Status of aquaponics systems in Brazil: A systematic literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2024.51.e945Keywords:
Aquaculture, Integrated agri-aquaculture systems, Responsible production and consumptionAbstract
Aquaponic systems have gained prominence in Brazil, attracting researchers from aquaculture, agriculture, ecology, and other similar fields. This study reviewed Brazilian publications to assess the national status of aquaponics, focusing on research approaches, key authors, and institutions. A systematic review of 148 works (2008–2022) from Scopus, SciELO Brasil, Web of Science, and Google Scholar revealed that most prominent researchers and institutions are concentrated in the Southeast and South, primarily in established aquaculture research groups. Key topics include operation of aquaponic systems and selection of species of plants and aquatic organisms. The nutrient film technique was the most cited hydroponic system, with tilapia and lettuce showing the best performance and economic value. The study highlights the need for further research on the bioeconomic of commercial-scale aquaponics and consumer perceptions of aquaponic products in Brazil. Identified gaps include experimental design and project management, with a call for standardization of key experimental parameters. Future investigations should explore the co-occurrence network and intellectual structure of aquaponics research to better understand its development and integration into sustainable practices.
References
Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2022). A importância da ciência como política de Estado para o desenvolvimento do Brasil. Academia Brasileira de Ciências. Retrieved from https://www.abc.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/ 06/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3oresidenci%C3%A1veis-2022.pdf
Andrade, R. O. (2021). Ciência à míngua. Revista Pesquisa Fapesp. Retrieved from https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/ciencia-a-mingua
Associação Brasileira de Aquaponia (ABA) (2021). Aquaponia na atualidade e suas perspectivas para o futuro [Vídeo]. YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t59i1Q8eu-M
Baganz, G. F. M., Junge, R., Portella, M. C., Goddek, S., Keesman, K. J., Baganz, D., Staaks, G., Shaw, C., Lohrberg, F., & Kloas, W. (2022). The aquaponic principle: it is all about coupling. Reviews in Aquaculture, 14(1), 252-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12596
Basumatary, B., Verm, A. K., & Verma, M. K. (2022). Global research trends on aquaponics: a systematic review based on computational mapping. Aquaculture International, 31, 1115-1141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-01018-y
Baxter, I. (2015). Should we treat the ionome as a combination of individual elements, or should we be deriving novel combined traits? Journal of Experimental Botany, 66(8), 2127-2131. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv040
Bianchini, P. P. T., Cardoso, S. B., Pantaleão, J. A. F., & Okura, M. H. (2020). Analysis of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) production in different substrates in an aquaponic system using an IBC container. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 7(5), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.75.9
Brewer, A., Alfaro, J. F., & Malheiros, T. F. (2021). Evaluating the capacity of small farmers to adopt aquaponics systems: empirical evidence from Brazil. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 36(4), 375-383. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174217052000040X
Buzby, K. M., & Lin, L. S. (2014). Scaling aquaponic systems: Balancing plant uptake with fish output. Aquacultural Engineering, 63, 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2014.09.002
Cani, A. C. P., Azevedo, R. V., Pereira, R. N., Oliveira, M. A., Chaves, M. A., & Braga, L. G. T. (2013). Phytodepuration of the effluents in a closed system of fish production. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 14(2), 371-381.
Carneiro, R. F. S. (2019). Produção da halófita Sarcocornia ambigua em hidroponia e aquaponia com Litopenaeus vannamei [Dissertation, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina]. Retrieved from https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/215169/PAQI0551-D.pdf sequence=-1&isAllowed=y
Carvalho, A. R., Brum, O. B., Chimóia, E. P., & Figueiró, E. A. G. (2017). Avaliação da produtividade da aquaponia comparada com a hidroponia convencional. Revista Vivências, 13(24), 79-91.
Castellani, D. (2008). Sistema integrado do berçário secundário do camarão-da-amazônia Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller 1862) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) com cultivo hidropônico de hortaliças [Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”]. http://acervodigital.unesp.br/handle/11449/100218
Castellani, D., Camargo, A. F. M., & Abimorad, E. G. (2009). Aquaponia: aproveitamento do efluente do berçário secundário do Camarão-da-Amazônia (Macrobrachium amazonicum) para produção de alface (Lactuca sativa) e agrião (Rorippa nasturtium aquaticum) hidropônicos. Bioikos, 23(2), 67-75. Retrieved from https://periodicos.puc-campinas.edu.br/bioikos/article/view/660
Castilho-Barros, L., Almeida, F. H., Henriques, M. B., & Seiffert, W. Q. (2018). Economic evaluation of the commercial production between Brazilian samphire and whiteleg shrimp in an aquaponics system. Aquaculture International, 26, 1187-1206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-018-0277-8
Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos (CGEE) (2021). Panorama da ciência brasileira: 2015-2020. CGEE.
Chu, Y. T., & Brown, P. (2020). Evaluation of pacific whiteleg shrimp and three halophytic plants in marine aquaponic systems under three salinities. Sustainability, 13(1), 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010269
Colt, J., Schuur, A. M., Weaver, D., & Semmens, K. (2021). Engineering design of aquaponics systems. Reviews in Fisheries Sciences & Aquaculture, 30(1), 33-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2021.1886240
Conrado, A., Iunes, R., Bordon, I., & Silva, J. (2021). Ganho de peso de juvenis de jundiá Rhamdia quelen mantidos em diferentes sistemas de criação. In X Foro Iberoamericano de los Recursos Marinos y la Acuicultura: Sinergia entre Ciencia e Industria para el Desarrollo y la Sostenibilidad (pp. 696-706). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andre_Conrado/publication/353757098_Ganho_de_peso_de_juvenis_de_jundia_Rhamdia_quelen_mantidos_em_diferentes_sistemas_de_criacao/links/610edaaf1ca20f6f860b4ba7/Ganho-de-peso-de-juvenis-de-jundia-Rhamdia-quelenmantidos-em-diferentes-sistemas-de-criacao.pdf
David, L. H., Pinho, S. M., Agostinho, F., Costa, J. I., Portella, M. C., Keesman, K. J., & Garcia, F. (2022). Sustainability of urban aquaponics farms: An emergy point of view. Journal of Cleaner Production, 331, 129896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129896
Doria, C. R. C., Agudelo, E., Akama, A., Barros, B., Bonfim, M., Carneiro, L., Briglia-Ferreira, S. R., Nobre Carvalho, L., Bonilla-Castillo, C. A., Charvet, P., dos Santos Catâneo, D. T. B., da Silva, H. P., Garcia-Dávila, C. R., dos Anjos, H. D. B., Duponchelle, F., Encalada, A., ... & Vitule, J. R. S. (2021). The silent threat of nonnative fish in the Amazon: ANNF database and review. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 646702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.646702
Eichhorn, T., & Meixner, O. (2020). Factors influencing the willingness to pay for aquaponic products in a developed food market: a structural equation modeling approach. Sustainability, 12(8), 3475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083475
Emerenciano, M. G. C. (2022). 2021 Aquaponics Conference: os novos rumos da aquaponia. Aquaculture Brasil. Retrieved from https://www.aquaculturebrasil.com/coluna/213/2021-aquaponics-conference:-os-novosrumos-da-aquaponia
Emerenciano, M. G. C., Pinho, S. M., & Carneiro, P. C. F. (2016). Aquaponia no Brasil: o que o futuro nos aguarda? Aquaculture Brasil. Retrieved from https://www.aquaculturebrasil.com/artigo/22/aquaponia-no-brasil-%E2%80%93-o-que-futuro-nos-aguarda
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2014). Value chaindynamics and the small-scale sector. Policy recommendations for small-scale fisheriesand aquaculture trade. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, (581). Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/fisheries/docs/Value_chain_dynamics_and_the_small-scale_sector.pdf
Franchini, A. C. (2019). Cultivo integrado de peixes, camarões e hortaliças em viveiros de aquicultura [Dissertation, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”]. Retrieved from https://repositorio.unesp.br/server/api/core/bitstreams/8e161c25-4542-4562-98eb-efda401d5d02/content
Geisenhoff, L., Jordan, R., Santos, R., de Oliveira, F., & Gomes, E. (2016). Effect of different substrates in aquaponic lettuce production associated with intensive tilapia farming with water recirculation systems. Engenharia Agrícola, 36(2), 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric. v36n2p291-299/2016
Gichana, Z. M., Liti, D., Waidbacher, H., Zollitsch, W., Drexler, S., & Waikibia, J. (2018). Waste management in recirculating aquaculture system through bacteria dissimilation and plant assimilation. Aquaculture International, 26, 1541-1572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-018-0303-x
Gilles, A. S. J., To, D. A. L., Pavia, R. T. B. J., Vilizzi, L., & Copp, G. H. (2023). Risk of invasiveness of non native fishes can dramatically increase in a changing climate: The case of a tropical caldera lake of conservation value (Lake Taal, Philippines). Journal of Vertebrate Biology, 72, 23032. https://doi.org/10.25225/jvb.23032
Gozlan, R. E., Britton, J. R., Cowx, I., & Copp, G. H. (2010). Current knowledge on non-native freshwater fish introductions. Journal of Fish Biology, 76(4), 751-786. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02566.x
Greenfeld, A., Becker, N., Bornman, J. F., Spatari, S., & Angel, D. L. (2021). Monetizing environmental impact of integrated aquaponic farming compared to separate systems. Science of the Total Environment, 792, 148459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148459
Greenfeld, A., Becker, N., McIlwain, J., Fotedar, R., & Bornman, J. F. (2018). Economically viable aquaponics? Identifying the gap between potential and current uncertainties. Reviews in Aquaculture, 11(3), 848-862. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12269
Hao, Y., Ding, K., Xu, Y., Tang, Y., Liu, D., & Li, G. (2020). States, trends, and future of aquaponics research. Sustainability, 12(18), 7783. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187783
Jordan, R. A., Giordano, E. B., Oliveira, F. C., Quequeto, W. D., Drehmer, K. K. B., Silva, L. P. P., Martins, E. A. S., Santos, R. C., & Siqueira, V. C. (2020). Produtividade de híbridos de tomate cultivados em aquaponia associada em sistema tipo floating. Research, Society and Development, 9(9), e1000998198. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i9.8198
Kasozi, N., Abraham, B., Kaiser, H., & Wilhelmi, B. (2021). The complex microbiome in aquaponics: significance of the bacterial ecosystem. Annals of Microbiology, 71, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13213-020-01613-5
Latini, A. O., Mormul, R. P., Giacomini, H. C., Dario, F. D., Vitule, J. R. S., Reis, R. E., Tonella, L., Polaz, C. N. M., Lucifora, L. O., Lima, L. B., Teixeira-de-Mello, F., Lima-Júnior, D. P., Magalhães, A. L. B., Charvet, P., Jimenez-Segura, L. F., Azevedo-Santos, V. M., ... & Vidal, N. (2021). Brazil’s new fish farming Decree threatens freshwater conservation in South America, Biological Conservation, 263, 109353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109353
Lennard, W. (2017). Commercial aquaponic systems: integrating recirculating fish culture with hydroponic plant production. Ed. Wilson Lennard.
Lennard, W. (2021). The symbioponics aquaponics method: a precision nutrient mass balance method for sizing & managing aquaponic systems - Ed. Wilson Lennard. Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Br3EhWX6nzpSQGaomS4Cg9c8NXzekx9g/view?pli=1
Lennard, W., & Goddek, S. (2019). Aquaponics: the basics. In S. Goddek, A. Joyce, B. Kotzen & G. M. Burnell (Eds.), Aquaponics food production systems: combined aquaculture and hydroponic production technologies for the future (pp. 113-143). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_5
Lima, A. S. C. (2016). Aproveitamento do efluente oriundo da criação de tilápias do nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em sistema aquapônico para produção de alface (Lactuca sativa cv. Brunela) [Dissertation, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia]. Retrieved from https://www2.uesb.br/ppg/ppgca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o-final.pdf
Lima, J. F., Bastos, A. M., Duarte, S. S., dos Santos, U. R. A. (2022). Are artificial semidry wetlands efficient in wastewater treatment from different fish densities and for lettuce production? International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19, 8329-8340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03703-6
Love, D. C., Fry, J. P., Genello, L., Hill, E. S., & Frederick, J. A. (2014). An international survey of aquaponics practitioners. PLoS One, 9(7), e102662. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102662
Love, D. C., Uhl, M. S., & Genello, L. (2015). Energy and water use of a small-scale raft aquaponics system in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Aquacultural Engineering, 68, 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2015.07.003
Mariscal-Lagarda, M. M., Páez-Osuna, F., Esquer-Méndez, J. L., Guerrero-Monroy, I., del Vivar, A. R., & Félix-Gastelum, R. (2012). Integrated culture of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) with low salinity groundwater: Management and production. Aquaculture, 366-367, 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.09.003
Martins, B. S. (2021). Qualidade da água e fertirrigação com efluente de sistema aquapônico no cultivo de variedades de rúcula [Dissertation, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano]. https://repositorio.ifgoiano.edu.br/handle/prefix/2120
Mauricieri, C., Nicoletto, C., Junge, R., Schmautz, Z., Sambo, P., & Borin, M. (2018). Hydroponic systems and water management in aquaponics: A review. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 13(1), 1012. https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2017.1012
Mendes, F. T. C., Freitas, A. S., Alcantra, E., Marques, R. F. P. V., Oliveira, A. S., Barbosa, R. A., Pádua, M. C., & Junqueira, R. R. (2021). Desempenho agronômico de cultivares de alface em aquaponia. Research, Society and Development, 10(9), e50610918176. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.18176
Mendonça, W., Santana, A., Marcondes, A., Banhara, D., Sousa, R., Ziemniczak, H., Inoue, L., & Honorato, C. (2020). Produção de massa verde e ganho em peso de peixes ornamentais em minissistema doméstico de aquaponia. Agrarian, 13(50), 529-535. https://doi.org/10.30612/agrarian.v13i50.11300
Miličić, V., Thorarinsdottir, R., Santos, M. D., & Hančič, M. T. (2017). Commercial aquaponics approaching the European market: to consumers’ perceptions of aquaponics products in Europe. Water, 9(2), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9020080
Moraes-Viana, G. (2025a). Status of aquaponics systems in Brazil: a systematic literature review – APPENDIX S1. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29508782
Moraes-Viana, G. (2025b). Status of aquaponics systems in Brazil: a systematic literature review –APPENDIX S2. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29506079.v3
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., … & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Palm, H. W., Knaus, U., Appelbaum, S., Goddek, S., Strauch, S. M., Vermeulen, T., Jijakli, M. H., & Kotzen, B. (2018). Towards commercial aquaponics: a review of systems, designs, scales and nomenclature. Aquaculture International, 26, 813-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-018-0249-z
Pattillo, D. A., Hager, J. V., Cline, D. J., Roy, L. A., & Hanson, T. R. (2022). System design and production practices of aquaponic stakeholders. PLoS One, 17(4), e0266475. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266475
Pinheiro, I., Arantes, R., do Espírito Santo, C. M., do Nascimento Vieira, F., Lapa, K. R., Gonzaga, L. V., Fett, R., Barcelos-Oliveira, J. L., & Seiffert, W. Q. (2017). Production of the halophyte Sarcocornia ambigua and Pacific white shrimp in an aquaponic system with biofloc technology. Ecological Engineering, 100, 261-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.12.024
Pinho, S. M. (2018). Berçário de tilápia em sistema aquapônico utilizando a tecnologia de bioflocos [Dissertation, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”]. Retrieved from https://repositorio.unesp.br/entities/publication/6ad255c2-45e9-4c35-b629-69d64203f9ed
Pinho, S. M., David, L. H., Garcia, F., Keesman, K. J., Portella, M. C., & Goddek, S. (2021a). South American fish species suitable for aquaponics: a review. Aquaculture International, 29, 1427-1449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00674-w
Pinho, S. M., Flores, R. M. V., David, L. H., Emerenciano, M. G. C., Quagrainie, K. K., & Portella, M. C. (2022). Economic comparison between conventional aquaponics and FLOCponics systems. Aquaculture, 552, 737987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.737987
Pinho, S. M., Lima, J. P., David, L. H., Oliveira, M. S., Goddek, S., Carneiro, D. J., Keesman, K. J., & Portella, M. C. (2021b). Decoupled FLOCponics systems as an alternative approach to reduce the protein level of tilapia juveniles’ diet in integrated agri-aquaculture production. Aquaculture, 543, 736932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736932
Pollard, G., Ward, J., & Koth, B. (2017). Aquaponics in urban agriculture: social acceptance and urban food planning. Horticulturae, 3(2), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae3020039
Quagrainie, K. K., Flores, R. M. V., Kim, H.-J., & McClain, V. (2018). Economic analysis of aquaponics and hydroponics production in the U.S. Midwest. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 30(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2017.1414009
R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
Rahman, S. A. (2010). Effluent water characterization of intensive tilapia culture units and its application in an integrated lettuce aquaponic production facility [Thesis, Auburn University]. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/2361
Rakocy, J. E., Masser, M. P., & Losordo, T. M. (2006). Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems: aquaponics – integrating fish and plant culture. SRAC Publications. 454. Texas A&M University, Southern Regional Aquaculture Center; 2006: 16. https://srac.tamu.edu/fact-sheets/serve/105.
Ros, M. M. C. S. D. (2017). Produção integrada de alface (Lactuca sativa) e carpas coloridas (Cyprinus carpio var.koi) em sistema aquapônico [Dissertation, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina]. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/185625
Soares, J. A. B. (2021). Produção de rúcula em sistema aquapônico no cerrado [Dissertation, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano]. https://repositorio.ifgoiano.edu.br/handle/prefix/2126
Somerville, C., Cohen, M., Pantanella, E., Stankus, A., & Lovatelli, A. (2014). Small-scale aquaponic food production: integrated fish and plant farming. FAO.
Sousa, R. G. C., Pereira, L. S., Cintra, M. A., de Carvalho Freitas, C. E., de Almeida Mereles, M., Zacardi, D. M., Faria Júnior, C. H., Castello, L., & Vitule, J. R. S. (2022). Status of Arapaima spp. in Brazil: threatened in its places of origin, a rapidly spreading invader elsewhere. Management of Biological Invasions, 13(4), 631-643. https://doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2022.13.4.03
Souza, D. L., Zambalde, A. L., Mesquita, D. L., Souza, T. A., & Silva, N. L. C. (2020). A perspectiva dos pesquisadores sobre os desafios da pesquisa no Brasil. Educação e Pesquisa, 46, e221628. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-4634202046221628
Souza, D. M. D. O., Vidal, D. A., Eder-Silva, E., & Alencar, A. P. (2017). Produção de forragem hidropônica de milho usando aquaponia. Acta Kariri, 2(1), 62-68. Retrieved from http://actakariri.crato.ifce.edu.br/index.php/actakariri/article/view/24
Suarez-Carceres, G. P., Fernandez‑Cabanas, V. M., Lobillo‑Eguibar, J., & Perez‑Urrestarazu, L. (2021). Characterisation of aquaponic producers and small‑scale facilities in Spain and Latin America. Aquaculture International, 30, 517-532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00793-4
The Aquaponics Association (2020). Statement on the Organic Certification of Aquaponic Crops. The Aquaponics Association.Retrieved from https://aquaponicsassociation.org/news/2020-statement-on-the-organic-certification-of-aquaponic-crops
Tonet, A., Ribeiro, A., Bagatin, M., Quenehenn, A., & Suzuki, C. C. L. F. (2011). Análise microbiológica da água e da alface (Lactuca sativa) cultivada em sistema aquapônico, hidropônico e em solo. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Alimentos, 2(2), 83-88. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281274160_ANALISE_MICROBIOLOGICA_DA_AGUA_E_DA_AL ACE_LACTUCA_SATIVA_CULTIVADA_EM_SISTEMA_AQUAPONICO_HIDROPONICO_E_EM_SOLO
Valenti, W. C., Barros, H. P., Moraes-Valenti, P., Bueno, G. W., & Cavalli, R. O. (2021). Aquaculture in Brazil: past, present and future. Aquaculture Reports, 19, 100611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100611
Villarroel, M., Junge, R., Komives, T., König, B., Plaza, I., Bittsánszky, A., & Joly, A. (2016). Survey of aquaponics in Europe. Water, 8(10), 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8100468
Yang, T., & Kim, H.-J. (2020). Effects of hydraulic loading rate on spatial and temporal water quality characteristics and crop growth and yield in aquaponic systems. Horticulturae, 6(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6010009
Yep, B., & Zheng, Y. (2019). Aquaponic trends and challenges: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 228, 1586-1599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.290
Yildiz, Y. H., Robaina, L., Pirhonen, J., Mente, E., Domínguez, D., & Parisi, G. (2017). Fish welfare in aquaponic systems: its relation to water quality with an emphasis on feed and feces – a review. Water, 9(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9010013
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Gabriela de Moraes-Viana, Otilene dos Anjos Santos, Edinaldo Nelson dos Santos-Silva, André Moreira Bordinhon
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
