Vitamin a supplemented diet for pacu fingerlings
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2018.331Keywords:
blood parameters, histology, liposoluble vitamin, native fish, piscicultureAbstract
Vitamins are present in small amounts in food and are essential for the organic balance of fish. Liposoluble vitamins are stored in the liver and may lead to hypo or hypervitaminosis which in both cases can generate complications to animal homeostasis. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of vitamin A supplementation in the diet of pacu fingerlings (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A total of 240 fingerlings with the initial average weight of 17.55 ± 3.22 g were randomly distributed in 20 500 L-circular tanks. Diets were supplemented with retinol acetate (1,000,000 IU of vitamin A g-1) to contain 0, 3,000, 6,000, 9,000, and 12,000 IU of vitamin A kg-1 of diet. The fish were fed ad libitum. Productive performance, carcass yield, visceral fat, hepatosomatic ratio, carcass chemical composition, hematology blood parameters, and liver histology were evaluated. The quadratic effect was observed on final weight and apparent feed conversion with optimum levels at 6,583 and 5,555 IU of vitamin A kg-1 of feed, respectively. There was no influence of vitamin A supplementation on survival, carcass chemical composition, hematology, and liver histology. The minimum supplementation of 5,555 IU of vitamin A kg-1 of ration is indicated to obtain enhanced results in weight gain and apparent feed conversion in pacu fingerlings.
References
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BARBIERI, E.; BONDIOLI, A.C.V. 2015 Acute toxicity of ammonia in Pacu fish (Piaractus, mesopotamicus). Aquaculture Research, 45(3): 565-571.
BOLLA, S.; NICOLAISEN, O.; AMIN, A. 2011 Liver alterations induced by long term feeding on commercial diets in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) females. Histological and biochemical aspects. Aquaculture, 312(1-4):117-125.
BUENO, G.W.; MARENGONI, N.G.M.; GONí"¡ALVES JíÅ¡NIOR, A.C.; BOSCOLO, W.R.B.; TEIXEIRA, R.A. 2008 Estado trófico e bioacumulação do fósforo total no cultivo de peixes em tanques-rede na área aquícola do reservatório de Itaipu. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 30(3): 237-243.
CABALLERO, M.J.; LÓPEZ-CALERO, G.; SOCORRO, J.; ROO, F.J.; IZQUIERDO, M.S.; FÉRNANDEZ, A.J. 1999 Combined effect of lipid level and fish meal quality on liver histology of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 179(1-4):277-290.
CAMPECHE, D.F.B.; CATHARINO, R.R.; GODOY, H.T.; CYRINO, J.E.P. 2009 Vitamin a in diets for nile tilapia. Scientia Agricola, 66(6):751-756.
COLLIER, H.B. 1944 The standardizations of blood haemoglobin determinations. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 50(6):550-552.
FERNANDEZ, I.; GISBERT, E. 2011 The effect of vitamin A on flatfish development and skeletogenesis: a review. Aquaculture, 315(1-2):34-48.
FERNANDEZ, I.; HONTORIA, F.; ORTIZ-DELGADO, J.B.; KOTZAMANIS, Y.; ESTÉVEZ, A.; ZAMBONINO-INFANTE, J.L.; GISBERT, E. 2008 Larval performance and skeletal deformities in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed with graded levels of Vitamin A enriched rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis). Aquaculture, 283(1-4):102-115.
FERNANDEZ, I.; PIMENEL, M.S.; ORTIZ-DELGADO, J.B.; HONTORIA, F.; SARASQUETE, C.; ESTÉVEZ, A.; ZAMBONINO-INFANTE, J.L.; GISBERT, E. 2009 Effect of dietary vitamin A on Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) skeletogenesis and larval quality. Aquaculture, 295(3-4):250-265.
FONTAGNÉ-DICHARRY, S.; LATAILLADE, E.; SURGET, A.; BRíˆQUE, J.; ZAMBONINO-INFANTE, J.L.; KAUSHIK, S.J. 2010 Effects of dietary vitamin A on broodstock performance, egg quality, early growth and retinoid nuclear receptor expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 303(1-4):40-49.
FUJIMOTO, R.Y.; CRUZ, C.; MORAES, F.R. 2008 Análise de efluente e histologia da pele, fígado e rim de pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) suplementados com cromo trivalente. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34(1):117-124.
FURUITA, H.; TANAKA, H.; YAMAMOTO, T.; SUZUKI, N.; TAKEUCHI, Y.T. 2003 Supplemental effect of vitamin A in diet on the reproductive performance and egg quality on the Japanese flounder Parachthys olivaceus (T e S). Aquaculture Research, 34(6):461-467.
GOLDENFARB, P.B.; BOWYER, F.P.; HALL, E.; BROSIUS, E. 1971 Reproducibility in the hematology laboratory: the microhematocrit determinations. American Journal Clinical of Pathology, 56(1):35-39.
GOMES, L.C.; CHIPPARI-GOMES, A.R.; LOPES, N.P.; ROUBACH, R.; ARAUJO-LIMA, C.A.R.M. 2001 Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 32(4):426-431.
GOSWAMI, U.C.; DUTTA, N.K. 1991 Vitamin A - deficient diet and its effects on certain haematological parameters of Heteropneustes fossilis a 3í 4-dehydroretinolfreshwater fish. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 61(3):205-209.
GUO, R.; LIM, C.; XIA, H.; AKSOR, M.Y.; LI, M. 2010 Effect of various dietary vitamin A levels on growth performance and immune response of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 4(4):507-512.
HALVER, J.E. 2002 The minerals. In: HALVER, J.E.; HARDY, R.W. Fish nutrition. San Diego: Academic Press Inc., p. 61-141.
HAYASHIDA, Y.; KAWAMURA, T.; HORI-E, R.; YAMASHITA, I. 2004 Retinoic acid and its receptors are required for expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor mRNA and embryonic development of blood vessel and bone in the medaka fish, Oryzias latipes. Zoological Science, 21(5):541-551.
HEMRE, G.I.; DENG, D.F.; WILSON, R.P.; BERNTSSEN, M.H.G. 2004 Vitamin A metabolism and early biological responses in juvenile sunshine bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) fed graded levels of vitamin A. Aquaculture, 235(1-4):645-658.
HERNANDEZ, L.H.; TESHIMA, S.I.; KOSHIO, S.; ISHIKAWA, M.; TANAKA, Y.; ALAM, S. 2007 Effects of vitamin A on growth, serum anti-bacterial activity and transaminase activities in the juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 262(2-4):444-450.
HERNANDEZ, L.H.; TESHIMA, S.I.; ISHIKAWA, M.; ALAM, S.; KOSHIO, S.; TANAKA, Y. 2005 Dietary vitamin A requirements of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11(1):3-9.
HILTON, J.W. 1983 Hypervitaminosis A in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdineri): toxicity signs and maximum tolerable level. Journal Nutrition, 113(9):1737-1745.
HU, C.J.; CHEN, S.M.; PAN, C.H.; HUANG, C.H. 2006 Effects of dietary vitamin A or β-catotene concentrations on growth of juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus. Aquaculture, 253(1-4):602-607.
LALL, S.P.; LEWIS-MCCREA, L.M. 2007 Role of nutrients in skeletal metabolism and pathology in fish - an overview. Aquaculture, 267(1-4):3-19.
LIí"˜ÁN-CABELLO, M.A.; JESUS, P.M. 2004 Induction factors derived from carotenoids and vitamin A during the ovarian maturation of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture International, 12(6):583-592.
MACKERETH, F.I.F.; HERON, J.; TALLING, J.F. 1978 Water analysis: some revised methods for limnologists. Freshwater Biological Association, London, 121p.
MOREN, M.; OPSTAD, I.; BERNTSSEN, M.H.G.; ZAMBONINO INFANTE, J.L.; HAMRE, K. 2004 An optimum level of vitamin A supplements for Atlantic habilut (Hippoglossus hipoglossus L.) juveniles. Aquaculture, 235(1-4):587-599.
NRC-National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp. Washington: National Academy Press, 2011. 392p.
ORNSRUD, R.; GRAFF, I.E.; HOIE, S.; TOTLAND, D.K.; HEMRE, G.I. 2002 Hypervitaminosis A in first-feeding fry of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 8(1):7-13.
PEIL, S.Q.; POUEY, J.L.O.F.; LOPES, P.R.S.; MARTINS, C.R.; TIMM, G. 2007 Adição de vitamina a na dieta de pós-larvas de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Biodiversidade Pampeana, 5(1):9-15.
RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T.; SALLES, F.A.; EIRAS, J.C.; EIRAS, A.C.; ISHIKAWA, C.M.; ALEXANDRINO, A. C. 1999 Análises hematológicas de curimbatá (prochilodus scrofa), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) e tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) das estações de piscicultura do instituto de pesca, estado de São Paulo. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 25(1):77-83.
SALEH, G.; ELERAKY, W.; GROPP, J.M. 1995 A short note on the effects of vitamin A hypervitaminosis on lealth and growth of Tilapia nilotica (Orechromis niloticus). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 11(3-4):382-385.
SIGNOR, A.A.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; FEIDEN, A.; BITTENCOURT, F.; COLDEBELLA, A.; REIDEL, A. 2010 Proteína e energia na alimentação de pacus criados em tanques-rede. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(11):2336-2341.
SIGNOR, A.A.; POTRICH, F.R.; FEIDEN, AL.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; RIBEIRO, R.P.; VARGAS, L. 2013 Vitamina A em dieta de juvenis de pacu cultivados em tanques rede. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 48(8):1103-1109.
SOUZA, V.F.; LUNARDI, L.O.; VASQUES, L.H.; CASALETTI, L.; NAKAGHI, L.S.O.; URBINATI, E.C. 2001 Morphometric alterations in hepatocytes and ultrastructural distribution of liver glycogen in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus holmberg, 1887) during food restriction and refeeding. Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 18(1):15-20.
STRICKLAND, J.D.H.; PARSONS, T.R. 1972 A pratical handbook of sea water analysis. Canada: Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 310 p.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; MARTINS, M.L.; MORAES, F.R. 2000 Relação hepatosomática e esplenosomática em peixes teleósteos de cultivo intensivo. Revista brasileira de Zoologia, 17(1):273-281.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; MARTINS, M.L.; SCHALCH, S.H.C.; ONAKA, E.M.; QUINTANA, C.I.F.; MORAES, J.R.E.; MORAES, F.R. 2002 Alterações hematológicas e histopatológicas em pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes, Characidae), tratado com sulfato de cobre (CuSO4). Acta Scientiarum, 24(2):547-554.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; TENANI, R.A.; GIOLI, L.D.; FAUSTINO, C.D. 1999 Características hematológicas de teleósteos brasileiros. II. Parí¢metros sangüíneos do Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg (Osteichthyes, Characidae) em policultivo intensivo. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16(2):423-431.
TOGUYENI, A.; FAUCONNEAU, B.; BOUJARD, T.; FOSTIER, A.; KUHN, ER.; MOL, KA.; BAROILLER J.F. 1997 Feeding behavior and food utilization in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: effect of sex ratio and relationship with the endocrine status. Phisyology & Behavior, 62(2):273-279.
WESTON, A.D.; HOFFMAN, L.M.; UNDERHILL, T.M. 2003 Revisiting the role of retinoid signaling in skeletal development. Birth Defects Research. Part C. Embryo Today Reviews, 69(2):156-173.
BARBIERI, E.; BONDIOLI, A.C.V. 2015 Acute toxicity of ammonia in Pacu fish (Piaractus, mesopotamicus). Aquaculture Research, 45(3): 565-571.
BOLLA, S.; NICOLAISEN, O.; AMIN, A. 2011 Liver alterations induced by long term feeding on commercial diets in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) females. Histological and biochemical aspects. Aquaculture, 312(1-4):117-125.
BUENO, G.W.; MARENGONI, N.G.M.; GONí"¡ALVES JíÅ¡NIOR, A.C.; BOSCOLO, W.R.B.; TEIXEIRA, R.A. 2008 Estado trófico e bioacumulação do fósforo total no cultivo de peixes em tanques-rede na área aquícola do reservatório de Itaipu. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 30(3): 237-243.
CABALLERO, M.J.; LÓPEZ-CALERO, G.; SOCORRO, J.; ROO, F.J.; IZQUIERDO, M.S.; FÉRNANDEZ, A.J. 1999 Combined effect of lipid level and fish meal quality on liver histology of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 179(1-4):277-290.
CAMPECHE, D.F.B.; CATHARINO, R.R.; GODOY, H.T.; CYRINO, J.E.P. 2009 Vitamin a in diets for nile tilapia. Scientia Agricola, 66(6):751-756.
COLLIER, H.B. 1944 The standardizations of blood haemoglobin determinations. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 50(6):550-552.
FERNANDEZ, I.; GISBERT, E. 2011 The effect of vitamin A on flatfish development and skeletogenesis: a review. Aquaculture, 315(1-2):34-48.
FERNANDEZ, I.; HONTORIA, F.; ORTIZ-DELGADO, J.B.; KOTZAMANIS, Y.; ESTÉVEZ, A.; ZAMBONINO-INFANTE, J.L.; GISBERT, E. 2008 Larval performance and skeletal deformities in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed with graded levels of Vitamin A enriched rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis). Aquaculture, 283(1-4):102-115.
FERNANDEZ, I.; PIMENEL, M.S.; ORTIZ-DELGADO, J.B.; HONTORIA, F.; SARASQUETE, C.; ESTÉVEZ, A.; ZAMBONINO-INFANTE, J.L.; GISBERT, E. 2009 Effect of dietary vitamin A on Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) skeletogenesis and larval quality. Aquaculture, 295(3-4):250-265.
FONTAGNÉ-DICHARRY, S.; LATAILLADE, E.; SURGET, A.; BRíˆQUE, J.; ZAMBONINO-INFANTE, J.L.; KAUSHIK, S.J. 2010 Effects of dietary vitamin A on broodstock performance, egg quality, early growth and retinoid nuclear receptor expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 303(1-4):40-49.
FUJIMOTO, R.Y.; CRUZ, C.; MORAES, F.R. 2008 Análise de efluente e histologia da pele, fígado e rim de pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) suplementados com cromo trivalente. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 34(1):117-124.
FURUITA, H.; TANAKA, H.; YAMAMOTO, T.; SUZUKI, N.; TAKEUCHI, Y.T. 2003 Supplemental effect of vitamin A in diet on the reproductive performance and egg quality on the Japanese flounder Parachthys olivaceus (T e S). Aquaculture Research, 34(6):461-467.
GOLDENFARB, P.B.; BOWYER, F.P.; HALL, E.; BROSIUS, E. 1971 Reproducibility in the hematology laboratory: the microhematocrit determinations. American Journal Clinical of Pathology, 56(1):35-39.
GOMES, L.C.; CHIPPARI-GOMES, A.R.; LOPES, N.P.; ROUBACH, R.; ARAUJO-LIMA, C.A.R.M. 2001 Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui Colossoma macropomum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 32(4):426-431.
GOSWAMI, U.C.; DUTTA, N.K. 1991 Vitamin A - deficient diet and its effects on certain haematological parameters of Heteropneustes fossilis a 3í 4-dehydroretinolfreshwater fish. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 61(3):205-209.
GUO, R.; LIM, C.; XIA, H.; AKSOR, M.Y.; LI, M. 2010 Effect of various dietary vitamin A levels on growth performance and immune response of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 4(4):507-512.
HALVER, J.E. 2002 The minerals. In: HALVER, J.E.; HARDY, R.W. Fish nutrition. San Diego: Academic Press Inc., p. 61-141.
HAYASHIDA, Y.; KAWAMURA, T.; HORI-E, R.; YAMASHITA, I. 2004 Retinoic acid and its receptors are required for expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor mRNA and embryonic development of blood vessel and bone in the medaka fish, Oryzias latipes. Zoological Science, 21(5):541-551.
HEMRE, G.I.; DENG, D.F.; WILSON, R.P.; BERNTSSEN, M.H.G. 2004 Vitamin A metabolism and early biological responses in juvenile sunshine bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) fed graded levels of vitamin A. Aquaculture, 235(1-4):645-658.
HERNANDEZ, L.H.; TESHIMA, S.I.; KOSHIO, S.; ISHIKAWA, M.; TANAKA, Y.; ALAM, S. 2007 Effects of vitamin A on growth, serum anti-bacterial activity and transaminase activities in the juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 262(2-4):444-450.
HERNANDEZ, L.H.; TESHIMA, S.I.; ISHIKAWA, M.; ALAM, S.; KOSHIO, S.; TANAKA, Y. 2005 Dietary vitamin A requirements of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11(1):3-9.
HILTON, J.W. 1983 Hypervitaminosis A in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdineri): toxicity signs and maximum tolerable level. Journal Nutrition, 113(9):1737-1745.
HU, C.J.; CHEN, S.M.; PAN, C.H.; HUANG, C.H. 2006 Effects of dietary vitamin A or β-catotene concentrations on growth of juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus. Aquaculture, 253(1-4):602-607.
LALL, S.P.; LEWIS-MCCREA, L.M. 2007 Role of nutrients in skeletal metabolism and pathology in fish - an overview. Aquaculture, 267(1-4):3-19.
LIí"˜ÁN-CABELLO, M.A.; JESUS, P.M. 2004 Induction factors derived from carotenoids and vitamin A during the ovarian maturation of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture International, 12(6):583-592.
MACKERETH, F.I.F.; HERON, J.; TALLING, J.F. 1978 Water analysis: some revised methods for limnologists. Freshwater Biological Association, London, 121p.
MOREN, M.; OPSTAD, I.; BERNTSSEN, M.H.G.; ZAMBONINO INFANTE, J.L.; HAMRE, K. 2004 An optimum level of vitamin A supplements for Atlantic habilut (Hippoglossus hipoglossus L.) juveniles. Aquaculture, 235(1-4):587-599.
NRC-National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp. Washington: National Academy Press, 2011. 392p.
ORNSRUD, R.; GRAFF, I.E.; HOIE, S.; TOTLAND, D.K.; HEMRE, G.I. 2002 Hypervitaminosis A in first-feeding fry of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 8(1):7-13.
PEIL, S.Q.; POUEY, J.L.O.F.; LOPES, P.R.S.; MARTINS, C.R.; TIMM, G. 2007 Adição de vitamina a na dieta de pós-larvas de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Biodiversidade Pampeana, 5(1):9-15.
RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T.; SALLES, F.A.; EIRAS, J.C.; EIRAS, A.C.; ISHIKAWA, C.M.; ALEXANDRINO, A. C. 1999 Análises hematológicas de curimbatá (prochilodus scrofa), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) e tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) das estações de piscicultura do instituto de pesca, estado de São Paulo. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 25(1):77-83.
SALEH, G.; ELERAKY, W.; GROPP, J.M. 1995 A short note on the effects of vitamin A hypervitaminosis on lealth and growth of Tilapia nilotica (Orechromis niloticus). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 11(3-4):382-385.
SIGNOR, A.A.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; FEIDEN, A.; BITTENCOURT, F.; COLDEBELLA, A.; REIDEL, A. 2010 Proteína e energia na alimentação de pacus criados em tanques-rede. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(11):2336-2341.
SIGNOR, A.A.; POTRICH, F.R.; FEIDEN, AL.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; RIBEIRO, R.P.; VARGAS, L. 2013 Vitamina A em dieta de juvenis de pacu cultivados em tanques rede. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 48(8):1103-1109.
SOUZA, V.F.; LUNARDI, L.O.; VASQUES, L.H.; CASALETTI, L.; NAKAGHI, L.S.O.; URBINATI, E.C. 2001 Morphometric alterations in hepatocytes and ultrastructural distribution of liver glycogen in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus holmberg, 1887) during food restriction and refeeding. Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 18(1):15-20.
STRICKLAND, J.D.H.; PARSONS, T.R. 1972 A pratical handbook of sea water analysis. Canada: Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 310 p.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; MARTINS, M.L.; MORAES, F.R. 2000 Relação hepatosomática e esplenosomática em peixes teleósteos de cultivo intensivo. Revista brasileira de Zoologia, 17(1):273-281.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; MARTINS, M.L.; SCHALCH, S.H.C.; ONAKA, E.M.; QUINTANA, C.I.F.; MORAES, J.R.E.; MORAES, F.R. 2002 Alterações hematológicas e histopatológicas em pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes, Characidae), tratado com sulfato de cobre (CuSO4). Acta Scientiarum, 24(2):547-554.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; TENANI, R.A.; GIOLI, L.D.; FAUSTINO, C.D. 1999 Características hematológicas de teleósteos brasileiros. II. Parí¢metros sangüíneos do Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg (Osteichthyes, Characidae) em policultivo intensivo. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16(2):423-431.
TOGUYENI, A.; FAUCONNEAU, B.; BOUJARD, T.; FOSTIER, A.; KUHN, ER.; MOL, KA.; BAROILLER J.F. 1997 Feeding behavior and food utilization in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: effect of sex ratio and relationship with the endocrine status. Phisyology & Behavior, 62(2):273-279.
WESTON, A.D.; HOFFMAN, L.M.; UNDERHILL, T.M. 2003 Revisiting the role of retinoid signaling in skeletal development. Birth Defects Research. Part C. Embryo Today Reviews, 69(2):156-173.
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2018-12-23
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