INFLUENCE OF HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE ON THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN AN IGAPÓ FOREST, AMAZONAS, BRAZIL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2019.45.1.432Keywords:
diversity, flooded forest, black water, Rio Negro, Central Amazonia, river regimeAbstract
The igapó forests are used as shelter and feeding by several species of fish from the Amazon. In order to increase knowledge about the fish fauna and to infer their distributional pattern within the igapó forest, we sought to describe and compare the diversity and composition of the fish assemblages present in this habitat with the open water area of â€"¹â€"¹the lakes and along the rise and fall of waters. Samplings were carried out in four lakes of the Anavilhanas National Park in the months of April and September of 2014, and February of 2015, by means of gillnets. In order to investigate the structure of the igapó and open water assemblages, the rarefaction curve and a Venn diagram and the diversity indices were used, the results of which were tested using the Student's t test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Subsequently, a perMANOVA test was applied to test the hypothesis of absence of spatial and seasonal effects on species composition. A total of 931 individuals were collected, distributed in 4 orders, 20 families, 48 â€"¹â€"¹genera and 65 species. In the igapó forest, 650 individuals and 62 species were collected, and in the open water 281 individuals and 37 species. The igapó forest presented high richness, abundance, diversity and variability in the composition of the species between periods when compared to the open water of the lakes, moreover, the two habitats have quite different ichthyofaunistic compositions. Additionally, the absence of the effect of fluvial processes was seen on the igapó forest, demonstrated by a high homogeneity in the abundance of the individuals, species richness and biomass of this habitat. Thus, our study demonstrates the importance of the igapó forest in maintaining the abundance and diversity of the ichthyofauna present in black waters of Central Amazonia.
References
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Farias, E.U.; Loebens, S.C.; Yamamoto, K.C.; Siqueira-Souza, F.K.; Freitas, C.E.C.F.; Beltrão, H.D.A.; Magalhães, E.R.S. 2017. Assembleia de peixes em lagos do rio Quiuini, um tributário do rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil. Biota Amazônia, 7(1):74-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v7n1p74-81.
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Freitas, C.E.C.; Laurenson, L.; Yamamoto, K.C; Forsberg, B.R.; Petrere Jr, M.; Arantes, C.; Siqueira-Souza, F.K. 2018. Fish species richness is associated with the availability of landscape components across seasons in the Amazonian floodplain. PeerJ. 6:e5080, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5080.
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Hammer, D.A.; Harper, D.A.T.; Ryan, P.D. 2001. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1): 1-9. Disponível em: <http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm>.
Hurd, L.E.; Souza, R.G.S.; Siqueira-Souza, F.K.; Cooper, G.J.; Kahn, J.R.; Freitas, C.E.C. 2016. Amazon floodplain fish communities: habitat connectivity and conservation in a rapidly deteriorating environment. Biological Conservation, 195(1): 118í 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.01.005.
Hutcheson, K. 1970. A test for comparing diversities based on the Shannon formula. Journal of Theorical Biology, 29(1): 151âˆ"™154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(70)90124-4.
Junk, J.W.; Piedade, M.T.F.; Schí¶ngart, J.; Cohn-Half, M.; Adeney, J.M.; Wittmann, F. 2011. A classification of major naturally-occurring Amazonian lowland wetlands. Wetlands, 31(4): 623-640. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-011-0190-7.
Junk, J.W.; Wittmann, F.; Schí¶ngart, J.; Piedade, M.T.F. 2015. A classification of the major habitats of Amazonian black-water river floodplains and a comparison with their white-water counterparts. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 23(4): 677í 693. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9412-8.
Junk, W.J. 1984 Ecology, fisheries and fish culture in Amazônia. In: Sioli, H. The Amazon Liminology and landscape ecology of mighty tropical river and its basin. Dr. W. Junk, Publishers, Dordrecht. p. 443-476.
Junk, W.J.; Bayley, P.B.; Sparks, R.E. 1989. The flood pulse concept in river-floodplains systems. In: Dodge, D.P. Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium. vol. 106. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Canadá. p. 110-127.
Krebs, C.J. 1989. Ecological Methodology. Harper-Collins Publishers, Nova York. 654p.
Lobón-Cerviá, J., Hess, L.L., Melack, J.M. & Araujo-Lima, C.A. (2015) The importance of forest cover for fish richness and abundance on the Amazon floodplain. Hydrobiologia, 750(1): 245í 255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-2040-0.
Loebens, S.C.; Farias, E.U.; Yamamoto, K.C.; Freitas, C.E.C. 2016. Diversidade de assembleias de peixes em floresta alagada de águas pretas da Amazônia Central. Scientia Amazonia, 5(1): 37-44.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 1999. Estudos Ecológicos de Comunidades de Peixes Tropicais. Edusp, São Paulo. 535p.
Ludwig, J.A.; Reynolds, J.F. 1988. Statistical ecology. J. Wiley, Nova York. 337p.
Magurran, A.E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, Nova Jersey. 179p.
Noveras, J.; Yamamoto, K.C.; Freitas, C.E.C. 2012. Uso do igapó por assembleias de peixes nos lagos no Parque Nacional das Anavilhanas (Amazonas, Brasil). Acta Amazonica, 42(4): 567í 572. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0044-5967201200040001.
Piedade, M.T.F.; Schongart, J.; Wittmann, F.; Parolin, P.; Bleich, M. E.; Lopes, A. 2015. Iniciando a viagem pelas áreas úmidas amazônicas. In: Lopes, A; Piedade, M.T.F. Conhecendo as áreas úmidas amazônicas: uma viagem pelas várzeas e igapós. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus. p. 16-22.
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R Core Team. 2017. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Disponível em: <https://www.R-project.org/>.
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Saint-Paul, U.; Zuanon, J.; Villacorta-Correa, M.A.; García, M.; Fabré, N.N.; Berger, U.; Junk, W.J. 2000. Fish communities in central Amazonian white-and blackwater floodplains. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57(3): 235-250. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007699130333.
Santos, G.M.; Ferreira, E.J.G.; Zuanon, J.A.S. 2006. Peixes Comerciais de Manaus. ProVárzea, IBAMA/AM, Manaus. 144pp.
Santos, G.M.; Juras, A.A.; Mérona, B.; Jégu, M. 2004. Peixes do baixo rio Tocantins: 20 anos depois da usina hidrelétrica de Tucuruí. Eletronorte, Brasília. 215p.
Shannon, C.E.; Wiener, W. 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illions Press, Urbana. 117p.
Siqueira-Souza, F.K.; Freitas, C.E.C.; Hurd, L.E.; Petrere, M. 2016. Amazon floodplain fish diversity at different scales: do time and place really matter?. Hydrobiologia, 776(1): 99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2738-2.
Silva, C.C.; Ferreira, E.J.G.; Deus, C.P. 2008. Dieta de cinco espécies de Hemiodontidae (Teleostei, Characiformes) na área de influência do reservatório de Balbina, rio Uatumã, Amazonas, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 98(4): 465í 468. https://doi.org/10.1590/ S0073-47212008000400008.
Vale, J.D. 2003. Composição e diversidade e abundí¢ncia da ictiofauna na área do Catalão, Amazônia Central. Manaus. 66f. (Dissertação de Mestrado, INPA/UFAM, Manaus). Disponível em: <http://koha.inpa.gov.br/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3580&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=4283>. Acesso em: 5 set. 2017.
Yamamoto, K.C.; Freitas, C.E.C.; Zuanon, J.; Hurd, L.E. 2014. Fish diversity and species composition in small-scale artificial reefs in Amazonian floodplain lakes: Refugia for rare species?. Ecological Engineering, 67(1): 165í 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.045.
Arantes, C.C.; Winemiller, K.; Petrere, M.; Castello, L.; Hess, L.; Freitas, C.E.C. 2017. Relationships between forest cover and fish diversity in the Amazon River. Journal of Applied Ecology, 55(1): 386í 395. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12967.
Araujo-Lima, C.A.; Portugal, L.P.S.; Ferreira, E.G. 1986. Fish macrophytes relationship in the Anavilhanas Archipelago, a blackwater system in the central Amazon. Journal of Fish Biology, 29(1):1-11.
Berger, W.H.; Parker, F.L. 1970. Diversity of Planktonic Foraminifera in Deep-Sea sediments. Science, 168(3937): 1345-1347. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3937.1345.
Bordignon, C.R.; Casatti, L.; Pérez-Mayorga, M.A.; Teresa, F.B.; Brejão, G.L. 2015. Fish complementarity is associated to forests in Amazonian streams. Neotropical Ichthyology, 13: 579-590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20140157.
Brasil, 2000. LEI nº. 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000. Regulamenta o Art. 225, § 1º., incisos I, II, III, e VII da Constituição Federal, institui o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 19 de julho de 2000, nº. 138, Seção 1: p. 45.
Claro-Jr., L.; Ferreira, E.; Zuanon, J.A.; AraujoLima, C. 2004. O efeito da floresta alagada na alimentação de três espécies de peixes onívoros em lagos de várzea da Amazônia central, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 34(1): 133-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672004000100018.
Correa, S.B.; Crampton, W.G.R.; Chapman, L.J.; Albert, J.S. 2008. A comparison of flooded forest and floating meadow fish assemblages in an upper Amazon floodplain. Journal of Fish Biology, 72(3): 629í 644. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01752.x.
CPRM, 2018. Monitoramento Hidrológico. Serviço Geológico do Brasil, 16 de fevereiro de 2018, boletim n° 7. Disponível em: <https://www.cprm.gov.br/sace/boletins/Amazonas/20180216_18-20180216%20-%20180831.pdf>. Acesso em: 9 jul. 2018.
Eschmeyer, W.N.; Fong, J.D. Species by Family/Subfamily. Disponível em: <http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp>. Acesso em: 7 jun. 2018.
Farias, E.U.; Loebens, S.C.; Yamamoto, K.C.; Siqueira-Souza, F.K.; Freitas, C.E.C.F.; Beltrão, H.D.A.; Magalhães, E.R.S. 2017. Assembleia de peixes em lagos do rio Quiuini, um tributário do rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil. Biota Amazônia, 7(1):74-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v7n1p74-81.
Ferreira E.J.G.; Zuanon, J.A.S.; Santos, G.M. 1998. Peixes comerciais do médio Amazonas: região de Santarém, Pará. Ibama, Brasília. 214p.
Freitas, C.E.C.; Laurenson, L.; Yamamoto, K.C; Forsberg, B.R.; Petrere Jr, M.; Arantes, C.; Siqueira-Souza, F.K. 2018. Fish species richness is associated with the availability of landscape components across seasons in the Amazonian floodplain. PeerJ. 6:e5080, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5080.
Géry, J. 1977. Characoids of the world. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune. 672p.
Goulding, M.; Carvalho, M.L.; Ferreira, E.G. 1988 Rio Negro Rich life in poor water: Amazonian diversity and food chain ecology as seem through fish communities. The Hague: SPB Academic Publishing, Michigan. 200p.
Hammer, D.A.; Harper, D.A.T.; Ryan, P.D. 2001. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1): 1-9. Disponível em: <http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm>.
Hurd, L.E.; Souza, R.G.S.; Siqueira-Souza, F.K.; Cooper, G.J.; Kahn, J.R.; Freitas, C.E.C. 2016. Amazon floodplain fish communities: habitat connectivity and conservation in a rapidly deteriorating environment. Biological Conservation, 195(1): 118í 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.01.005.
Hutcheson, K. 1970. A test for comparing diversities based on the Shannon formula. Journal of Theorical Biology, 29(1): 151âˆ"™154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(70)90124-4.
Junk, J.W.; Piedade, M.T.F.; Schí¶ngart, J.; Cohn-Half, M.; Adeney, J.M.; Wittmann, F. 2011. A classification of major naturally-occurring Amazonian lowland wetlands. Wetlands, 31(4): 623-640. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13157-011-0190-7.
Junk, J.W.; Wittmann, F.; Schí¶ngart, J.; Piedade, M.T.F. 2015. A classification of the major habitats of Amazonian black-water river floodplains and a comparison with their white-water counterparts. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 23(4): 677í 693. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9412-8.
Junk, W.J. 1984 Ecology, fisheries and fish culture in Amazônia. In: Sioli, H. The Amazon Liminology and landscape ecology of mighty tropical river and its basin. Dr. W. Junk, Publishers, Dordrecht. p. 443-476.
Junk, W.J.; Bayley, P.B.; Sparks, R.E. 1989. The flood pulse concept in river-floodplains systems. In: Dodge, D.P. Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium. vol. 106. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Canadá. p. 110-127.
Krebs, C.J. 1989. Ecological Methodology. Harper-Collins Publishers, Nova York. 654p.
Lobón-Cerviá, J., Hess, L.L., Melack, J.M. & Araujo-Lima, C.A. (2015) The importance of forest cover for fish richness and abundance on the Amazon floodplain. Hydrobiologia, 750(1): 245í 255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-2040-0.
Loebens, S.C.; Farias, E.U.; Yamamoto, K.C.; Freitas, C.E.C. 2016. Diversidade de assembleias de peixes em floresta alagada de águas pretas da Amazônia Central. Scientia Amazonia, 5(1): 37-44.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 1999. Estudos Ecológicos de Comunidades de Peixes Tropicais. Edusp, São Paulo. 535p.
Ludwig, J.A.; Reynolds, J.F. 1988. Statistical ecology. J. Wiley, Nova York. 337p.
Magurran, A.E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, Nova Jersey. 179p.
Noveras, J.; Yamamoto, K.C.; Freitas, C.E.C. 2012. Uso do igapó por assembleias de peixes nos lagos no Parque Nacional das Anavilhanas (Amazonas, Brasil). Acta Amazonica, 42(4): 567í 572. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0044-5967201200040001.
Piedade, M.T.F.; Schongart, J.; Wittmann, F.; Parolin, P.; Bleich, M. E.; Lopes, A. 2015. Iniciando a viagem pelas áreas úmidas amazônicas. In: Lopes, A; Piedade, M.T.F. Conhecendo as áreas úmidas amazônicas: uma viagem pelas várzeas e igapós. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus. p. 16-22.
Prance, G. T. 1980. A terminologia dos tipos de florestas amazônicas sujeitas í inundação. Acta Amazonica, 10(3): 495-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921980103499.
R Core Team. 2017. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Disponível em: <https://www.R-project.org/>.
Rodrígues, M.A.; Lewis, W.M. 1997. Structure of fish assemblages along environmental gradients in floodplain lakes of the Orinoco River. Ecological Monographs, 67(1): 109-128. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1997)067[0109:SOFAAE]2.0.CO;2.
Saint-Paul, U.; Zuanon, J.; Villacorta-Correa, M.A.; García, M.; Fabré, N.N.; Berger, U.; Junk, W.J. 2000. Fish communities in central Amazonian white-and blackwater floodplains. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57(3): 235-250. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007699130333.
Santos, G.M.; Ferreira, E.J.G.; Zuanon, J.A.S. 2006. Peixes Comerciais de Manaus. ProVárzea, IBAMA/AM, Manaus. 144pp.
Santos, G.M.; Juras, A.A.; Mérona, B.; Jégu, M. 2004. Peixes do baixo rio Tocantins: 20 anos depois da usina hidrelétrica de Tucuruí. Eletronorte, Brasília. 215p.
Shannon, C.E.; Wiener, W. 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illions Press, Urbana. 117p.
Siqueira-Souza, F.K.; Freitas, C.E.C.; Hurd, L.E.; Petrere, M. 2016. Amazon floodplain fish diversity at different scales: do time and place really matter?. Hydrobiologia, 776(1): 99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2738-2.
Silva, C.C.; Ferreira, E.J.G.; Deus, C.P. 2008. Dieta de cinco espécies de Hemiodontidae (Teleostei, Characiformes) na área de influência do reservatório de Balbina, rio Uatumã, Amazonas, Brasil. Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 98(4): 465í 468. https://doi.org/10.1590/ S0073-47212008000400008.
Vale, J.D. 2003. Composição e diversidade e abundí¢ncia da ictiofauna na área do Catalão, Amazônia Central. Manaus. 66f. (Dissertação de Mestrado, INPA/UFAM, Manaus). Disponível em: <http://koha.inpa.gov.br/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3580&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=4283>. Acesso em: 5 set. 2017.
Yamamoto, K.C.; Freitas, C.E.C.; Zuanon, J.; Hurd, L.E. 2014. Fish diversity and species composition in small-scale artificial reefs in Amazonian floodplain lakes: Refugia for rare species?. Ecological Engineering, 67(1): 165í 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.045.
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2019-02-14
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