Reproductive biology and feeding habits of Hemigrammus bleheri (Characiformes: characidae) an ornamental fish the middle Negro River Basin, Amazonas State, Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017v43n1p65Keywords:
rummy-nose tetra, foods, reproduction, natural habitats, Negro river, Amazon BasinAbstract
The aim of this study is to describe the reproductive biology, diet and the feeding activity of Hemigrammus bleheri from middle Rio Negro, State of Amazonas-Brazil, along the a hydrological cycle. For this, the gonadal maturation stage, size of first sexual maturation (L50), fecundity and reproductive period of 260 individuals were analyzed, as well the stomach contents of 177 individuals were analyzed and their stomach fullness index calculated. The results indicate that this species has multiple spawning, with oocytes varying between 0.06 and 0.66 mm in diameter and fecundity, between 101 and 721 oocytes. The first sexual maturation size (L50) was estimated at 2.8 cm for females and 2.6 cm for males. Females mature with the flood pulse (December to May) and spawning occur in greater proportion at the end of the flood (March to May). The species is omnivorous, consuming a large part of the food of autochthonous origin. The basic diet showed seasonal variations in its composition, because it was observed that microcrustaceans have their increased importance in flooding/flood periods, and filamentous algae, chironomids and vegetal fragments are more frequent in the drying/dry season. In addition, seasonal changes in food activity were also recorded, probably influenced by the flood pulse, as the degree of stomach repletion was higher in flooding/flood and lower in drying/dry.
References
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macropomum, Characidae): An important Amazonian food fish. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia,
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HYSLOP, E.J. 1980 Stomach contents analysis review of methods and their applications. Journal Fish Biology, 17: 411-429.
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KNí–PPEL, H.A. 1970 Food of Central Amazonian Fishes- Contribution to the Nutrient-Ecology of
Amazonian Rain- Florast- Streams. Amazoniana,2(3): 257-352.
LOWE-MAcCONNELL, R.H. 1964 The fishes of the Rupununi savanna district of Brit. Guiana (1)
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LOWE-MAcCONNELL, R.H. 1999 Estudo ecológico de comunidade de peixes tropicais. São Paulo, EDUSP,534p.
MARSHALL, B.G.; FORSBERG, B.R.; THOMÉ-SOUZA,M.J.F. 2008 Autotrophic energy sources for
Paracheirodon axelrodi (Osteichthyes, Characidae) in the middle Negro river, Central Amazon, Brazil.Hydrobilogia, 596: 95-103.
MÉRONA, B.; RANKIN-DE-MERONA, J. 2004 Food resource partitioning in a fish community of the
central Amazon floodplain. Neotropical Ichthyology, 2(2): 75-84.
NESSIMIAN, J.L. 1985 Estudo sobre a Biologia e Ecologia da Fauna Invertebrata Aquática na Liteira Submersa das Margens de dois Lagos do Arquipélago das Anavilhanas (Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil). 93f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA/FUA, Manaus,1985. Disponível em: <http://www.inpa.gov.br/portal/index.php/biblioteca> Acesso em: 22 jan.2016.
PROPHET E.B.; MILIS B.; ARRINGTON J.B.; SOBIN L.H. 1995 Metodos histotecnologicos. Instituto de Patologia de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos de America (AFIP), Washington, DC, 280p
RABELLO-NETO, J.G.; CHAO, N.L. 1966 Biologia reprodutiva do Aruanã preto Osteoglossum ferreirai KANAZAWA 1966, no município de Barcelos, médio rio Negro, AM-Brasil. In: QUEIROZ, H. e CAMARGO, M. Biologia, conservação e manejo dos Aruanãs na Amazônia brasileira, Tefé-AM. Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, 2008, 133-140.
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W.J. 2000 Fish communities in central Amazonian white and black water flooplains. Environmental
Biology of Fishes, 57: 235-250.
SILVA, J.A.M.; PEREIRA-FILHO, M.; OLIVEIRAPEREIRA, M.I. 2000 Seasonal variation of nutrients
and energy in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum CUVIER, 1818) natural food. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 60(4): 599-605.
SIMPSON, A.C. 1951 The fecundity of the plaice. Fish Investigation, London, 17(5), 1-27.
SOKAL, R.R.; ROHLF, F.J. 1981 Biometry. New York,W. H. Freeman, 859p.
TAPHORN, D.C. 1992 The Characiform Fishes of the Apure River Drainage, Venezuela. BioLlania. Guanare,Venezuela, p.537.
TLUSTY, M. 2002 The benefits and risks of aquacultural production for the aquarium trade. Aquaculture,205: 203âˆ"™219.
VAZZOLER, A.E.M. 1996 Biologia da Reprodução de Peixes Teleósteos: Teoria e Prática. Maringá, EDUEM; São Paulo, 169p.
WALKER, I. 1986 Experiments on colonization on small water bodies by Culicidae and Chironomidae as a function of decomposing plant substrates and their implications for natural Amazonian acosystems. Amazoniana, 10(1): 113-125.
WALKER, I. 1990 Ecologia e Biologia dos Igapós e Igarapés. Ciência Hoje -SPBC, 11(64): 46-52.
WALKER, I. 1994 The benthic litter-dwelling macrofauna of the amazonian forest strem tarumã-Mirim:patterns of colonization and their implications for community stability. Hydrobiologia, 291: 75-92.
WALKER, I. 2004 The food spectrum of the cardinal - tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Characidae) in its natural habitat. Acta Amazônica, 34(1): 69-73.
YAMAMOTO, K.C.; SOARES, M.G.M.; FREITAS, C.E.C. 2004 Alimentação de Triportheus angulatus (Spix &Agassiz, 1829) no lago Camaleão, Manaus, AM,Brasil. Acta Amazônica, 34(4): 653-660.
ZAVALA-CAMIN, L.A. 1996 Introdução aos Estudos Sobre Alimentação Natural de Peixes. MaringáEDUEM, 129p.
ANJOS, H.D.B.; AMORIM, R.M.S.; SIQUEIRA,J.A.; ANJOS, C.R. 2009 Exportação de Peixes
Ornamentais do Estado do Amazonas, Bacia Amazônica, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca,
35, 259-274.
AVMA, 2001 American Veterinary Medical Association: Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. vol. 1.Disponível em: <https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies.pdf> Acesso em: 3 ago. 2013.
AYRES, M.; AYRES, M.J.R.; AYRES, D.L.; SANTOS, A.A.S. BioEstat 5.0: aplicações estatísticas nas
áreas das ciências biológicas e médicas. Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Belem, 2007. 371p.
BARBIERI, G. 1992 Biologia de Astyanax scabripinnis paranae (Characiformes, Characidae) do Ribeirão do Fazzari. São Carlos. Estado de São Paulo. I. Estrutura populacional e crescimento. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 52(4), 579-588.
BENZAKEN, S.Z.; ALMEIDA, V.; BENZAKEN, A.; RIBEIRO, R. 2015 Ornamental Fishery in Rio
Negro (Amazon region), Brazil: Combining Social, Economic and Fishery Analyses. Fisheries and
Aquaculture Journal, 6(4), p.1-4.
BOANE, L.S. 1995 The Rummy-nose Tetra: Seding Your Tank to School. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 44(4),122-128.
CAREY, R. 1993 The three species of rummy-nose tetras.Minnesota Aquarium Society Publication, 1: 1-8.
CARVALHO, P.A. 2001 Determinação de parí¢metros reprodutivos visando í normalização da pesca de Astianax fasciatus (Pisce: Characidade) no reservatório de Furnas, Minas Gerais. 61f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zoologia de Vertebrados) Pontifícia Universidade Católica-PUC-MG, Minas Gerais,2001. Disponível em: <http://www.ief.mg.gov.br/> Acesso em: 22 ago. 2016.
CHAO, N.L.; PETRY, P.; PRANG, G.; SONNESCHIEN,L.; TLUSTY, M. Conservation and management of ornamental fish resources of the Rio Negro basin, Amazonas, Brasil- Projet Piaba. Manaus, EDUA,2001. 301p.
CHAO, N.L.; PRADA-PEDREROS, S. Diversity and conservation of ornamental fishes and fishery of
Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. In: VOIGTLANDER,C.W. Protection of aquatic biodiversity. Proceedingsof World Fisheries Cogress, Oxford & IBH Publication. New Delhi, 1995. p.241-260.
CHAO, N.L.; PRANG, G. 1997 Project Piaba - towards a sustainable ornamental fishery in the Amazon. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, 1: 105-111.
COVICH, A.P.; PALMER, M.A.; CROWL, T. A. 1999 The role of benthic invertebrate species in freshwater ecosystems: zoobenthic species influence energy flows and nutrient cycling. Bioscience, 49: 119-140.
ENGLE, D.L.; MELACK, J.M. 1989 Floating meadow epiphyton: biological and chemical feature of
epiphytic material na Amazon floodplain lake. Freshwater Biology, 22(3): 479í 494.
GEISLER, R.; ANNIBAL, S.R. 1984 Oekologie des Cardinal Tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi (Pisces,
Characoidea) im Stromgebiet des rio Negro/Brasilien, sowie zuchtrelevante Faktoren.
Amazoniana, 9: 53-86.
GERY, J.; MAHNERT, V. 1986 A new rummy-nose tetra from the Rio Negro, Brazil: Hemigrammus
bleheri n. sp. (Characidae, Tetragonopterinae), with comments on Paracheirodon. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 34(11): 37-52.
GOULDING, M.; CARVALHO, M.L.; FERREIRA, E.G. 1988 Rio Negro, rich life in poor water: Amazonian diversity and food chain ecology as seen through fish communities. Netherlands, SPB Academic Publishing, 200p.
GOULDING, M. 1980 The Fishes and the Flooded Forest: Exploration in Amazonian Natural History. University of California Press, Berkeley, 280p.
GOULDING, M.; CARVALHO, M.L. 1982 Life history and management of the tambaqui, (Colossoma
macropomum, Characidae): An important Amazonian food fish. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia,
1: 107-133.
HENDERSON, P.A.; WALKER, I. 1986 Ecophysiological aspects of Amazonian blackwater litterbank fish communities. In: VAL, A.L.; ALMEIDA-VAL,V.M.F.; RANDALL, D.J. Physiology and Biochemistry
of the fishes of the Amazon. INPA, p.7-22.
HYSLOP, E.J. 1980 Stomach contents analysis review of methods and their applications. Journal Fish Biology, 17: 411-429.
ITUASSU, D.R.; CHAO, N.L. 2006 Feeding habits and reproductive biology of Apistogramma pertensis (Haseman, 1911) from Igarapé Zamula, Rio Negro,Amazonas, Brazil. In: Rí–MER, U. Cichlid Atlas 2 -Natural History. Melle: Mergus, 2: 352-369.
JUNK, W.J; BAYLEY, P.B.; SPARKS, R.E. 1989 The flood pulse concept in river-floodplain systems.
In: DODGE, D.P Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium. Canadian Publication, Fish Aquatic Science. 110-127.
KAWAKAMI, E.; VAZZOLER, G. 1980 Métodos gráficos e estimativa de índice alimentar aplicado
no estudo de alimentação de peixes. Boletim Instituto de Oceanografia, 29 (2): 205-207.
KNí–PPEL, H.A. 1970 Food of Central Amazonian Fishes- Contribution to the Nutrient-Ecology of
Amazonian Rain- Florast- Streams. Amazoniana,2(3): 257-352.
LOWE-MAcCONNELL, R.H. 1964 The fishes of the Rupununi savanna district of Brit. Guiana (1)
ecological groupings of species and effects of the seasonal cycle on the fish. Journal Limnology Societ, 45(304): 103-144.
LOWE-MAcCONNELL, R.H. 1999 Estudo ecológico de comunidade de peixes tropicais. São Paulo, EDUSP,534p.
MARSHALL, B.G.; FORSBERG, B.R.; THOMÉ-SOUZA,M.J.F. 2008 Autotrophic energy sources for
Paracheirodon axelrodi (Osteichthyes, Characidae) in the middle Negro river, Central Amazon, Brazil.Hydrobilogia, 596: 95-103.
MÉRONA, B.; RANKIN-DE-MERONA, J. 2004 Food resource partitioning in a fish community of the
central Amazon floodplain. Neotropical Ichthyology, 2(2): 75-84.
NESSIMIAN, J.L. 1985 Estudo sobre a Biologia e Ecologia da Fauna Invertebrata Aquática na Liteira Submersa das Margens de dois Lagos do Arquipélago das Anavilhanas (Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil). 93f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA/FUA, Manaus,1985. Disponível em: <http://www.inpa.gov.br/portal/index.php/biblioteca> Acesso em: 22 jan.2016.
PROPHET E.B.; MILIS B.; ARRINGTON J.B.; SOBIN L.H. 1995 Metodos histotecnologicos. Instituto de Patologia de las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos de America (AFIP), Washington, DC, 280p
RABELLO-NETO, J.G.; CHAO, N.L. 1966 Biologia reprodutiva do Aruanã preto Osteoglossum ferreirai KANAZAWA 1966, no município de Barcelos, médio rio Negro, AM-Brasil. In: QUEIROZ, H. e CAMARGO, M. Biologia, conservação e manejo dos Aruanãs na Amazônia brasileira, Tefé-AM. Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, 2008, 133-140.
REBELO, S.R.M.; FREITAS, C.E.C; SOARES, M.G.M. 2010 Fish diet from Manacapuru Big Lake complex (Amazon): a approach starting from the traditional knowledge. Biotaneotropical, 10(3): 39-44.
SAINT-PAUL, U.; ZUANON, J.; CORREA, M.A.V.;GARCIA, M.; FABRE, N.N.; BERGER, U.; JUNK,
W.J. 2000 Fish communities in central Amazonian white and black water flooplains. Environmental
Biology of Fishes, 57: 235-250.
SILVA, J.A.M.; PEREIRA-FILHO, M.; OLIVEIRAPEREIRA, M.I. 2000 Seasonal variation of nutrients
and energy in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum CUVIER, 1818) natural food. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 60(4): 599-605.
SIMPSON, A.C. 1951 The fecundity of the plaice. Fish Investigation, London, 17(5), 1-27.
SOKAL, R.R.; ROHLF, F.J. 1981 Biometry. New York,W. H. Freeman, 859p.
TAPHORN, D.C. 1992 The Characiform Fishes of the Apure River Drainage, Venezuela. BioLlania. Guanare,Venezuela, p.537.
TLUSTY, M. 2002 The benefits and risks of aquacultural production for the aquarium trade. Aquaculture,205: 203âˆ"™219.
VAZZOLER, A.E.M. 1996 Biologia da Reprodução de Peixes Teleósteos: Teoria e Prática. Maringá, EDUEM; São Paulo, 169p.
WALKER, I. 1986 Experiments on colonization on small water bodies by Culicidae and Chironomidae as a function of decomposing plant substrates and their implications for natural Amazonian acosystems. Amazoniana, 10(1): 113-125.
WALKER, I. 1990 Ecologia e Biologia dos Igapós e Igarapés. Ciência Hoje -SPBC, 11(64): 46-52.
WALKER, I. 1994 The benthic litter-dwelling macrofauna of the amazonian forest strem tarumã-Mirim:patterns of colonization and their implications for community stability. Hydrobiologia, 291: 75-92.
WALKER, I. 2004 The food spectrum of the cardinal - tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Characidae) in its natural habitat. Acta Amazônica, 34(1): 69-73.
YAMAMOTO, K.C.; SOARES, M.G.M.; FREITAS, C.E.C. 2004 Alimentação de Triportheus angulatus (Spix &Agassiz, 1829) no lago Camaleão, Manaus, AM,Brasil. Acta Amazônica, 34(4): 653-660.
ZAVALA-CAMIN, L.A. 1996 Introdução aos Estudos Sobre Alimentação Natural de Peixes. MaringáEDUEM, 129p.
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