rural, 41(2): 349-353.
MORON, S.E.; ANDRADE, C.A.; FERNANDES, M.N. 2009 Response of mucous cells of the gills of
traíra (Hoplias malabaricus) and jeju (Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus) (Teleostei: Erythrinidae) to hypo- and hyper-osmotic ion stress. Neotropical Ichtyology, 7(3): 491-498.
PEREIRA, L.P.F.; MERCANTE, C.T.J. 2005 A amônia nos sistemas de criação de peixes e seus efeitos
sobre a qualidade da água. Uma revisão. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 31(1): 81-88.
PIEDRAS, S.R.N.; OLIVEIRA, J.L.R.; MORAES, P.R.R.M.; BAGER, A. 2006 Toxicidade aguda da amônia não ionizada e do nitrito em alevinos de Cichlasoma facetum (JENYNS, 1842). Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 30(5): 1008-1012.
POLEKSIÄ" , V.; MITROVIÄ" -TUTUNDŽIÄ" , V. 1994 Fish gills as a monitor of sublethal and chronic effects of pollution. In: MíÅ“LLER, R.; LLOYD, R. Sublethal and chronic effects of pollutants on freshwater fish. Oxford: Fishing News Books, p.339-352.
PORTO-FORESTI, F.; CASTILHO-ALMEIDA, R. B.; SENHORINI, J. A.; FORESTI, F. 2010. Biologia
e criação do lambari do rabo amarelo (Astyanax altiparanae). In: BALDISSEROTTO, B.; GOMES,
L.C. Espécies nativas para piscicultura no Brasil. Brasil:ed. UFSM. p. 101-115.
RANDALL, D. J.; TSUI, T. K. N. 2002 Ammonia toxicity in fish. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 45(1-12): 17-23.
ROUMIEH, R.; BARAKAT, A.; ABDELMEGUID, N.E.; SAOUD, I.P. 2013 Acute and chronic effects of
aqueous ammonia on marbled spinefoot rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus (Forsska° l 1775). Aquaculture Research, 44(11): 1777í 1790.
SAHA, N.; DUTTA, S.; BHATTACHARJEE, A. 2002 Role of amino acid metabolism in air-breathing
catfish, Clarias batrachus in response to exposure to a high concentration of exogenous ammonia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part B,133(2): 235-250.
SILVA, C.C.; FERREIRA, E.J.G.; DEUS, C.P. 2008 Diet of Bryconops alburnoides and Bryconops caudomaculatus (Osteichthyes: Characiformes) in the region affected by Balbina Hydroeletric Dam (Amazon drainage, Brazil). Neotropical Ichthyology, 6(2):237-242.
SINHA, A.K.; LIEW, H.J.; DIRICX, M.; KUMAR, V.; DARRAS, V.M.; BLUST, R.; DE BOECK, G. 2012
Combined effects of high environmental ammonia, starvation and exercise on hormonal and ionregulatory response in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). Aquatic Toxicology, 114-115: 153-164.
SPENCER, P.; POLLOCK, R.; DUBÉ, M. 2008 Effects of un-ionized ammonia on histological, endocrine, and whole organism endpoints in slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus). Aquatic Toxicology, 90(4): 300í 309.
VERDOUW, H.; VAN ECHTELD, C.J.A.; DEKKERS,E.M.J. 1978 Ammonia determination based on
indophenol formation with sodium salicylate. Water Research, 12(6): 399-402.
VIJAYAVEL, K.; RANI, E.F.; ANBUSELVAN, C.; BALASUBRAMANIAN, M.P. 2006 Interactive
effects of monocrotophos and ammonium chloride on the freshwater fish Oreochromis massambicus with reference to lactate/pyruvate ratio. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 86(3): 157-161.
WEE, N.L.J.; TING, Y.Y.M.; CHENG, H.T.; LEE, S.M.; CHEW, S.F.; IP, Y.K. 2007 Ammonia toxicity and
tolerance in the brain of the African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Aquatic Toxicology, 82(3): 204í 213.
WINGERT, J.; ALABARBA L.R. 2011 A new species of Bryconops (Teleostei: Characidae) from the
rio Madeira basin, Northern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 9(3): 471-476.
WRIGHT, P.A.; WOOD, C.M. 2012 Seven things fish know about ammonia and we don’t. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 184(3): 231-240.
ZACHARY, J.F.; MCGAVIN, M.D. 2013 Bases da Patologia em Veterinária. ed. Elsevier, 5ª ed. 1344p
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2017-03-21
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