Growth performance, hematology, and muscle growth in isoleucine fed nile tilapia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017v43n2p231Keywords:
essential amino acid, biochemistry, branched-chain amino acid, muscle fibers, Oreochromis niloticusAbstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary isoleucine requeriments for Nile tilapia juveniles based on growth performance, hematological and biochemical responses, and muscle growth. Three hundred Nile tilapia juveniles (18.09 ± 0.11 g) were distributed in 20 fiberglass tanks and fed with five extruded isoproteic (280 g kg-1 of crude protein) and isoenergetic (3,000 kcal kg-1) formulated diets containing 7.00, 8.18, 9.35, 10.53, and 11.70 g.kg-1 of isoleucine. No differences were observed (P > 0.05) in productive performance, hematological and biochemical parameters, centesimal composition, amino acid body composition, and muscle growth. The isoleucine body retention reduced linearly with increased amounts of isoleucine in the diet. Because protein is the nutrient with the highest cost in fish diets, the results from this study contribute towards the formulation of efficient and cost effective diets for Nile tilapia juveniles.
References
AGUIAR, D.H.; BARROS, M.M.; PADOVANI, C.R.;PEZZATO, L.E.; DAL, PAI-SILVA, M. 2005
Growth characteristics of skeletal muscles tissue in Oreochromis niloticus larvae fed on a lysine
supplemented diets. Journal of Fish Biology, 67(5):1287-1298.
AHMED, I.; KHAN, M. 2006 Dietary branchedchain amino acid valine, isoleucine and leucine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). British Journal of
Nutrition, 96(3): 450-460.
ALMEIDA, F.L.A.; CARVALHO, R.F.; PINHAL,D.; PADOVANI, C.R.; MARTINS, C.; DAL,PAI-SILVA M. 2008 Differential expression of myogenic regulatory factor MyoD in pacu skeletal muscle (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg 1887: Serrasalminae, Characidae,Teleostei) during juvenile and adult growth phases. Micron, 39(8): 1306-1311.
AOAC. 1995 Oficial Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 30p.
AOAC, Arlington.BENAKAPPA. S.; VARGHESE, T.J. 2003 Isoleucine,leucine and valine requirement of juvenile Indian major carp, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch,1795). Acta Ichthyologica Piscatoria, 33(2): 161-172.
BITTENCOURT, N.L.R.; MOLINARI, L.M.; SCOARIS,D.O.; PEDROSO, R.B.; NAKAMURA, C.V.;UEDA-NAKAMURA, T.; ABREU í FILHO, B.A.;DIAS, FILHO, B.P. 2003 Haematological and biochemical values for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultured in semi-intensive system. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 25(2): 385-389.
BORGES, A.; SCOTTI, L.V.; SIQUEIRA, D.R.;JURINITZ, D.F.; WASSERMANN, G.F. 2004 Hematologic and serum biochemical values for jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Fish Physiology Biochemistry, 30(1): 21í 25.
BORLONGAN, I.G.; COLOSO, R.M. 1993 Requirements of juvenile milkfish (Chanos chanos) for essential amino acids. Journal Nutrition, 123(1): 125-132.
CALDER, P.C. 2006 Branched-chain amino acids and immunity. Journal Nutrition, 136(1): 288-293.
CHAMORRO, S.; BLAS, C.; GRANT, G.; BADIOLA, I.; MENOYO, D.; CARABAí"˜O, R. 2010 Effect of
dietary supplementation with glutamine and a combination of glutamine-arginine on intestinal
health in twenty-five-day-old weaned rabbits. Journal of Animal Science, 88(1): 170-180.
CHANCE, R.E.; MERTZ, E.T.; HALVER, J.E. 1964 Isoleucine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine
requirements of Chinook salmon and interrelations between isoleucine and leucine for growth. Journal Nutrition, 83(1): 177-185.
COLLIER, H.B. 1944 The standardization of blood aemoglobin determinations. Canadian Medical
Association Journal, 50(6): 550-552.
COWEY, C.B. 1994 Amino acid requirements of fish:a critical appraisal of present values. Aquaculture,124(1-4): 1-11.
DERIGGI, G.F.; INOUE í LAKA.; MORAES, G. 2006 Stress responses to handling in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus): assessment of eugenol as an alternative anesthetic. Acta
Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 28(3): 269-274.
EL-HAWARRY, W. 2012 Biochemical and nonspecific immune parameters of healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) and their interspecific hybrid (male O. aureus x female O. niloticus)maintained in semi-intensive culture system.Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research, 2(1):84-88.
EL-SAYED, A.F.M. 2006 Tilapia culture. CABIPublishing, Wallingford, 277p.
FAO/GLOBEFISH 2013 Globefish highlights: A quarterly updates on word seafood market.
FAO/Globefish, 3(1): 61p.
FURUYA, W.M. 2010 Tabelas brasileiras para a nutrição de tilápias. GFM, Toledo, 100p.
FURUYA, W. M.; FURUYA, V.R.B. 2010 Nutritional innovation on amino acids supplementation in
Nile tilapia diets. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia,39(1): 88-94.
GOLDENFARB, P.B.; BOWYER, F.P.; HALL,E.; BROSIUS, E. 1971 Reproducibility in the hematology laboratory: the microhematocrit determinations. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56(1): 35-39.
GRIFFIN, M.E.; BROWN, P.B.; GRANT, A.L. 1992 The dietary lysine requirement of juvenile
hybrid striped bass. Journal Nutrition, 122(2):1332-1337.
HARPER, A.E.; MILLER, R.H.; BLOCK, K.P. 1984Branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Annual
Review of Nutrition, 4(1): 409-454.
HRUBEC, T.C.; CARDINALE, J.L.; SMITH, S.A. 2000 Hematology and plasma chemistry reference
intervals for cultured tilapia (Oreochromis hybrid). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 29(1): 7-12.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA í IBGE 2015 Produção da pecuária municipal 2015, 43(1): 1-49.
IWAMA, G.K. 1998 Stress in fish. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 851(1): 304-310.
JOHNSTON, I.A. 1999 Muscle development and growth: potential implication for flesh quality in fish. Aquaculture, 177(1): 99í 115.
JOHNSTON, I.A. 2006 Environment and plasticity of myogenesis in teleost fish. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209: 2249-2264.
KHAN, M.A.; ABIDI, S.F 2007 Dietary isoleucine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp,
Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Aquaculture Nutrition, 13(6): 424-430.
KOUMANS, J.T.M.; AKSTER, H.A.; WITKAM, A.;OSSE, J.W.M. 1994 Numbers of muscle nuclei
and myosatellite cell nuclei in red and white axial muscle during growth of the carp (Cyprinus
carpio). Journal of Fish Biology, 44(3): 391í 408.
KOHLMEIER, M. 2003 Amino acids and nitrogen compounds. Nutrient Metabolism. Academic Press,London, 840p.
LUDKE, M.C.M.M.; LOPEZ, J. 1999 Colesterol e composição dos ácidos graxos nas dietas para
humanos e na carcaça suína. Ciência Rural, 29(1):181-187.
MANUEL, M.J.; MILLER, D.L.; MERRILL, A.L.2007 Hematology and plasma biochemical values of healthy hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis aureus x Oreochromis nilotica) maintained in a recirculation system. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 38(3): 420-424.
METCALF, V.J.; BRENNAN, S.O.; CHAMBERS, G.;GEORGE, P.M. 1999 High density lipoprotein
(HDL), and not albumin, is the major palmitate binding protein in New Zeland long-finned
(Anguilla dieffenbachia) and short-finned eel (Anguilla australis schmidtii) plasma. Biochimica
et Biophysica Acta, 1429(2): 467-475.
NEU, D.H.; FURUYA, W.M.; BOSCOLO, W.R.;POTRICH, F.R.; LUI, T.A.; FEIDEN, A. 2013 Glycerol inclusion in the diet of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 19(2): 211-217.
NICULA, M.; BURA, M.; SIMIZ, E.; BANATEANDUNEA, I.; PATRUICA, S.; MARCU, A.;LUNCA, M.; SZELEI, Z. 2010 Researches concerning references values assessment of serum biochemical parameters in some fish species from Acipenseridae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae, and Salmonidae family. Journal Animal Science and Biotechnology, 43(1): 498-505.
POHLENZ, C.; BUENTELLO, A.; MWANGI, W.;GATLIN III, D.M. 2012 Arginine and glutamine supplementation to culture media improves the performance of various channel catfish immune
cells. Fish Shellfish Immunology, 32(5): 762-768.
POPMA, T.J.; LOVSHIN, L.L. 1995 Worldwide Prospects for Commercial Production of Tilapia.
International Center for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments, Auburn, 42p.
POPMA, T.J.; MASSER, M. 1999 Tilapia: life history and biology. SRAC Publication, 283, 4p.
RANZANI-PAIVA. M.J.T.; SILVA-SOUZA, A.T. 2004 Hematologia de peixes brasileiros. In: Sanidade
de Organismos Aquáticos. (eds. RANZANIPAIVA, M.J.T., TAKEMOTO, R.M., LIZAMA, M.) Varela, São Paulo: p.89-120.
RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T., BENITES DE PÁDUA, S., TAVARES-DIAS, M., EGAMI, M.I. 2013 Métodos
para análise hematológica em peixes. Eduem,Maringá, Paraná, 140p.
ROSENFELD, G. 1947 Corante pancrômico para hematologia e citologia clínica. Nova combinação
dos componentes do May-Grünwald e do Giemsa num só corante de emprego rápido.
Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 20(1): 329-334.
ROWLERSON, A.; VEGGETTI, A. 2001 Cellular mechanisms of post-embryonic muscle growth
in aquaculture species. In: Muscle Development and Growth. (ed. JOHNSTON, I.A.). Academic
Press, London. p.103-139.
SANTIAGO, C.B.; LOVELL, R.T. 1988 Amino acid requirement for growth of Nile tilapia. Journal
Nutrition, 118(12): 1540-1546.
SCHIAVO, M.; LUNARDELLI, A.; OLIVEIRA, J.R.2003 Influência da dieta na concentração sérica
de triglicerídeos. Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial, 39(4): 283-288.
STATSOFT, Inc. 2005 STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 7.1.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; MORAES, F.R.; IMOTO, M.E. 2008 Hematological parameters in two freshwater
teleosts, Leporinus macrocephalus (Anostomidae)and Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae).
Biosciense Journal, 24(3): 96-101.
TISCHLER, M.E.; DESAUTELS, M.; GOLDBERG,A.L. 1982 Does leucine, leucyl-tRNA, or some metabolite of leucine regulate protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscle?
The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 257(4):1613í 1621.
TROSVIK, K.A.; WEBSTER, C.E.; THOMPSON,K.R.; METTS, L.E.; GANNAM, A.; TWIBELL, R.2013 Effects on growth performance and body composition in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus,fry fed organic diets containing yeast extract and soybean meal as a total replacement of fish meal
without amino acid supplementation. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 29(3): 173-185.
VALENTE, L.M.P.; ROCHA, E.; GOMES, E.F.S.; SILVA, M.W.; OLIVEIRA, M.H.; MONTEIRO, R.A.F.; FAUCONNEAU, B. 1999 Growth and dynamics of white and red muscle fibres in fast- and slow-growing strains of rainbow trout.Journal Fish Biology, 55(4): 675-691.
WINTROBE, M.M. 1934 Variations in the size and hemoglobin content of erythrocytes in the blood
of various vertebrates. Folia Haematologica, 51(3):32-49.
WU, G. 2009 Amino acids: metabolism, functions and nutrition. Amino acids, 37(1): 1-17.
ZHOU, H.; CHEN, N.; QIU, X.; ZHAO, M.; J.I.N, L.2012 Arginine requirement and effect arginine
intake on immunity in largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides. Aquaculture Nutrition,18(2): 107-116.
ZIMERMANN, S.; RIBEIRO, R.P.; VARGAS, L.;MOREIRA, H.L.M. 2001 Fundamentos da moderna
aquicultura. ULBRA, Canoas, 200p.
Growth characteristics of skeletal muscles tissue in Oreochromis niloticus larvae fed on a lysine
supplemented diets. Journal of Fish Biology, 67(5):1287-1298.
AHMED, I.; KHAN, M. 2006 Dietary branchedchain amino acid valine, isoleucine and leucine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). British Journal of
Nutrition, 96(3): 450-460.
ALMEIDA, F.L.A.; CARVALHO, R.F.; PINHAL,D.; PADOVANI, C.R.; MARTINS, C.; DAL,PAI-SILVA M. 2008 Differential expression of myogenic regulatory factor MyoD in pacu skeletal muscle (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg 1887: Serrasalminae, Characidae,Teleostei) during juvenile and adult growth phases. Micron, 39(8): 1306-1311.
AOAC. 1995 Oficial Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 30p.
AOAC, Arlington.BENAKAPPA. S.; VARGHESE, T.J. 2003 Isoleucine,leucine and valine requirement of juvenile Indian major carp, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Bloch,1795). Acta Ichthyologica Piscatoria, 33(2): 161-172.
BITTENCOURT, N.L.R.; MOLINARI, L.M.; SCOARIS,D.O.; PEDROSO, R.B.; NAKAMURA, C.V.;UEDA-NAKAMURA, T.; ABREU í FILHO, B.A.;DIAS, FILHO, B.P. 2003 Haematological and biochemical values for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultured in semi-intensive system. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 25(2): 385-389.
BORGES, A.; SCOTTI, L.V.; SIQUEIRA, D.R.;JURINITZ, D.F.; WASSERMANN, G.F. 2004 Hematologic and serum biochemical values for jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Fish Physiology Biochemistry, 30(1): 21í 25.
BORLONGAN, I.G.; COLOSO, R.M. 1993 Requirements of juvenile milkfish (Chanos chanos) for essential amino acids. Journal Nutrition, 123(1): 125-132.
CALDER, P.C. 2006 Branched-chain amino acids and immunity. Journal Nutrition, 136(1): 288-293.
CHAMORRO, S.; BLAS, C.; GRANT, G.; BADIOLA, I.; MENOYO, D.; CARABAí"˜O, R. 2010 Effect of
dietary supplementation with glutamine and a combination of glutamine-arginine on intestinal
health in twenty-five-day-old weaned rabbits. Journal of Animal Science, 88(1): 170-180.
CHANCE, R.E.; MERTZ, E.T.; HALVER, J.E. 1964 Isoleucine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine
requirements of Chinook salmon and interrelations between isoleucine and leucine for growth. Journal Nutrition, 83(1): 177-185.
COLLIER, H.B. 1944 The standardization of blood aemoglobin determinations. Canadian Medical
Association Journal, 50(6): 550-552.
COWEY, C.B. 1994 Amino acid requirements of fish:a critical appraisal of present values. Aquaculture,124(1-4): 1-11.
DERIGGI, G.F.; INOUE í LAKA.; MORAES, G. 2006 Stress responses to handling in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus): assessment of eugenol as an alternative anesthetic. Acta
Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 28(3): 269-274.
EL-HAWARRY, W. 2012 Biochemical and nonspecific immune parameters of healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) and their interspecific hybrid (male O. aureus x female O. niloticus)maintained in semi-intensive culture system.Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research, 2(1):84-88.
EL-SAYED, A.F.M. 2006 Tilapia culture. CABIPublishing, Wallingford, 277p.
FAO/GLOBEFISH 2013 Globefish highlights: A quarterly updates on word seafood market.
FAO/Globefish, 3(1): 61p.
FURUYA, W.M. 2010 Tabelas brasileiras para a nutrição de tilápias. GFM, Toledo, 100p.
FURUYA, W. M.; FURUYA, V.R.B. 2010 Nutritional innovation on amino acids supplementation in
Nile tilapia diets. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia,39(1): 88-94.
GOLDENFARB, P.B.; BOWYER, F.P.; HALL,E.; BROSIUS, E. 1971 Reproducibility in the hematology laboratory: the microhematocrit determinations. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56(1): 35-39.
GRIFFIN, M.E.; BROWN, P.B.; GRANT, A.L. 1992 The dietary lysine requirement of juvenile
hybrid striped bass. Journal Nutrition, 122(2):1332-1337.
HARPER, A.E.; MILLER, R.H.; BLOCK, K.P. 1984Branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Annual
Review of Nutrition, 4(1): 409-454.
HRUBEC, T.C.; CARDINALE, J.L.; SMITH, S.A. 2000 Hematology and plasma chemistry reference
intervals for cultured tilapia (Oreochromis hybrid). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 29(1): 7-12.
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA í IBGE 2015 Produção da pecuária municipal 2015, 43(1): 1-49.
IWAMA, G.K. 1998 Stress in fish. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 851(1): 304-310.
JOHNSTON, I.A. 1999 Muscle development and growth: potential implication for flesh quality in fish. Aquaculture, 177(1): 99í 115.
JOHNSTON, I.A. 2006 Environment and plasticity of myogenesis in teleost fish. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209: 2249-2264.
KHAN, M.A.; ABIDI, S.F 2007 Dietary isoleucine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp,
Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Aquaculture Nutrition, 13(6): 424-430.
KOUMANS, J.T.M.; AKSTER, H.A.; WITKAM, A.;OSSE, J.W.M. 1994 Numbers of muscle nuclei
and myosatellite cell nuclei in red and white axial muscle during growth of the carp (Cyprinus
carpio). Journal of Fish Biology, 44(3): 391í 408.
KOHLMEIER, M. 2003 Amino acids and nitrogen compounds. Nutrient Metabolism. Academic Press,London, 840p.
LUDKE, M.C.M.M.; LOPEZ, J. 1999 Colesterol e composição dos ácidos graxos nas dietas para
humanos e na carcaça suína. Ciência Rural, 29(1):181-187.
MANUEL, M.J.; MILLER, D.L.; MERRILL, A.L.2007 Hematology and plasma biochemical values of healthy hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis aureus x Oreochromis nilotica) maintained in a recirculation system. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 38(3): 420-424.
METCALF, V.J.; BRENNAN, S.O.; CHAMBERS, G.;GEORGE, P.M. 1999 High density lipoprotein
(HDL), and not albumin, is the major palmitate binding protein in New Zeland long-finned
(Anguilla dieffenbachia) and short-finned eel (Anguilla australis schmidtii) plasma. Biochimica
et Biophysica Acta, 1429(2): 467-475.
NEU, D.H.; FURUYA, W.M.; BOSCOLO, W.R.;POTRICH, F.R.; LUI, T.A.; FEIDEN, A. 2013 Glycerol inclusion in the diet of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles. Aquaculture Nutrition, 19(2): 211-217.
NICULA, M.; BURA, M.; SIMIZ, E.; BANATEANDUNEA, I.; PATRUICA, S.; MARCU, A.;LUNCA, M.; SZELEI, Z. 2010 Researches concerning references values assessment of serum biochemical parameters in some fish species from Acipenseridae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae, and Salmonidae family. Journal Animal Science and Biotechnology, 43(1): 498-505.
POHLENZ, C.; BUENTELLO, A.; MWANGI, W.;GATLIN III, D.M. 2012 Arginine and glutamine supplementation to culture media improves the performance of various channel catfish immune
cells. Fish Shellfish Immunology, 32(5): 762-768.
POPMA, T.J.; LOVSHIN, L.L. 1995 Worldwide Prospects for Commercial Production of Tilapia.
International Center for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments, Auburn, 42p.
POPMA, T.J.; MASSER, M. 1999 Tilapia: life history and biology. SRAC Publication, 283, 4p.
RANZANI-PAIVA. M.J.T.; SILVA-SOUZA, A.T. 2004 Hematologia de peixes brasileiros. In: Sanidade
de Organismos Aquáticos. (eds. RANZANIPAIVA, M.J.T., TAKEMOTO, R.M., LIZAMA, M.) Varela, São Paulo: p.89-120.
RANZANI-PAIVA, M.J.T., BENITES DE PÁDUA, S., TAVARES-DIAS, M., EGAMI, M.I. 2013 Métodos
para análise hematológica em peixes. Eduem,Maringá, Paraná, 140p.
ROSENFELD, G. 1947 Corante pancrômico para hematologia e citologia clínica. Nova combinação
dos componentes do May-Grünwald e do Giemsa num só corante de emprego rápido.
Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 20(1): 329-334.
ROWLERSON, A.; VEGGETTI, A. 2001 Cellular mechanisms of post-embryonic muscle growth
in aquaculture species. In: Muscle Development and Growth. (ed. JOHNSTON, I.A.). Academic
Press, London. p.103-139.
SANTIAGO, C.B.; LOVELL, R.T. 1988 Amino acid requirement for growth of Nile tilapia. Journal
Nutrition, 118(12): 1540-1546.
SCHIAVO, M.; LUNARDELLI, A.; OLIVEIRA, J.R.2003 Influência da dieta na concentração sérica
de triglicerídeos. Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial, 39(4): 283-288.
STATSOFT, Inc. 2005 STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 7.1.
TAVARES-DIAS, M.; MORAES, F.R.; IMOTO, M.E. 2008 Hematological parameters in two freshwater
teleosts, Leporinus macrocephalus (Anostomidae)and Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae).
Biosciense Journal, 24(3): 96-101.
TISCHLER, M.E.; DESAUTELS, M.; GOLDBERG,A.L. 1982 Does leucine, leucyl-tRNA, or some metabolite of leucine regulate protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal and cardiac muscle?
The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 257(4):1613í 1621.
TROSVIK, K.A.; WEBSTER, C.E.; THOMPSON,K.R.; METTS, L.E.; GANNAM, A.; TWIBELL, R.2013 Effects on growth performance and body composition in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus,fry fed organic diets containing yeast extract and soybean meal as a total replacement of fish meal
without amino acid supplementation. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 29(3): 173-185.
VALENTE, L.M.P.; ROCHA, E.; GOMES, E.F.S.; SILVA, M.W.; OLIVEIRA, M.H.; MONTEIRO, R.A.F.; FAUCONNEAU, B. 1999 Growth and dynamics of white and red muscle fibres in fast- and slow-growing strains of rainbow trout.Journal Fish Biology, 55(4): 675-691.
WINTROBE, M.M. 1934 Variations in the size and hemoglobin content of erythrocytes in the blood
of various vertebrates. Folia Haematologica, 51(3):32-49.
WU, G. 2009 Amino acids: metabolism, functions and nutrition. Amino acids, 37(1): 1-17.
ZHOU, H.; CHEN, N.; QIU, X.; ZHAO, M.; J.I.N, L.2012 Arginine requirement and effect arginine
intake on immunity in largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides. Aquaculture Nutrition,18(2): 107-116.
ZIMERMANN, S.; RIBEIRO, R.P.; VARGAS, L.;MOREIRA, H.L.M. 2001 Fundamentos da moderna
aquicultura. ULBRA, Canoas, 200p.
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