SUPPLEMENTATION OF L-CARNITINE IN DIETS FOR SILVER CATFISH AND ITS EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTIVE ASPECTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2019.45.1.409Keywords:
animal nutrition, native species, biotechnology, energy directionAbstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the reproductive performance of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen fed with diets supplemented with growing levels of L-carnitine. 288 juveniles with average initial weight of 94.36 ± 3.76g, fed during 126 days with diets containing 400, 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 mg. kg-1 of L-carnitine and one control diet. Females fed with diets supplemented with 400 mg. kg-1 of L-carnitine presented increase in fertilization and fertility, reduction in levels of triglycerides and plasma calcium when fed with diets supplemented with 1600 mg. kg-1 of L-carnitine. Males fed with diets supplemented with 1600 mg. kg-1 of L-carnitine presented increase in spermatozoa and improvement in semen quality. Structural changes were observed in the development of germ cells in females and males, even though all fish were in final stages of maturation in all treatments. The offspring from breeding animals fed with 400 mg. kg-1 of L-carnitine presented better potentials of development during the embryonic process. Therefore, the L-carnitine supplementation in diets stimulates the gonad development of breeding animals and also speeds up the initial development of silver catfish offspring.
References
Andrade, E. S.; Andrade, E. A.; Felizardo, V. O.; Paula, A. J.; Veras, G. C.; Murgas, L.D.S. 2015. Biologia reprodutiva de peixes de água doce. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 39(1): 195-201.
Asturiano, J. F.; Sorbera, L. A.; Carrilo, M.; Zanuy, S.; Ramos, J.; Navarro, J. C.; BROMAGE, N. 2001. Reproductive performance in male European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) fed two PUFA í enriched experimental diets: a comparison with males fed a wet diet. Aquaculture, 194(1): 173-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00515-9
Agarwal, A., Said, T. M. 2004. Carnitines and male infertility. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 8(4): 376í 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60920-0
Al-Daraji, H. J.; Tahir, A. O. 2014. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on drake semen quality. South African Journal of Animal Science, 44(1): 18-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v44i1.3
Bilinski, E.; Jonas, R. E. E. 1970. Effects of coenzyme A and carnitine on fatty axid axidation by rainbow trout mitochondria. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27(5): 857-864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f70-093
Borum, P. R. 1983. Carnitine. Annual Review of Nutrition 3: 233-259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.03.070183.001313
Burkert, D. 2007. Avaliação do uso de carnitina e de duas fontes de metionina no desempenho e na composição corporal do pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. 49p. (Tese Doutorado. Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro) Disponível em: <http://www.uenf.br/Uenf/Downloads/PGANIMAL_3896_1214249059.pdf> Acesso em: 29 maio. 2018.
Canbaz, H.; Akca, T.; Tataroglu, C.; Caglikulekci, M., Dirlik, M.; Ayaz, L.; Ustunsoy, A. B.; Tasdelen, B.; Aydin, S. 2007. The effects of exogenous l-carnitine on lipid peroxidation and tissue damage in an experimental warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental, 68(1): 32-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2007.02.002
Calabrese, V.; Cornelius, C.; Dinkova-Kostova, A.T.; Iavicoli, I.; Di paola, R.; Koverech, A.; Cuzzocrea, S.; Rizzarelli, E.; Calabrese, E.J. 2012. Cellular stress responses, hormetic phytochemicals and vitagenes in aging and longevity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1822(5): 753-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.002
Carr, W. E. S. and Chaney, T. B. 1976 Chemical stimulation of feeding behavior in the pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides: characterization and identification of sutimulatory substances extracted from shrimp. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 54(4): 437-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(76)90046-3
Caneppele, D.; Sanches, E. A.; Romagosa, E. 2015. Sperm production of Steidachneridion parahybae (Steindachner 1877) and the effect of hormonal induction throughout one reproductive cycle. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(1): 54-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jai.12732
Carneiro, P. C. F.; Bendhack, F.; Mikos, J.D. 2003. Processamento: o jundiá como matéria prima. Panorama da Aqüicultura, 13: 17-21.
Chatakondi, N. G.; KELLY, A.M. 2013 Oocyte diameter and plasma vitellogenin as predictive factors to identify potential channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, suitable for induced spawning. World Aquaculture Society, 44(1): 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12001
CBRA- Colégio Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal. 1998 Manual para exame andrológico e avaliação de sêmen animal. 2.ed. Belo Horizonte, 49p.
Costa, R. B.; Sales, R. O.; Maggioni, R.; Vidal, D. L.; Farias, J. O. 2012. Estudo preliminar na indução reprodutiva da curimatã comum (Prochilodus cearaensis steindachner, 1911). Revista Brasileira de Higiene e Sanidade Animal, 6(2): 77-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1981-2965.20120008
Diemer, O.; bittencourt, F.; Barcellos, L.G.; Boscolo, W.R.; Feiden, A.; Romagosa, E. 2014. Lysine in the diet of Rhamdia voulezi male broodstocks confined in net cages. Aquaculture, 434: 93-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.07.029
Dias, J.; Corraze, J.; Kaushik, J. 2001. Effects of dietary Lâ€"˜carnitine suplementation on growth and lipid metabolism in Europan seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture Research, 32(1): 206-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00016.x
Dunning, K. R.; Robker, R. L. 2012. Promoting lipid utilization with l-carnitine to improve oocyte quality. Animal Reproduction Science, 134(1-2): 69-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.08.013
Eiras, J. C.; Takemoto, R. M.; Pavanelli, G. C. 2000. Métodos de estudo e técnicas laboratoriais em parasitologia de peixes. Maringá: UEM, 171p.
EL-HATTAB, AW; SCAGLIA, F. 2015 Disorders of carnitine biosynthesis and transport. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 116(3): 107í 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.09.004
Felizardo, V. O.; Murgas, L. D. S.; Andrade, E. S.; López, P. A.; Freitas, R. T. F.; Ferreira, M. R. 2012. Effect of timing of hormonal induction on reproductive activity in lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus). Theriogenology, 77(8): 1570-1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.11.025
Fracalossi, D. M.; Meyer, G.; Santamaria, F. M.; Weingartner, M.; Zaniboni Filho, E. 2004. Desempenho do jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, e do dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, em viveiros de terra na região Sul do Brasil. Acta Scientiarum, 26(3): 345-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v26i3.1806
Freitas, J. M. A. de; Sary, C.; Luchesi, J. D.; Feiden, A.; Boscolo, W.R. 2011. Proteína e energia na dieta de jundiás criados em tanques-rede. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(12): 2628-2633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011001200002
Genicot, G.; Leroy, J. L.; Van Soom, A.; Donnay, I. 2005 The use of a fluorescent dye, Nile red, to evaluate the lipid content of single mammalian oocytes. Theriogenology, 63(4): 1181í 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.06.006
Gillespie, D. K.; DE Peyster, A. 2004 Plasma calcium as a surrogate measure for vitellogenin in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 58(1): 90í 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.09.005
Gomes, L.C.; Chippari-Gomes, A.R.; Lopes, N. P.; Roubach, R.; Araújo-Lima, C. A. R. M. 2001. Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 32(4): 426-431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2001.tb00470.x
Guzmán-Guillén, R.; Manzano, I. L.; Moreno, I. M.; Ortega, A. I. P.; Moyano, R.; Blanco, A.; Cameán, A. M. 2015. Cylindrospermopsin induces neurotoxicity in tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. Aquatic Toxicology, 161: 17í 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.024
Harpaz, S. 2005. L-carnitine and its attributed functions in fish culture and nutrition - a review. Aquaculture, 249(1-4): 3-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.04.007
Hathcock, J. N.; Shao, A. 2006 Risk assessment for carnitine. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 46(1): 23-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.06.007
Jayaprakas, V.; Sambhu, C.; Sunil kumar, S. 1996. Effect of dietary l-carnitine on growth and reproductive performance of male Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Fishery Technology, 33: 84-90.
Jeulin, C.; Soufir, J. C.; Marson, J.; Paquignon, M.; Dacheux, J. L. 1987. The distribution of carnitine and acetylcarnitine in the epididymis and epididymal spermatozoa of the boar. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 79: 523-529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0790523
Ji, H.; Bradley, T. M.; Tremblay, G. C. 1996. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed l-carnitine exhibit altered intermediary metabolismo and reduced tissue lipid, but no change in growth rate. Journal of Nutrition, 126(8): 1937-1950. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1093/jn/126.8.1937
Kurban, S.; Mehmetoglu, Ä°. 2006. Conjugated linoleic acid metabolismo and its physiological effects. Journal of Turkish Clinical Biochemistry, 4(2): 89-100.
Li, P.; Yin, Y.; Li, D.; Kim, W. K.; Wu, G. 2007. Amino acids and imune function. British Journal of Nutrition, 98(2): 237í 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S000711450769936X
Murgas, L. D. S.; Felizardo, V. O.; Ferreira, M. R.; Andrade, E. S.; Veras, G. C. 2011. Importí¢ncia da avaliação dos parí¢metros reprodutivos em peixes nativos. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 35(2): 186-191.
Navarro, R. D.; Maldonado, I. R. S. C.; Matta, S. L. P.; Ribeiro Filho, O. P.; Pereira, F. K. S.; Rodrigues, S. S.; Calado, L. L. 2010. Associação do nível de energia digestível no comprimento total, peso das gônadas e índice gonadossomático de fêmeas de Piauçu ("Leporinus macrocephalus" SPIX 1829) em estágio pós-larval. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 11: 242-251.
Okawara, R. Y; Sanches, E. A.; Caneppele, D.; Damasceno, D. Z.; Romagosa, E. 2015 Ovulation and initial rearing of Steindachneridion parahybae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) larvae from different accumulated thermal units. Ichthyological Research, 62(4): 495-503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10228-015-0465-8
Ozório R. O. A. 2009 Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation to Cultivated Fish: A Mini-Review. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 5(1): 40-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340109787314758
Palmero, S.; Bottazzi, C.; Costa, M.; Leone, M.; Fugassa, E. 2000. Metabolic effects of L-carnitine on prepubertal rat sertoli cells. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 32(3): .87í 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-978596
Pereira, C. R.; Barcellos, L. J. G.; Kreutz, L. C.; Quevedo, R. M.; Ritter, F.; Silva, L. B. 2006. Estudo do desenvolvimento embrionário e larval do jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, (Quoy & Gaimard 1824, Pisces Teleostei). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 66 (4): 1057-1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000600013
Reidel, A.; Boscolo, W.R.; Feiden, A.; Romagosa, E. 2010. The effect of diets with different levels of protein and energy on the process of final maturation of the gametes of Rhamdia quelen stocked in cages. Aquaculture, 298(3-4): 354-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.11.005
Robinson, B. L.; Dumas, M.; Cuevas, E.; Gu, Q.; Paule, M.G.; Ali, S. F., Kanungo, J. 2016. Distinct effects of ketamine and acetyl l-carnitine on the dopamine system in zebrafish. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 54: 52í 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2016.02.004
Romagosa, E.; Narahara, M. Y.; Fenerich-Verani, N. 2001. Stages of embryonic development of the "matrinxã" Brycon cephalus (Pisces, Characidae). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 27(1): 27-32.
Sargent, J.; Bell, G.; Mcevoy, L.; Tocher, D.; Estevez, A. 1999. Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish. Aquaculture, 177(1í 4): 191-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00083-6
Sanches, P. V.; Baumgartner, G.; Bialetzki, A.; Suiberto; M. R.; Gomes, F. D. C.; Nakatani, K.; Barbosa, N. D. C. 2001. Caracterização do desenvolvimento inicial de Leporinus friderici (Osteichthyes, Anostomidae) da Bacia do rio Paraná. Acta Scientiarum Biological Science, 23(2): 383-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v23i0.2693
Sanches, E. A.; Neumann, G.; Toledo, C.P.R. de; Bombardelli, R. A.; Piana, P. A.; Romagosa, E. 2011. Temperature and storage period over spermatic parameters of jundiá, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Aquaculture Research, 44(4): 534-541, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03056.x
Sanchez, D. C. O. 2006. Desreguladores endócrinos na indução da vitelogenina em peixes nativos. Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. 71p. (Dissertação Mestrado. Universidade Federal do Paraná) Disponível em: <http://hdl.handle.net/1884/20277> Acesso em: 26 maio. 2018.
Schreiber, S.; Becker, K.; Bresler, V.; Fishelson, L. 1997. Dietary l-carnitine protects the gills and skin of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) against anionic xenobiotics. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 117(1): 99-102. https:// dx.doi.org//10.1016/S0742-8413(96)00230-7
Simpson, A C. 1951. The fecundity of the plaice. Min. Agric. & Fish, Fish. Invest., 5: 1-27.
Shi, X.; Sun, J; Yang, Z.; Li, X.; Ji, H.; Li, Y; Chang, Z.; Du, Z.; Chen, L. 2017. Molecular characterization and nutritional regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) family in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 203: 11í 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.08.006
Sturmey, R.G.; Reis, A.; Leese, H. J.; Mcevoy, T. G. 2009. Role of fatty acids in energy provision during oocyte maturation and early embryo development. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44(3): 50í 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01402.x
Tonini, W. C. T.; Mendonça, P. P.; Polese, M. F.; Abreu, M. L. C.; Matos, D. C.; Vidal JR. M. V.; Andrade, D. R. 2011. Níveis de carnitina na ração no desempenho corporal de tricogáster léri (Trichogaster leeri Bleeker, 1852). Arquivos Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 63(6): 1526-1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352011000600033
Turini, B. G. S. 2008 Os efeitos da carnitina no crescimento e na composição corporal do pregado (Scophthalmus maximus) mantido sobre diferentes densidades de estabulação. Porto, Portugal. 76p. (Dissertação Mestrado. Universidade do Porto). Disponível em: <http://hdl.handle.net/10216/7222>Acesso em: 28 maio. 2018.
Tocher, D. R. 2003. Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in Teleost Fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11(2): 107í 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713610925
Vazzoler, A.E.A.M. 1996 Biologia da reprodução de peixes teleósteos: teoria e prática. São Paulo: Sociedade Brasileira de Imunologia; Maringá: Ed. Eduem, 169p.
Wang, Q.; Ju, X.; Chen, Y.; Dong, X.; Luo, S.; Liu, H.; Zhang, D. 2016. Effects of L-carnitine against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in grass carp ovary cells (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 42(3): 845-857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10695-015-0179-x
Yavuz, H.; Kurtoǧlu, F. L. 2014. The effects of L-carnitine on blood and tissue parameters of male rats fed with different levels of fish oil. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 30(3): 138-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.201436513
Zaniboni Filho, E.; Weingartner, M. 2007. Técnicas de indução da reprodução de peixes migradores. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 31(3): 367-373.
Asturiano, J. F.; Sorbera, L. A.; Carrilo, M.; Zanuy, S.; Ramos, J.; Navarro, J. C.; BROMAGE, N. 2001. Reproductive performance in male European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) fed two PUFA í enriched experimental diets: a comparison with males fed a wet diet. Aquaculture, 194(1): 173-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00515-9
Agarwal, A., Said, T. M. 2004. Carnitines and male infertility. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 8(4): 376í 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60920-0
Al-Daraji, H. J.; Tahir, A. O. 2014. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on drake semen quality. South African Journal of Animal Science, 44(1): 18-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v44i1.3
Bilinski, E.; Jonas, R. E. E. 1970. Effects of coenzyme A and carnitine on fatty axid axidation by rainbow trout mitochondria. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27(5): 857-864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f70-093
Borum, P. R. 1983. Carnitine. Annual Review of Nutrition 3: 233-259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.03.070183.001313
Burkert, D. 2007. Avaliação do uso de carnitina e de duas fontes de metionina no desempenho e na composição corporal do pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. 49p. (Tese Doutorado. Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro) Disponível em: <http://www.uenf.br/Uenf/Downloads/PGANIMAL_3896_1214249059.pdf> Acesso em: 29 maio. 2018.
Canbaz, H.; Akca, T.; Tataroglu, C.; Caglikulekci, M., Dirlik, M.; Ayaz, L.; Ustunsoy, A. B.; Tasdelen, B.; Aydin, S. 2007. The effects of exogenous l-carnitine on lipid peroxidation and tissue damage in an experimental warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental, 68(1): 32-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2007.02.002
Calabrese, V.; Cornelius, C.; Dinkova-Kostova, A.T.; Iavicoli, I.; Di paola, R.; Koverech, A.; Cuzzocrea, S.; Rizzarelli, E.; Calabrese, E.J. 2012. Cellular stress responses, hormetic phytochemicals and vitagenes in aging and longevity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1822(5): 753-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.002
Carr, W. E. S. and Chaney, T. B. 1976 Chemical stimulation of feeding behavior in the pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides: characterization and identification of sutimulatory substances extracted from shrimp. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 54(4): 437-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(76)90046-3
Caneppele, D.; Sanches, E. A.; Romagosa, E. 2015. Sperm production of Steidachneridion parahybae (Steindachner 1877) and the effect of hormonal induction throughout one reproductive cycle. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31(1): 54-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jai.12732
Carneiro, P. C. F.; Bendhack, F.; Mikos, J.D. 2003. Processamento: o jundiá como matéria prima. Panorama da Aqüicultura, 13: 17-21.
Chatakondi, N. G.; KELLY, A.M. 2013 Oocyte diameter and plasma vitellogenin as predictive factors to identify potential channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, suitable for induced spawning. World Aquaculture Society, 44(1): 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12001
CBRA- Colégio Brasileiro de Reprodução Animal. 1998 Manual para exame andrológico e avaliação de sêmen animal. 2.ed. Belo Horizonte, 49p.
Costa, R. B.; Sales, R. O.; Maggioni, R.; Vidal, D. L.; Farias, J. O. 2012. Estudo preliminar na indução reprodutiva da curimatã comum (Prochilodus cearaensis steindachner, 1911). Revista Brasileira de Higiene e Sanidade Animal, 6(2): 77-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1981-2965.20120008
Diemer, O.; bittencourt, F.; Barcellos, L.G.; Boscolo, W.R.; Feiden, A.; Romagosa, E. 2014. Lysine in the diet of Rhamdia voulezi male broodstocks confined in net cages. Aquaculture, 434: 93-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.07.029
Dias, J.; Corraze, J.; Kaushik, J. 2001. Effects of dietary Lâ€"˜carnitine suplementation on growth and lipid metabolism in Europan seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture Research, 32(1): 206-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00016.x
Dunning, K. R.; Robker, R. L. 2012. Promoting lipid utilization with l-carnitine to improve oocyte quality. Animal Reproduction Science, 134(1-2): 69-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.08.013
Eiras, J. C.; Takemoto, R. M.; Pavanelli, G. C. 2000. Métodos de estudo e técnicas laboratoriais em parasitologia de peixes. Maringá: UEM, 171p.
EL-HATTAB, AW; SCAGLIA, F. 2015 Disorders of carnitine biosynthesis and transport. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 116(3): 107í 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.09.004
Felizardo, V. O.; Murgas, L. D. S.; Andrade, E. S.; López, P. A.; Freitas, R. T. F.; Ferreira, M. R. 2012. Effect of timing of hormonal induction on reproductive activity in lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus). Theriogenology, 77(8): 1570-1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.11.025
Fracalossi, D. M.; Meyer, G.; Santamaria, F. M.; Weingartner, M.; Zaniboni Filho, E. 2004. Desempenho do jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, e do dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, em viveiros de terra na região Sul do Brasil. Acta Scientiarum, 26(3): 345-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v26i3.1806
Freitas, J. M. A. de; Sary, C.; Luchesi, J. D.; Feiden, A.; Boscolo, W.R. 2011. Proteína e energia na dieta de jundiás criados em tanques-rede. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(12): 2628-2633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011001200002
Genicot, G.; Leroy, J. L.; Van Soom, A.; Donnay, I. 2005 The use of a fluorescent dye, Nile red, to evaluate the lipid content of single mammalian oocytes. Theriogenology, 63(4): 1181í 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.06.006
Gillespie, D. K.; DE Peyster, A. 2004 Plasma calcium as a surrogate measure for vitellogenin in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 58(1): 90í 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.09.005
Gomes, L.C.; Chippari-Gomes, A.R.; Lopes, N. P.; Roubach, R.; Araújo-Lima, C. A. R. M. 2001. Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic in juvenile tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 32(4): 426-431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2001.tb00470.x
Guzmán-Guillén, R.; Manzano, I. L.; Moreno, I. M.; Ortega, A. I. P.; Moyano, R.; Blanco, A.; Cameán, A. M. 2015. Cylindrospermopsin induces neurotoxicity in tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. Aquatic Toxicology, 161: 17í 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.024
Harpaz, S. 2005. L-carnitine and its attributed functions in fish culture and nutrition - a review. Aquaculture, 249(1-4): 3-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.04.007
Hathcock, J. N.; Shao, A. 2006 Risk assessment for carnitine. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 46(1): 23-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.06.007
Jayaprakas, V.; Sambhu, C.; Sunil kumar, S. 1996. Effect of dietary l-carnitine on growth and reproductive performance of male Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Fishery Technology, 33: 84-90.
Jeulin, C.; Soufir, J. C.; Marson, J.; Paquignon, M.; Dacheux, J. L. 1987. The distribution of carnitine and acetylcarnitine in the epididymis and epididymal spermatozoa of the boar. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 79: 523-529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0790523
Ji, H.; Bradley, T. M.; Tremblay, G. C. 1996. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed l-carnitine exhibit altered intermediary metabolismo and reduced tissue lipid, but no change in growth rate. Journal of Nutrition, 126(8): 1937-1950. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1093/jn/126.8.1937
Kurban, S.; Mehmetoglu, Ä°. 2006. Conjugated linoleic acid metabolismo and its physiological effects. Journal of Turkish Clinical Biochemistry, 4(2): 89-100.
Li, P.; Yin, Y.; Li, D.; Kim, W. K.; Wu, G. 2007. Amino acids and imune function. British Journal of Nutrition, 98(2): 237í 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S000711450769936X
Murgas, L. D. S.; Felizardo, V. O.; Ferreira, M. R.; Andrade, E. S.; Veras, G. C. 2011. Importí¢ncia da avaliação dos parí¢metros reprodutivos em peixes nativos. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 35(2): 186-191.
Navarro, R. D.; Maldonado, I. R. S. C.; Matta, S. L. P.; Ribeiro Filho, O. P.; Pereira, F. K. S.; Rodrigues, S. S.; Calado, L. L. 2010. Associação do nível de energia digestível no comprimento total, peso das gônadas e índice gonadossomático de fêmeas de Piauçu ("Leporinus macrocephalus" SPIX 1829) em estágio pós-larval. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 11: 242-251.
Okawara, R. Y; Sanches, E. A.; Caneppele, D.; Damasceno, D. Z.; Romagosa, E. 2015 Ovulation and initial rearing of Steindachneridion parahybae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) larvae from different accumulated thermal units. Ichthyological Research, 62(4): 495-503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10228-015-0465-8
Ozório R. O. A. 2009 Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation to Cultivated Fish: A Mini-Review. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 5(1): 40-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340109787314758
Palmero, S.; Bottazzi, C.; Costa, M.; Leone, M.; Fugassa, E. 2000. Metabolic effects of L-carnitine on prepubertal rat sertoli cells. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 32(3): .87í 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-978596
Pereira, C. R.; Barcellos, L. J. G.; Kreutz, L. C.; Quevedo, R. M.; Ritter, F.; Silva, L. B. 2006. Estudo do desenvolvimento embrionário e larval do jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, (Quoy & Gaimard 1824, Pisces Teleostei). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 66 (4): 1057-1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000600013
Reidel, A.; Boscolo, W.R.; Feiden, A.; Romagosa, E. 2010. The effect of diets with different levels of protein and energy on the process of final maturation of the gametes of Rhamdia quelen stocked in cages. Aquaculture, 298(3-4): 354-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.11.005
Robinson, B. L.; Dumas, M.; Cuevas, E.; Gu, Q.; Paule, M.G.; Ali, S. F., Kanungo, J. 2016. Distinct effects of ketamine and acetyl l-carnitine on the dopamine system in zebrafish. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 54: 52í 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2016.02.004
Romagosa, E.; Narahara, M. Y.; Fenerich-Verani, N. 2001. Stages of embryonic development of the "matrinxã" Brycon cephalus (Pisces, Characidae). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 27(1): 27-32.
Sargent, J.; Bell, G.; Mcevoy, L.; Tocher, D.; Estevez, A. 1999. Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish. Aquaculture, 177(1í 4): 191-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00083-6
Sanches, P. V.; Baumgartner, G.; Bialetzki, A.; Suiberto; M. R.; Gomes, F. D. C.; Nakatani, K.; Barbosa, N. D. C. 2001. Caracterização do desenvolvimento inicial de Leporinus friderici (Osteichthyes, Anostomidae) da Bacia do rio Paraná. Acta Scientiarum Biological Science, 23(2): 383-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v23i0.2693
Sanches, E. A.; Neumann, G.; Toledo, C.P.R. de; Bombardelli, R. A.; Piana, P. A.; Romagosa, E. 2011. Temperature and storage period over spermatic parameters of jundiá, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Aquaculture Research, 44(4): 534-541, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03056.x
Sanchez, D. C. O. 2006. Desreguladores endócrinos na indução da vitelogenina em peixes nativos. Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. 71p. (Dissertação Mestrado. Universidade Federal do Paraná) Disponível em: <http://hdl.handle.net/1884/20277> Acesso em: 26 maio. 2018.
Schreiber, S.; Becker, K.; Bresler, V.; Fishelson, L. 1997. Dietary l-carnitine protects the gills and skin of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) against anionic xenobiotics. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 117(1): 99-102. https:// dx.doi.org//10.1016/S0742-8413(96)00230-7
Simpson, A C. 1951. The fecundity of the plaice. Min. Agric. & Fish, Fish. Invest., 5: 1-27.
Shi, X.; Sun, J; Yang, Z.; Li, X.; Ji, H.; Li, Y; Chang, Z.; Du, Z.; Chen, L. 2017. Molecular characterization and nutritional regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) family in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 203: 11í 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.08.006
Sturmey, R.G.; Reis, A.; Leese, H. J.; Mcevoy, T. G. 2009. Role of fatty acids in energy provision during oocyte maturation and early embryo development. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44(3): 50í 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01402.x
Tonini, W. C. T.; Mendonça, P. P.; Polese, M. F.; Abreu, M. L. C.; Matos, D. C.; Vidal JR. M. V.; Andrade, D. R. 2011. Níveis de carnitina na ração no desempenho corporal de tricogáster léri (Trichogaster leeri Bleeker, 1852). Arquivos Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 63(6): 1526-1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352011000600033
Turini, B. G. S. 2008 Os efeitos da carnitina no crescimento e na composição corporal do pregado (Scophthalmus maximus) mantido sobre diferentes densidades de estabulação. Porto, Portugal. 76p. (Dissertação Mestrado. Universidade do Porto). Disponível em: <http://hdl.handle.net/10216/7222>Acesso em: 28 maio. 2018.
Tocher, D. R. 2003. Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in Teleost Fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11(2): 107í 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713610925
Vazzoler, A.E.A.M. 1996 Biologia da reprodução de peixes teleósteos: teoria e prática. São Paulo: Sociedade Brasileira de Imunologia; Maringá: Ed. Eduem, 169p.
Wang, Q.; Ju, X.; Chen, Y.; Dong, X.; Luo, S.; Liu, H.; Zhang, D. 2016. Effects of L-carnitine against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in grass carp ovary cells (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 42(3): 845-857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10695-015-0179-x
Yavuz, H.; Kurtoǧlu, F. L. 2014. The effects of L-carnitine on blood and tissue parameters of male rats fed with different levels of fish oil. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 30(3): 138-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.15312/EurasianJVetSci.201436513
Zaniboni Filho, E.; Weingartner, M. 2007. Técnicas de indução da reprodução de peixes migradores. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 31(3): 367-373.
Downloads
Published
2019-02-13
Issue
Section
Scientific Article
