Growth performance and chemical composition of pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fed with vegetable oil sources and alpha-lipoic acid
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017.74.84Keywords:
average weight, crude protein, individual weight gain, linseed, liver, sesameAbstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different oil sources and alpha-lipoic acid levels on pacus performance, chemical composition of fillets and histological changes in the liver. A total of 480 pacu juveniles (3.35 ± 0.78 g), distributed in 24 experimental units (n = 20), were used. Six treatments were delineated in a completely randomized design (CRD), in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with three sources of oil (soybean, sesame and linseed) and two levels of alpha-lipoic acid (0 and 0.1%), with four replications. Data were evaluated statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test (5%). Diets containing linseed oil as the only lipid source provided better indices of final body weight and individual weight gain in pacu juveniles. Crude protein content was higher in fish fillets that fed diets without alpha-lipoic acid. Liver histology was not affected by the experimental diets. In conclusion, linseed oil improved final body weight and individual weight gain on pacus, and alpha-lipoic acid did not affect the performance of the animals, however, its absence promoted higher levels of crude protein in fish fillets.
References
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Aquaculture Nutrition, 13(1): 1-9.
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BARBIERI, E.; BONDIOLI, A.C.V. 2016 Acute toxicity of ammonia in Pacu fish (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg, 1887) at different temperatures level. Aquaculture Research, 46(3):
565-571.
BERNET, D.; SCHMIDT-POSTHAUS, H.; WAHLI, T.; BURKHARDT-HOLM, P. 2004 Evaluation of two monitoring approaches to assess effects of waste water disposal on histological alterations
in fish. Hydrobiologia, 524(1): 53-66.
BRASIL. 2013 INSTRUÇÃO NORMATIVA n° 13, de 26 de setembro de 2013. Disciplina as Diretrizes
da Prática de Eutanásia do Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal í Concea. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 26 de setembro de 2013, n°. 187, Seção 1, p.5.
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DUTTA, H.M. (eds.) Fish Morphology - Horizon of New Research. New Delhi, Calcutta, India.
Oxford, IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., p.77-78.
CABALLERO, M.J.; LÓPEZ-CALERO, G.; SOCORRO, J.; ROO, F.J.; IZQUIERDO, M.S.; FÉRNANDEZ,
A.J. 1999 Combined effect of lipid level and fish meal quality on liver histology of gilthead
seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 179(1): 277-290.
CHEN, C.; SUN, B.; LI, X.; LI, P.; GUAN, W.; BI, Y.; PAN, Q. 2013 N-3 essential fatty acids in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: Quantification of optimum requirement of dietary linolenic acid in
juvenile fish. Aquaculture, 416(417): 99-104.
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FUJIMOTO, R.Y.; CRUZ, C.; MORAES, F.R. 2008 Análise de efluente e histologia da pele, fígado e
rim de pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) suplementados com cromo trivalente. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34(1): 117-124.
GARCIA, A.S.; GONí"¡ALVES, L.U.; CAVALLI, R.O.; VIEGAS, E.M.M. 2013 Lipídios. In: FRACALOSSI, D.M.; CYRINO, J.E.P. (eds.) Nutriaqua í Nutrição e alimentação de espécies de interesse para a aquicultura brasileira. 1ª ed. Florianópolis: Sociedade Brasileira de Aquicultura e Biologia Aquática, cap. 5, p.79-99.
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GLENCROSS, B.D. 2009 Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture
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HINTON, D.E.; SNIPES, R.L.; KENDALL, M.W. 1972 Morphology and enzyme histochemistry of the
liver of Microptems salmoides. Journal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 60(2): 531-536.
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(Rafinesque). Journal of Fish Biology, 8(3): 209-219.
HOLMQUIST, L.; STUCHBURY, G.; BERBAUM, K.; MUSCAT, S.; YOUNG, S.; HAGER, K.; ENGEL,
J.; MíÅ“NCH, G. 2007 Lipoic acid as a novel treatment for Alzheimer's disease and related
dementias. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 113(1): 154-164.
KLEIN, S.; LORENZ, E.K.; BUENO, G.W.; SIGNOR, A.; FEIDEN, A.; BOSCOLO, W.R. 2014 Levels of crude protein in diets for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) from 150 to 400g reared in cages.
Archivos de Zootecnia, 63(244): 599-610.
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MUí"˜OZ-RAMÍREZ, A.P.; CARNEIRO, D.J. 2008 Suplementação de lisina e metionina em dietas com baixo nível proteico para o crescimento inicial do pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg). Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 24(1): 909-916.
NRC - NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. 2013 Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp. Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. National Academies Press. Washington,
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PORTELA, A.S.; MONTENEGRO NETO, A.N.; SILVA, P.C.D.; SIMí-ES, M.O.S.; ALMEIDA, M.G. 2014 Estatinas x ácido lipóico na prevenção e tratamento das doenças cardiovasculares. Revista de Ciências Farmacêuticas Básica e Aplicada, 35(1): 09-15.
PORTZ, L.; FURUYA, W.M. 2013 Energia, Proteína e Aminoácidos. In: FRACALOSSI, D.M.; CYRINO,
J.E.P. (eds.) Nutriaqua í Nutrição e alimentação de espécies de interesse para a aquicultura brasileira. 1ª ed. Florianópolis: Sociedade Brasileira de Aquicultura e Biologia Aquática, cap. 4, p.65-77.
RAMOS FILHO, M.M.; RAMOS, M.I.L.; HIANE, P.A.; SOUZA, E.M.T. 2008 Perfil lipídico de quatro
spécies de peixes da região pantaneira de Mato Grosso do Sul. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 28(2): 361-365.
RAÅÂ KOVIÄ" , B.S.; STANKOVIÄ" , M.B.; MARKOVIÄ" , Z.Z.; POLEKSIÄ" , V.D. 2011 Histological
methods in the assessment of different feed effects on liver and intestine of fish. Journal of
Agricultural Sciences, 56(1): 87-100.
REGOST, C.; ARZEL, J.; ROBIN, J.; ROSENLUND, G.; KAUSHIK, S.J. 2003 Total replacement of fish
oil by soybean or linseed oil with a return to fish oil in turbot (Psetta maxima): 1. Growth
performance, flesh fatty acid profile, and lipid metabolism. Aquaculture, 217(1): 465-482.
ROCHA, E.; MONTEIRO, R.A.; PEREIRA, C.A. 1994 The liver of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario: a
light and electron microscope study. Journal of Anatomy, 185(2): 241-249.
ROCHA, E.; MONTEIRO, R.A.; PEREIRA, C.A. 1997 Liver of the brown trout, Salmo trutta (Teleostei,
Salmonidae): a stereological study at light and electron microscopic levels. The Anatomical
Record, 247(3): 317-328.
ROCHA, R.M.; COELHO, R.P.; MONTES, C.S.; SANTOS, S.S.D.; FERREIRA, M.A.P. 2010 Avaliação histopatológica do fígado de Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Castelnau, 1855) da Baía do Guajará, Belém, Pará. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 11(1): 101-109.
SANTOS, A.A.; RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T.; FELIZARDO, N.N.; RODRIGUES, E.L. 2004 Análise histopatológica de fígado de tilápia-doNilo, Oreochromis niloticus, criada em tanquerede na represa de Guarapiranga, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 30(2): 141-145.
SANTOS, L.D.; FURUYA, W.M.; SILVA, T.S.C.; ICHELATO, M.; MATSUSHITA, M. 2009 Ácido linoléico conjugado em dietas para pacu: tempo de deposição, desempenho e perfil de ácidos graxos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38(6): 980-988.
SARGENT, J.R.; TOCHER, D.R.; BELL, J.G. 2003 The Lipids. In: HALVER, J.E.; HAI, R.W. (eds.) Fish
Nutrition. 3ª ed. Nova York: Academic Press New York, cap. 4, p.181-257.
SAS Institute Inc. 2011. SAS/STAT® 9.3 User’s Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. 2011. SIGNOR, A.A.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; FEIDEN, A., BITTENCOURT, F.; COLDEBELLA, A.; REIDEL, A. 2010 Proteína e energia na alimentação de pacus criados em tanques-rede. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(11): 2336-2341.
SOUZA, V.L.; LUNARDI, L.O.; VASQUES, L.H.; CASALETTI, L.; NAKAGHI, L.S.O.; URBINATI, E.C. 2001 Morphometric alterations in hepatocytes and ultrastructural distribution of liver glycogen n pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus HOLMBERG, 1887) during food restriction and refeeding. Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 18(1): 15-20.
TRATTNER, S.; PICKOVA, J.; PARK, K.H.; RINCHARD, J.; DABROWSKI, K. 2007 Effects of alfa-lipoic and ascorbic acid on the muscle and brain fatty acids and antioxidant profile of the South American pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. Aquaculture, 273(1): 158-164.
URBINATI, E.C.; GONí"¡ALVES, F.D.; TAKAHASHI, L.S. 2005 Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). In:
BALDISSEROTTO, B.; DE CARVALHO GOMES, L. (orgs.) Espécies nativas para piscicultura no
Brasil. 2ª ed. Santa Maria: UFSM. p.225-255.
VICENTINI, C.A.; FRANCESCHINI-VICENTINI, I.B.; BOMBONATO, M.T.S.; BERTOLUCCI, B.; LIMA, S.G.; SANTOS, A.S. 2005 Morphological study of the liver in the teleost Oreochromis niloticus. International Journal of Morphology, 23(3): 211-216.
WAGNER, L.; TRATTNER, S.; PICKOVA, J.; GÓMEZ-REQUENI, P.; MOAZZAMI, A.A. 2014 1H NMR-based metabolomics studies on the effect of sesamin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Food chemistry, 147(1): 98-105.
ZHOU, J.C.; HAN, D.; JIN, J.Y.; XIE, S.Q.; YANG, Y.X.; ZHU, X.M. 2014 Compared to fish oil alone, a corn and fish oil mixture decreases the lipid requirement of a freshwater fish species, Carassius auratus gibelio. Aquaculture, 428(1): 272-279
Aquaculture Nutrition, 13(1): 1-9.
AOAC - ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS INTERNATIONAL. 2000 Official methods of analysis of the Association of Analytical Chemists. 17ª ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. 1219p.
BANCROFT, J.D.; GAMBLE, M. 2008 Theory and practice of histological techniques. 6ª ed. Elsevier
Health Sciences, Churchill Livingstone, United Kingdom. 744p.
BARBIERI, E.; BONDIOLI, A.C.V. 2016 Acute toxicity of ammonia in Pacu fish (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg, 1887) at different temperatures level. Aquaculture Research, 46(3):
565-571.
BERNET, D.; SCHMIDT-POSTHAUS, H.; WAHLI, T.; BURKHARDT-HOLM, P. 2004 Evaluation of two monitoring approaches to assess effects of waste water disposal on histological alterations
in fish. Hydrobiologia, 524(1): 53-66.
BRASIL. 2013 INSTRUÇÃO NORMATIVA n° 13, de 26 de setembro de 2013. Disciplina as Diretrizes
da Prática de Eutanásia do Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal í Concea. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, 26 de setembro de 2013, n°. 187, Seção 1, p.5.
BRUSLÉ, J.; ANADON, G.G. 1996 The structure and function of fish liver. In: MUNSHI, J.S.D. and
DUTTA, H.M. (eds.) Fish Morphology - Horizon of New Research. New Delhi, Calcutta, India.
Oxford, IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., p.77-78.
CABALLERO, M.J.; LÓPEZ-CALERO, G.; SOCORRO, J.; ROO, F.J.; IZQUIERDO, M.S.; FÉRNANDEZ,
A.J. 1999 Combined effect of lipid level and fish meal quality on liver histology of gilthead
seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 179(1): 277-290.
CHEN, C.; SUN, B.; LI, X.; LI, P.; GUAN, W.; BI, Y.; PAN, Q. 2013 N-3 essential fatty acids in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: Quantification of optimum requirement of dietary linolenic acid in
juvenile fish. Aquaculture, 416(417): 99-104.
DUNFORD, N.T. 2004 Oil and Oilseed-Based Bioactive Compounds and Their Health Effects In: DUNFORD, H.B.; DUNFORD, N.T. (eds.) Nutritionally Enhanced Edible Oil Processing. Dunford-Dunford, Oklahoma, p.1-24.
FERNANDES, J.B.K.; CARNEIRO, D.J.; SAKOMURA, N.K. 2001 Fontes e níveis de proteína bruta em dietas para juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 30(3): 617-626.
FUJIMOTO, R.Y.; CRUZ, C.; MORAES, F.R. 2008 Análise de efluente e histologia da pele, fígado e
rim de pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) suplementados com cromo trivalente. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34(1): 117-124.
GARCIA, A.S.; GONí"¡ALVES, L.U.; CAVALLI, R.O.; VIEGAS, E.M.M. 2013 Lipídios. In: FRACALOSSI, D.M.; CYRINO, J.E.P. (eds.) Nutriaqua í Nutrição e alimentação de espécies de interesse para a aquicultura brasileira. 1ª ed. Florianópolis: Sociedade Brasileira de Aquicultura e Biologia Aquática, cap. 5, p.79-99.
GENTEN, F.; TERWINGHE, E.; DANGUY, A. 2009 Atlas of fish histology. CRC Press Taylor & Francis
Group, Florida, United States. 224p.
GLENCROSS, B.D. 2009 Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture
species. Reviews in Aquaculture, 1(2): 71í 124.
HINTON, D.E.; SNIPES, R.L.; KENDALL, M.W. 1972 Morphology and enzyme histochemistry of the
liver of Microptems salmoides. Journal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 60(2): 531-536.
HINTON, D.E.; POOL, C.R. 1976 Ultrastructure of the liver in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus
(Rafinesque). Journal of Fish Biology, 8(3): 209-219.
HOLMQUIST, L.; STUCHBURY, G.; BERBAUM, K.; MUSCAT, S.; YOUNG, S.; HAGER, K.; ENGEL,
J.; MíÅ“NCH, G. 2007 Lipoic acid as a novel treatment for Alzheimer's disease and related
dementias. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 113(1): 154-164.
KLEIN, S.; LORENZ, E.K.; BUENO, G.W.; SIGNOR, A.; FEIDEN, A.; BOSCOLO, W.R. 2014 Levels of crude protein in diets for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) from 150 to 400g reared in cages.
Archivos de Zootecnia, 63(244): 599-610.
KOCHHAR, S.P. 2002 Minor and Speciality Oils. In: GUNSTONE, F.D. (ed.) Vegetable oils in food technology: composition, properties and uses. WileyBlackwell, Oxford. p.291-342. MCCLEMENTS, D.J.; DECKER, E.A. 2010 Lipídeos. In: DAMODARAN, S.; PARKIN, K.L.; FENNEMA, O.R. (eds.) Química de Alimentos de Fennema. 4ª ed., Porto Alegre: Artmed, p.131-178.
MUí"˜OZ-RAMÍREZ, A.P.; CARNEIRO, D.J. 2008 Suplementação de lisina e metionina em dietas com baixo nível proteico para o crescimento inicial do pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg). Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 24(1): 909-916.
NRC - NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. 2013 Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp. Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. National Academies Press. Washington,
United States. 373p.
PORTELA, A.S.; MONTENEGRO NETO, A.N.; SILVA, P.C.D.; SIMí-ES, M.O.S.; ALMEIDA, M.G. 2014 Estatinas x ácido lipóico na prevenção e tratamento das doenças cardiovasculares. Revista de Ciências Farmacêuticas Básica e Aplicada, 35(1): 09-15.
PORTZ, L.; FURUYA, W.M. 2013 Energia, Proteína e Aminoácidos. In: FRACALOSSI, D.M.; CYRINO,
J.E.P. (eds.) Nutriaqua í Nutrição e alimentação de espécies de interesse para a aquicultura brasileira. 1ª ed. Florianópolis: Sociedade Brasileira de Aquicultura e Biologia Aquática, cap. 4, p.65-77.
RAMOS FILHO, M.M.; RAMOS, M.I.L.; HIANE, P.A.; SOUZA, E.M.T. 2008 Perfil lipídico de quatro
spécies de peixes da região pantaneira de Mato Grosso do Sul. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 28(2): 361-365.
RAÅÂ KOVIÄ" , B.S.; STANKOVIÄ" , M.B.; MARKOVIÄ" , Z.Z.; POLEKSIÄ" , V.D. 2011 Histological
methods in the assessment of different feed effects on liver and intestine of fish. Journal of
Agricultural Sciences, 56(1): 87-100.
REGOST, C.; ARZEL, J.; ROBIN, J.; ROSENLUND, G.; KAUSHIK, S.J. 2003 Total replacement of fish
oil by soybean or linseed oil with a return to fish oil in turbot (Psetta maxima): 1. Growth
performance, flesh fatty acid profile, and lipid metabolism. Aquaculture, 217(1): 465-482.
ROCHA, E.; MONTEIRO, R.A.; PEREIRA, C.A. 1994 The liver of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario: a
light and electron microscope study. Journal of Anatomy, 185(2): 241-249.
ROCHA, E.; MONTEIRO, R.A.; PEREIRA, C.A. 1997 Liver of the brown trout, Salmo trutta (Teleostei,
Salmonidae): a stereological study at light and electron microscopic levels. The Anatomical
Record, 247(3): 317-328.
ROCHA, R.M.; COELHO, R.P.; MONTES, C.S.; SANTOS, S.S.D.; FERREIRA, M.A.P. 2010 Avaliação histopatológica do fígado de Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Castelnau, 1855) da Baía do Guajará, Belém, Pará. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 11(1): 101-109.
SANTOS, A.A.; RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T.; FELIZARDO, N.N.; RODRIGUES, E.L. 2004 Análise histopatológica de fígado de tilápia-doNilo, Oreochromis niloticus, criada em tanquerede na represa de Guarapiranga, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 30(2): 141-145.
SANTOS, L.D.; FURUYA, W.M.; SILVA, T.S.C.; ICHELATO, M.; MATSUSHITA, M. 2009 Ácido linoléico conjugado em dietas para pacu: tempo de deposição, desempenho e perfil de ácidos graxos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 38(6): 980-988.
SARGENT, J.R.; TOCHER, D.R.; BELL, J.G. 2003 The Lipids. In: HALVER, J.E.; HAI, R.W. (eds.) Fish
Nutrition. 3ª ed. Nova York: Academic Press New York, cap. 4, p.181-257.
SAS Institute Inc. 2011. SAS/STAT® 9.3 User’s Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. 2011. SIGNOR, A.A.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; FEIDEN, A., BITTENCOURT, F.; COLDEBELLA, A.; REIDEL, A. 2010 Proteína e energia na alimentação de pacus criados em tanques-rede. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(11): 2336-2341.
SOUZA, V.L.; LUNARDI, L.O.; VASQUES, L.H.; CASALETTI, L.; NAKAGHI, L.S.O.; URBINATI, E.C. 2001 Morphometric alterations in hepatocytes and ultrastructural distribution of liver glycogen n pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus HOLMBERG, 1887) during food restriction and refeeding. Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 18(1): 15-20.
TRATTNER, S.; PICKOVA, J.; PARK, K.H.; RINCHARD, J.; DABROWSKI, K. 2007 Effects of alfa-lipoic and ascorbic acid on the muscle and brain fatty acids and antioxidant profile of the South American pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. Aquaculture, 273(1): 158-164.
URBINATI, E.C.; GONí"¡ALVES, F.D.; TAKAHASHI, L.S. 2005 Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). In:
BALDISSEROTTO, B.; DE CARVALHO GOMES, L. (orgs.) Espécies nativas para piscicultura no
Brasil. 2ª ed. Santa Maria: UFSM. p.225-255.
VICENTINI, C.A.; FRANCESCHINI-VICENTINI, I.B.; BOMBONATO, M.T.S.; BERTOLUCCI, B.; LIMA, S.G.; SANTOS, A.S. 2005 Morphological study of the liver in the teleost Oreochromis niloticus. International Journal of Morphology, 23(3): 211-216.
WAGNER, L.; TRATTNER, S.; PICKOVA, J.; GÓMEZ-REQUENI, P.; MOAZZAMI, A.A. 2014 1H NMR-based metabolomics studies on the effect of sesamin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Food chemistry, 147(1): 98-105.
ZHOU, J.C.; HAN, D.; JIN, J.Y.; XIE, S.Q.; YANG, Y.X.; ZHU, X.M. 2014 Compared to fish oil alone, a corn and fish oil mixture decreases the lipid requirement of a freshwater fish species, Carassius auratus gibelio. Aquaculture, 428(1): 272-279
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