Use of eugenol as an anaesthetic for Geophagus brasiliensis juveniles
Keywords:
anesthesia, clove oil, fish, pearl cichlidAbstract
The eugenol is the active ingredient of clove oil and it has shown to be effective and safe as fish anesthetic. In this study the effects of different concentrations of eugenol for anesthesia, recovery time, blood glucose and hematocrit percentage of pearl cichlid (Geophagus brasiliensis) juveniles were evaluated. Concentrations of 50, 80, 100, 120, 150, 170 and 200 mg L-1 eugenol were evaluated in terms of time to achieve the different stages of anesthesia and recovery in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 12 repetitions. These results were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test with subsequent Dunn test. The evaluated concentrations had anesthetic action of the deep induction 172.57 ± 25 s (50 mg L-1) and the period of full recovery of 516.25 ± 102 s (200 mg L-1), with statistical difference between the treatments at all the stages. The eugenol effect on blood glucose and on hematocrit percentage at 0 h after deep anesthesia was evaluated for concentrations of 0; 50; 80; 100; 150 and 200 mg L-1 in a completely randomized design with five replications, and the results were assessed by One-Way ANOVA. Glucose and percentage of hematocrit: no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) were observed for these variables. All concentrations of eugenol showed to be effective as an anesthetic for G. brasiliensis and did not affect the survival, blood glucose and the percentage of hematocrit. To minimize adverse effects and achieve faster recovery, it is indicated the use of 50-80 mg L-1 of eugenol for pearl cichlid juveniles.
References
AKBULUT, B.; CAKMAK, E.; AKSUNGUR, N.;CAVDAR, Y. 2010 Serum biochemical characteristics of Beluga, Huso huso (L.), in response to blood sampling after clove powder solution exposure. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11: 463-467.
AKBULUT, B.B.; CAVDAR, Y.; CAKMAK, E.; AKSUNGUR, N. 2011 Use of clove oil to anaesthetize larvae of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 27(2): 618-621.
AMARAL, H.J.; ARGENTO NETO, J.; GARCIA, S.; MELLO, G.L. 2011 Pesquisa de comparação entre a taxa de crescimento do Acará Geophagus brasiliensis e a Tilápia Oreochromis niloticus em condições de monocultivo intensivo utilizando ração e alimento vivo. Revista Electrônica de
Veterinária, 12(9): 1-22.
BECKER, A.G.; PARODI, T.V.; HELDWEIN, C.G.; ZEPPENFELD, C.C.; HEINZMANN, B.M.; BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2012 Transportation of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, in water with
eugenol and the essential oil of Lippia alba. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(3): 789-796.
BECKER, A.G.; CUNHA, M.A.D.; GARCIA, L.D.O.; ZEPPENFELD, C.C.; PARODI, T.V.; MALDANER, G.; BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2013 Efficacy of eugenol and the methanolic extract of Condalia buxifolia during the transport of the silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11(3): 675-681.
BERNARDES JíÅ¡NIOR, J.J.; NAKAGOME, F.K.; MELLO, G.L.D.; GARCIA, S.; AMARAL JíÅ¡NIOR, H. 2013 Eugenol as an anesthetic for juvenile common snook. Pesquisa Agropecuária
Brasileira, 48(8): 1140-1144.
BERTOZI JíÅ¡NIOR, M.; DIEMER, O.; NEU, D.H.; BITTENCOURT, F.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; FEIDEN,
A. 2014 Benzocaine and eugenol as anesthetic for Pimelodus britskii ('mandi-pintado') juveniles.
Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias, 9(1): 134-138.
BITTENCOURT, F.; SOUZA B.E.; NEU, D.H.; RORATO, R.R.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; FEIDEN, A. 2013 Eugenol e benzocaína como anestésicos para juvenis de Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 (carpa comum). Agrária - Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias, 8(1): 163-167.
CALLEGARI-JACQUES, S.M. 2007 Bioestatística Princípios e Aplicações. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
255p.
CHO, G.K. and HEATH, D.D. 2000 Comparison of tricainemethane sulphonate (MS222) and clove
oil anaesthesia effects on the physiology of juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
(Walbaum). Aquaculture Research, 31(6): 537-546.
CUNHA, M.A.; GARCIA, L.O.; LORO, V.L.;FONSECA, M.B.; EMANUELLI, T.; VEECK,A.P.L.; COPATTI, C.E.; BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2010 Anesthesia of silver catfish with eugenol: time of induction, cortisol response and sensory analysis of fillet. Ciência Rural, 40(10): 2107-2114.
FABIANI, B.M.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; FEIDEN, A.; DIEMER, O.; BITTENCOURT, F.; NEU, D.H.2013 Benzocaine and eugenol as anesthetics for Brycon hilarri. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences,
35(2): 113-117.
GOLDENFARB, P.B.; BOWYER, F.P.; HALL, E.;BROSIOUS, E. 1971 Reproducibility in the hematology laboratory: the microhematocrit determinations. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56(1): 35-39.
GOMES, D.P.; CHAVES, B.W.; BECKER, A.G.; BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2011 Water parameters
affect anaesthesia induced by eugenol in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. Aquaculture Research,
42(6): 878-886.
HEO, G.J. and SHIN, G. 2010 Efficacy of benzocaine as an anaesthetic for Crucian carp (Carassius
carassius). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia,37(2): 132-135.
HONCZARYK, A. and INOUE, L.A.K.A. 2009 Anesthesia in pirarucu by eugenol sprays in the
gills. Ciência Rural, 39(2): 577-579.
HOSEINI, S.M. and GHELICHPOUR, M. 2011 Efficacy of clove solution on blood sampling and
hematological study in Beluga, Huso huso (L.). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(2): 493-498.
HOSEINI S.M. and NODEH A.J. 2011 Changes in blood biochemistry of common carp Cyprinus
carpio (Linnaeus), following exposure to different concentrations of clove solution. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 22(1): 9-13.
HOSEINI S.M.; HOSSEINI S.A.; NODEH A.J. 2010 Serum biochemical characteristics of Beluga,
Huso huso (L.), in response to blood sampling after clove powder solution exposure. Fish
Physiology and Biochemistry, 37(3): 567í 572.
HOSEINI, S.M.; RAJABIESTERABADI, H.;TARKHANI, R. 2013 Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol on iridescent shark, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) in different size classes. Aquaculture Research, 46(2): 1-8.
INOUE, L.A.K.A.; BOIJINK, C.L.; RIBEIRO, P.T.;SILVA, A.D.; AFFONSO, E.G. 2011 Avaliação de respostas metabólicas do tambaqui exposto ao eugenol em banhos anestésicos. Acta Amazônica,
41(2): 327-332.
IVERSEN, M.; FINSTAD, B.; MCKINLEY, R.S.;ELIASSEN, R.A. 2003 The efficacy of metomidate, clove oil, Aqui-Sâ"ž¢ and Benzoak® as anaesthetics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts, and their potential stress-reducing capacity. Aquaculture, 221(1): 549-566.
JAVAHERY, S.; NEKOUBIN, H.; MORADLU, A.H. 2012 Effect of anaesthesia with clove oil in fish
(review). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(6): 1545-1552.
MALABARBA, L.R.; NETO, PC.; BERTACO, V.A.; CARVALHO, T.P.; DOS SANTOS, J.F.; ARTIOLI, L.G.S. 2013 Guia de identificação dos peixes da bacia do rio Tramandaí. Porto Alegre: Via Sapiens. 140p.
MI, H.; QIAN, C.; MAO, L. 2013 Quality and biochemical influence of eugenol to anesthetize
crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 22(6): 564í 572.
MOREIRA, A.G.L.; TEIXEIRA, E.G.; CARREIRO, C.R.P.; MOREIRA, R L. 2010 Eficácia do eugenol
extraído da planta Eugenia aromatica como anestésico para realização de biometrias em adultos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 32(4): 419-423.
MOREIRA, A.G.L.; TEIXEIRA, E.G.; MOREIRA, R.L.; FARIAS, W.R.L. 2011 Glicose plasmática em juvenis de tilápia do Nilo anestesiados com óleo de cravo. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção
Animal, 12(3): 794-804.
PÁDUA, S.B.; VENTURA, A.S.; SATAKE, F.;ISHIKAWA, M.M.; HISANO, H.; ROTTA, M.A.; ARANTES, F.C. 2012 Respostas hematológicas em tuvira após anestesia com diferentes concentrações de óleo de cravo. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 38(3): 181-188.
PARK, I.S.; PARK, M.O.; HUR, J.W.; KIM, D.S.; CHANG, Y.J.; KIM, Y.J.; PARK, J.Y.; JOHNSON, S.C. 2009 Anesthetic effects of lidocainehydrochloride on water parameters in simulated transport experiment of juvenile winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus. Aquaculture, 294(1): 76-79.
ROSS, L.G. and ROSS, B. 1999 Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. 2ª ed. Oxford:Blackwell Science. 190p.
SANTOS SANCHEZ, M.S.; RODRIGUES, R.A.;NUNES, A.L.; DA SILVA OLIVEIRA, A.M.;
FANTINI, L.E.; de CAMPOS, C.M. 2014a Efeito do mentol e eugenol sobre as respostas
fisiológicas do pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 35(4Supl): 2799-2808.
SANTOS SANCHEZ, M.S.; RODRIGUES, R.A.; NUNES, A.L.; DA SILVA OLIVEIRA, A.M.; FANTINI, L.E.; de CAMPOS, C.M. 2014b Respostas fisiológicas de cacharas Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum submetidos a anestésicos naturais. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 35(2): 1061-1070.
SNEDDON, L.U. 2012 Clinical anesthesia and analgesia in fish. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine,
21(1): 32-43.
SUTILI, F.J.; KREUTZ, L.C.; NORO, M.; GRESSLER, L.T.; HEINZMANN, B.M.; de VARGAS, A.C.;
BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2014 The use of eugenol against Aeromonas hydrophila and its effect on
hematological and immunological parameters in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Veterinary
Immunology and Immunopathology, 157(3): 142-148.
VIDAL, L.V.O.; ALBINATI, R.C.B.; ALBINATI, A.C.L.; MECíÅ DO, G.R. 2006 Utilização do eugenol como anestésico para o manejo de juvenis de pintado (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans). Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 28(3): 275-279.
VIDAL, L.V.O.; FURUYA, W.M.; GRACIANO, T.S.; SCHAMBER, C.R.; SANTOS, L.D.; MARTINS, C.
2007 Concentrações de eugenol para anestesia profunda e toxidade aguda em juvenis de
piavuçú (Leporinus macrocephalus). Acta Scientiarum: Biological Sciences, 29(4): 357-362.
XLSTAT 2014 Version 2014.5.01. Copyright Addinsoft 1995-2014.
AKBULUT, B.B.; CAVDAR, Y.; CAKMAK, E.; AKSUNGUR, N. 2011 Use of clove oil to anaesthetize larvae of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 27(2): 618-621.
AMARAL, H.J.; ARGENTO NETO, J.; GARCIA, S.; MELLO, G.L. 2011 Pesquisa de comparação entre a taxa de crescimento do Acará Geophagus brasiliensis e a Tilápia Oreochromis niloticus em condições de monocultivo intensivo utilizando ração e alimento vivo. Revista Electrônica de
Veterinária, 12(9): 1-22.
BECKER, A.G.; PARODI, T.V.; HELDWEIN, C.G.; ZEPPENFELD, C.C.; HEINZMANN, B.M.; BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2012 Transportation of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, in water with
eugenol and the essential oil of Lippia alba. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(3): 789-796.
BECKER, A.G.; CUNHA, M.A.D.; GARCIA, L.D.O.; ZEPPENFELD, C.C.; PARODI, T.V.; MALDANER, G.; BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2013 Efficacy of eugenol and the methanolic extract of Condalia buxifolia during the transport of the silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11(3): 675-681.
BERNARDES JíÅ¡NIOR, J.J.; NAKAGOME, F.K.; MELLO, G.L.D.; GARCIA, S.; AMARAL JíÅ¡NIOR, H. 2013 Eugenol as an anesthetic for juvenile common snook. Pesquisa Agropecuária
Brasileira, 48(8): 1140-1144.
BERTOZI JíÅ¡NIOR, M.; DIEMER, O.; NEU, D.H.; BITTENCOURT, F.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; FEIDEN,
A. 2014 Benzocaine and eugenol as anesthetic for Pimelodus britskii ('mandi-pintado') juveniles.
Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias, 9(1): 134-138.
BITTENCOURT, F.; SOUZA B.E.; NEU, D.H.; RORATO, R.R.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; FEIDEN, A. 2013 Eugenol e benzocaína como anestésicos para juvenis de Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 (carpa comum). Agrária - Revista Brasileira de Ciências Agrárias, 8(1): 163-167.
CALLEGARI-JACQUES, S.M. 2007 Bioestatística Princípios e Aplicações. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
255p.
CHO, G.K. and HEATH, D.D. 2000 Comparison of tricainemethane sulphonate (MS222) and clove
oil anaesthesia effects on the physiology of juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
(Walbaum). Aquaculture Research, 31(6): 537-546.
CUNHA, M.A.; GARCIA, L.O.; LORO, V.L.;FONSECA, M.B.; EMANUELLI, T.; VEECK,A.P.L.; COPATTI, C.E.; BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2010 Anesthesia of silver catfish with eugenol: time of induction, cortisol response and sensory analysis of fillet. Ciência Rural, 40(10): 2107-2114.
FABIANI, B.M.; BOSCOLO, W.R.; FEIDEN, A.; DIEMER, O.; BITTENCOURT, F.; NEU, D.H.2013 Benzocaine and eugenol as anesthetics for Brycon hilarri. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences,
35(2): 113-117.
GOLDENFARB, P.B.; BOWYER, F.P.; HALL, E.;BROSIOUS, E. 1971 Reproducibility in the hematology laboratory: the microhematocrit determinations. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56(1): 35-39.
GOMES, D.P.; CHAVES, B.W.; BECKER, A.G.; BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2011 Water parameters
affect anaesthesia induced by eugenol in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. Aquaculture Research,
42(6): 878-886.
HEO, G.J. and SHIN, G. 2010 Efficacy of benzocaine as an anaesthetic for Crucian carp (Carassius
carassius). Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia,37(2): 132-135.
HONCZARYK, A. and INOUE, L.A.K.A. 2009 Anesthesia in pirarucu by eugenol sprays in the
gills. Ciência Rural, 39(2): 577-579.
HOSEINI, S.M. and GHELICHPOUR, M. 2011 Efficacy of clove solution on blood sampling and
hematological study in Beluga, Huso huso (L.). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(2): 493-498.
HOSEINI S.M. and NODEH A.J. 2011 Changes in blood biochemistry of common carp Cyprinus
carpio (Linnaeus), following exposure to different concentrations of clove solution. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 22(1): 9-13.
HOSEINI S.M.; HOSSEINI S.A.; NODEH A.J. 2010 Serum biochemical characteristics of Beluga,
Huso huso (L.), in response to blood sampling after clove powder solution exposure. Fish
Physiology and Biochemistry, 37(3): 567í 572.
HOSEINI, S.M.; RAJABIESTERABADI, H.;TARKHANI, R. 2013 Anaesthetic efficacy of eugenol on iridescent shark, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) in different size classes. Aquaculture Research, 46(2): 1-8.
INOUE, L.A.K.A.; BOIJINK, C.L.; RIBEIRO, P.T.;SILVA, A.D.; AFFONSO, E.G. 2011 Avaliação de respostas metabólicas do tambaqui exposto ao eugenol em banhos anestésicos. Acta Amazônica,
41(2): 327-332.
IVERSEN, M.; FINSTAD, B.; MCKINLEY, R.S.;ELIASSEN, R.A. 2003 The efficacy of metomidate, clove oil, Aqui-Sâ"ž¢ and Benzoak® as anaesthetics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts, and their potential stress-reducing capacity. Aquaculture, 221(1): 549-566.
JAVAHERY, S.; NEKOUBIN, H.; MORADLU, A.H. 2012 Effect of anaesthesia with clove oil in fish
(review). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(6): 1545-1552.
MALABARBA, L.R.; NETO, PC.; BERTACO, V.A.; CARVALHO, T.P.; DOS SANTOS, J.F.; ARTIOLI, L.G.S. 2013 Guia de identificação dos peixes da bacia do rio Tramandaí. Porto Alegre: Via Sapiens. 140p.
MI, H.; QIAN, C.; MAO, L. 2013 Quality and biochemical influence of eugenol to anesthetize
crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 22(6): 564í 572.
MOREIRA, A.G.L.; TEIXEIRA, E.G.; CARREIRO, C.R.P.; MOREIRA, R L. 2010 Eficácia do eugenol
extraído da planta Eugenia aromatica como anestésico para realização de biometrias em adultos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 32(4): 419-423.
MOREIRA, A.G.L.; TEIXEIRA, E.G.; MOREIRA, R.L.; FARIAS, W.R.L. 2011 Glicose plasmática em juvenis de tilápia do Nilo anestesiados com óleo de cravo. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção
Animal, 12(3): 794-804.
PÁDUA, S.B.; VENTURA, A.S.; SATAKE, F.;ISHIKAWA, M.M.; HISANO, H.; ROTTA, M.A.; ARANTES, F.C. 2012 Respostas hematológicas em tuvira após anestesia com diferentes concentrações de óleo de cravo. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 38(3): 181-188.
PARK, I.S.; PARK, M.O.; HUR, J.W.; KIM, D.S.; CHANG, Y.J.; KIM, Y.J.; PARK, J.Y.; JOHNSON, S.C. 2009 Anesthetic effects of lidocainehydrochloride on water parameters in simulated transport experiment of juvenile winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus. Aquaculture, 294(1): 76-79.
ROSS, L.G. and ROSS, B. 1999 Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals. 2ª ed. Oxford:Blackwell Science. 190p.
SANTOS SANCHEZ, M.S.; RODRIGUES, R.A.;NUNES, A.L.; DA SILVA OLIVEIRA, A.M.;
FANTINI, L.E.; de CAMPOS, C.M. 2014a Efeito do mentol e eugenol sobre as respostas
fisiológicas do pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 35(4Supl): 2799-2808.
SANTOS SANCHEZ, M.S.; RODRIGUES, R.A.; NUNES, A.L.; DA SILVA OLIVEIRA, A.M.; FANTINI, L.E.; de CAMPOS, C.M. 2014b Respostas fisiológicas de cacharas Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum submetidos a anestésicos naturais. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 35(2): 1061-1070.
SNEDDON, L.U. 2012 Clinical anesthesia and analgesia in fish. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine,
21(1): 32-43.
SUTILI, F.J.; KREUTZ, L.C.; NORO, M.; GRESSLER, L.T.; HEINZMANN, B.M.; de VARGAS, A.C.;
BALDISSEROTTO, B. 2014 The use of eugenol against Aeromonas hydrophila and its effect on
hematological and immunological parameters in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Veterinary
Immunology and Immunopathology, 157(3): 142-148.
VIDAL, L.V.O.; ALBINATI, R.C.B.; ALBINATI, A.C.L.; MECíÅ DO, G.R. 2006 Utilização do eugenol como anestésico para o manejo de juvenis de pintado (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans). Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 28(3): 275-279.
VIDAL, L.V.O.; FURUYA, W.M.; GRACIANO, T.S.; SCHAMBER, C.R.; SANTOS, L.D.; MARTINS, C.
2007 Concentrações de eugenol para anestesia profunda e toxidade aguda em juvenis de
piavuçú (Leporinus macrocephalus). Acta Scientiarum: Biological Sciences, 29(4): 357-362.
XLSTAT 2014 Version 2014.5.01. Copyright Addinsoft 1995-2014.
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