Effect of diet supplementation with trivalent chromium on Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) at different stocking densities. Physiological parameters
Keywords:
cortisol, glycogen, stress, chromium, Piaractus mesopotamicusAbstract
The objective of the work was to evaluate the plasmatic cortisol, glycemic and hepatic glycogen levels in juvenile pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887), fed diet supplemented and not supplemented with trivalent chromium (0, 6, 12, 18 mg of chromium/kg diet) and maintained at two stocking densities (4 and 20 kg/m3). It can be observed that the fish fed diet without supplementation presented higher plasmatic cortisol concentration than that fed supplemented diet, demonstrating an effect anti-stressing. However, there was not observed any effect (P> 0.01) of the chromium and stocking density on the glycemic values. Fifteen days after the beginning of the experiment, a decrease of the hepatic glycogen in the level of 6 mg chromium/kg and its recovering at the 30th day could be observed. Therefore, in the conditions of the present experiment, the diet supplementation with 18 mg chromium/kg is interesting during the first seven days.
References
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PICKFORD, G.E.; SRIVASTAVA, A.K.; SLICHER, A.M.; PANG, P.K.T. 1971c The stress response in the abundance of circulating leucocytes in the Killifish, Fundulus heterocitus. III. The role of the adrenal cortex and a concluding discussion of the leucocyte-stress syndrome. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 177: 109-118.
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ROTLLAND, J.; PAVLIDIS, M.; KENTOURI, M.;ABAD, M.E.; TORT, L. 1997 Non-specific immune responses in the red porgy Pagrus pagrus after crowding stress. Aquaculture, 156:279-290.
ROTLLAND, J. e TORT, L. 1997 Cortisol and glucose response after acute stress by net handling in the sparid red porgy previously to subject crowding stress. J. Fish Biol., 51: 21-28.
SANO, H.; KATO, Y.; TAKEBAYASHI, A.; SHIGA, A. 1999 Effects of supplemental chromium and isolation stress on the tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin in sheep. Small ruminant esearch, 33: 239-246.
SELYE, H. 1950 Stress and general adaptation syndrome. British Medical Journal, 1(4667): 1383-1392.
SHIAU, S. e LIN, S. 1993 Effect of supplemental dietary chromium and vanadium on the utilization of different carbohydrates in tilapia, O. niloticus X O. aureus. Aquaculture, 110:321-330.
TOMASSO, J.R.; DAVIS, K.B.; PARKER, N.C. 1980 Plasma corticosteroid and electrolyte dynamic of hybrid striped bass (white bass x striped bass) during netting and hauling. Journal of World Mariculture Society, 11: 303-310.
TORT, L.; SUNYER, J.O.; GOMEZ, E.; MOLINERO, A. 1996 Crowding stress induces changes in serum hemolytic and agglutinating activity in the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 51: 179-188.
BARTON, B. e IWAMA, G. 1991 Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Review of Fish Disease. p.3-61.
BELO, M.A.A. 2002 Efeito do estresse e da suplementação alimentar com vitamina E sobre a formação de gigantócitos em lamínulas de vidro implantadas no tecido subcutí¢neo de Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887. Jaboticabal. 65p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual Paulista).
BORGHETTI, N.R.B.; OSTRENSKY, A.; BORGHETTI, J.R. 2003 Aqüicultura. Uma visão geral sobre a produção de organismos aquáticos no Brasil e no mundo. Curitiba.
BRUM, C. 2003 A vitamina C favorece a formação de macrófagos policariontes em Piaractus mesopotamiocus Holmberg, 1887 mantido em diferentes densidades. Jaboticabal. 58p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Estadual Paulista).
CARROL, N.V.; LONGLEY, W.; ROE, J.H. 1956 The determination of glycogen in liver and muscle by use of anthrone reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 220: 583-593.
DAVIS, K.B. e PARKER, N.C. 1986 Plasma corticosteroid stress response of fourteen species of warmwater fish to transportation. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 115: 495-499.
EDDY, F.B. 1981 Effects of stress on osmotic and ionic regulation in fish. In: PICKERING, A.D. (Ed.). Stress and Fish. London/New York: Academic Press. p.77-102.
FIGUEIREDO-GARUTTI, M.L. 1996 Carboidrato como fonte de energia e a ação do cromo trivalente e da insulina em pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Pisces, Characidae). Jaboticabal. (Dissertação de mestrado. Universidade Estadual Paulista).
FRYER, J.N. e PETER, R.E. 1977 Hypothalamic control of ACTH secretion in goldfish. III. Hypothalamic cortisol implant studies. General and comparative endocrinology, 33: 215-225
GAZOLA, R.; BORELA, M.I.; DONALDSON, E.M., VAL-SELLA, M.V.; SUKUMASAVIN, N.; FAVAde-MORAES, F.; BERNARDINO, G. 1996 Plasma steroid and corticosteroid levels in female pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus, TeleosteiCharacidae. Brazillian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 29(5): 659-664.
HERTZ, Y.; MADAR, Z.; HEPHER, B.; GERTLER, A. 1989 Glucose metabolism in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio): the effects of cobalt and chromium. Aquaculture, 76: 255-267.
KING, E.J. e GARNER, R.J. 1947 Colorimetric determination of glucose. J. Chem. Pathol., 1:30-33.
MAZEAU, M.M. e MAZEAU, F. 1981 Adrenergic response to stress in fish. In: PICKERING, A.D. (Ed.). Stress and Fish. London/New York: Academic Press. p.49-75.
MAZEAUD, M.M.; MAZEAUD, F.; DONALDSON, E.M. 1977 Primary and secondary effects of stress in fish: Some new data with a general review. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 106(3): 201-212.
MERTZ, W. e ROGINSKI, E.E. 1969 Effect of chromium III supplementation on growth and survival under stress in rats feed low-protein diets. Journal of Nutrition, 97: 531-536.
MONTERO, D.; MARRERO, M.; IZQUIERDO, M.S.;ROBAINA, L.; VERGARA, J.M.; TORT, L. 1999 Effects of vitamin E and C dietary supplementation on some immune parameters of gilthead seabream (S. aurata) juveniles subject to crowding stress. Aquaculture, 171: 269-278.
MOWAT, D.N. 1997 Organic chromium in animal nutrition. Chromium books. Ontario: Guelph. NON BURG, R. e LIU, D. 1993 Toxicology update: Chromium and hexavalent chromium. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 13(3): 225-230.
PICKFORD, G.E.; SRIVASTAVA, A.K.; SLICHER,A.M.; PANG, P.K.T. 1971a The stress response in the abundance of circulating leucocytes in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. I. The cold-shock sequence and the effects of
hypophysectomy. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 177: 89-96.
PICKFORD, G.E.; SRIVASTAVA, A.K.; SLICHER, A.M.; PANG, P.K.T. 1971b The stress response in the abundance of circulating leucocytes in the Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. II. The role of catecholamine. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 177: 97-108.
PICKFORD, G.E.; SRIVASTAVA, A.K.; SLICHER, A.M.; PANG, P.K.T. 1971c The stress response in the abundance of circulating leucocytes in the Killifish, Fundulus heterocitus. III. The role of the adrenal cortex and a concluding discussion of the leucocyte-stress syndrome. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 177: 109-118.
ROBERTSON, L.; THOMAS, P.; ARNOLD, C.R.; TRANT, J.M. 1987 Plasma cortisol and secondary stress responses of red drum to handling transport, rearing density, and a disease outbreak. Progress of Fish Culture, 49: 1-12.
ROTLLAND, J.; PAVLIDIS, M.; KENTOURI, M.;ABAD, M.E.; TORT, L. 1997 Non-specific immune responses in the red porgy Pagrus pagrus after crowding stress. Aquaculture, 156:279-290.
ROTLLAND, J. e TORT, L. 1997 Cortisol and glucose response after acute stress by net handling in the sparid red porgy previously to subject crowding stress. J. Fish Biol., 51: 21-28.
SANO, H.; KATO, Y.; TAKEBAYASHI, A.; SHIGA, A. 1999 Effects of supplemental chromium and isolation stress on the tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin in sheep. Small ruminant esearch, 33: 239-246.
SELYE, H. 1950 Stress and general adaptation syndrome. British Medical Journal, 1(4667): 1383-1392.
SHIAU, S. e LIN, S. 1993 Effect of supplemental dietary chromium and vanadium on the utilization of different carbohydrates in tilapia, O. niloticus X O. aureus. Aquaculture, 110:321-330.
TOMASSO, J.R.; DAVIS, K.B.; PARKER, N.C. 1980 Plasma corticosteroid and electrolyte dynamic of hybrid striped bass (white bass x striped bass) during netting and hauling. Journal of World Mariculture Society, 11: 303-310.
TORT, L.; SUNYER, J.O.; GOMEZ, E.; MOLINERO, A. 1996 Crowding stress induces changes in serum hemolytic and agglutinating activity in the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 51: 179-188.
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2018-10-29
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