Produção de alface (Lactuca sativa) em efluentes de um cultivo de tilápias mantidas em sistema BFT em baixa salinidade
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017v43n4p614Palavras-chave:
aquicultura sustentável, integração de culturas, água salobra, aquaponia, sistema de recirculação aquícola (SRA)Resumo
No presente experimento verificou-se o efeito da salinidade no desempenho produtivo de diferentes cultivares de alface (Lactuca sativa) em um sistema de aquaponia utilizando a tecnologia de bioflocos. O experimento consistiu de dois sistemas independentes com duas salinidades: 0 ppt (DOCE) e 3 ppt (SAL). Foram estocados juvenis de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) em biomassa relativa de 6,1 kg m-3, e nas bancadas hidropônicas (tipo floating) foram mantidas três variedades de alface: roxa, lisa e crespa, na densidade de 20 plantas m-2. Os parí¢metros zootécnicos dos peixes não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos, exceto o índice hepatossomático, que foi mais elevado em 3 ppt (4,35%) quando comparado ao registrado em 0 ppt (3,07%) (P<0,05). De maneira geral, a produtividade das variedades de alface foi superior em água doce (1,21 kg m-2) em relação í água salobra (0,8 kg m-2) (P<0,05). Considerando a maioria dos parí¢metros fito-técnicos avaliados, os valores apresentados pela variedade roxa foram superiores aos registrados para as variedades lisa e crespa. Já no tocante ao índice de qualidade de plantas (IQP), a variedade roxa em água salobra foi a que apresentou as melhores notas, com folhas mais íntegras e coloração mais intensa. Os resultados demonstraram que é possível integrar a criação de tilápia com a produção de alface roxa em sistemas de aquaponia com tecnologia de bioflocos e baixa salinidade.
Referências
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ALT, D. 1980 Changes in the composition of the nutrient solution during plant growthâ€" an important factor in soilless culture. Fifth International Congress on Soilless Culture. Proceedings of a Conference, Wageningen, The Netherland, p. 97í 109.
AL-HAFEDH, Y.S.; ALAM, A.; BELTAGI, M.S. 2008 Food production and water conservation in a
recirculating aquaponic system in Saudi Arabia at different ratios of fish feed to plants. Journal of
the world aquaculture society, 39(4): 510-520.
AVNIMELECH, Y.; ZOHAR, G. 1986 The effect of local anaerobic conditions on growth retardation
in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 58(3-4):167-174.
AVNIMELECH, Y. 2012 Biofloc Technology -A Practical Guide Book. 2ª ed. The World Aquaculture
Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States. Disponível em: <https://cals.arizona.edu/
azaqua/ista/ISTA9/PDF's/Yoram-BFT%20 Brief%20Summary%205.3.11.pdf>. Acesso em: 18 nov. 2016.
AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT, D.W. 1999 A qualidade da água na agricultura. Campina Grande: Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 153p.
AZIM, M.E.; LITTLE, D.C. 2008 The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality,
biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture,
283(1): 29í 35.
BARBIERI, E.; MARQUEZ, H.L.A.; CAMPOLIM, M.B.; SALVARANI, P.I. 2014 Avaliação dos Impactos ambientais e socioeconômicos da aquicultura na região estuarina-lagunar de Cananéia, São Paulo, Brasil. Revista da Gestão Costeira Integrada, 14(3): 385-398.
BOYD, C.E. 2003 Guidelines for aquaculture effluent management at the farm-level. Aquaculture,
226(1): 101-112.
BOYD, C.E.; TUCKER, C.S. 1992 Water quality in ponds for aquaculture. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, 188 p.
COLLAí"¡O, F.L.; SANTOR, S.M.; BARBIERI, E. 2015 Cultivo de Bijupirá (Rachycentron canadum) em
Cananeia, SP, Brasil. Avaliação da viabilidade utilizando geoprocessamento. Revista da Gestão
Costeira Integrada, 15(2): 277-289.
DECAMP, O.; CODY, J.; CONQUEST, L.; DELANOY, G.; TACON, A. G. 2003 Effect of salinity on
natural community and production of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), within experimental zero-water exchange culture systems. Aquaculture Research, 34(4): 345-355.
DEDIU, L.; CRISTEA, V.; XIAOSHUAN, Z. 2012 Waste production and valorization in an integrated aquaponic system with bester and lettuce. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(9): 2349-2358.
DIVER, S. Aquaponics - Integration of Hydroponics with Aquaculture. 2006 ATTRA National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. National Center for Appropriate Technology, 28p. Disponível em: <https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/download. php?id=56>. Acesso em: 18 nov. 2016.
DOUGLAS, J.S. 1985 Advanced guide to hydroponics. Pelham Books. 368p.
EBELING, J.M.; TIMMONS, M.B.; BISOGNI, J.J.2006 Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of
photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammoniaí nitrogen in aquaculture
systems. Aquaculture, 257(1): 346-358.
EDING, E.H.; KAMSTRA, A.; VERRETH, J.A.J.;HUISMAN, E. A.; KLAPWIJK, A. 2006 Design and operation of nitrifying trickling filters in recirculating aquaculture: a review. Aquacultural Engineering, 34(3): 234-260.
EMERENCIANO, M.G.C.; GAXIOLA, G.; CUZON, G. 2013 Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Review
for Aquaculture Application and Animal Food Industry. In: Biomass Now - Cultivation and
Utilization, InTech. p. 301-328. Disponível em: <http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/44409/
intech-biofloc_technology_bft_a_review_for_aquaculture_application_and_animal_food_
industry.pdf>. Acesso em: 18 dez. 2016.
GRABER, A.; JUNGE, R. 2009 Aquaponic Systems: Nutrient recycling from fish wastewater by
vegetable production. Desalination, 246(1): 147-156.
GíÅ“NER, Y.; í–ZDEN, O.; í"¡AÄžIRGAN, H.; ALTUNOK, M.; KIZAK, V. 2006 Effects of salinity on the osmoregulatory functions of the gills in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Turkish Journal
of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 29(6): 1259-1266.
HAMLIN, H.J. 2006 Nitrate toxicity in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). Aquaculture, 253(1):
688í 693.
HARGREAVES, J.A. 2006 Photosynthetic suspendedgrowth systems in aquaculture. Aquacultural
Engineering, 34(3): 344-363.
HARGREAVES, J.A. 2013 Biofloc production systems for aquaculture. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, 11p. Disponível em: <http://2kjj1d3odhc3296co7jhe511.wpengine. netdna-cdn.com/files/2013/09/SRACPublication-No.-4503-Biofloc-ProductionSystems-for-quaculture.pdf>. Acesso em: 14 dez. 2016.
HU, Z.; LEE, J.W.; CHANDRAN, K.; KIM, S.; BROTTO, A.C.; KHANAL, S.K. 2015 Effect of plant species on nitrogen recovery in aquaponics. Bioresource Technology, 188(1): 92-98.
HUTCHINSON, W.; JEFFREY, M.; O’SULLIVAN, D.; CASAMENT, D.; CLARKE, S. 2004 Recirculating
Aquaculture Systems: Minimum Standards for Design, Construction and Management. Inland
Aquaculture Association of South Australia Inc. 66p. Disponível em: <www.epa.sa.gov.au/
files/477398_inland_aquaculture.pdf>. Acesso em 12 nov. 2016.
IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Produção da Pecuária Municipal. Brasil. 2015, vol nº 43. Disponível em: http://biblioteca.ibge.gov. br/visualizacao/periodicos/84/ppm_2015_v43_
br.pdf Acesso em: 05 mar. 2017.
JAAP, V.R. 1995 The potential for integrated biological treatment systems in recirculating fish
culture - A review. Aquaculture, 139(3-4): 181-201.
LENNARD, W. 2012 Aquaponic System Design Parameters: Fish to Plant Ratios (Feeding Rate
Ratios). Aquaponics solution. Disponível em: <https://www.aquaponic.com.au/Fish%20
to%20plant%20ratios.pdf>. Acesso em: 18 dez. 2016.
MOYA. E.A.E.; SAHAGíÅ¡N, C.A.A.; CARILLO, J.M.M.; ALPUCHE, P.J.A.; ÁLVAREZGONZÁLEZ, C.A.; MARTÍNEZ-YÁí"˜EZ, R. 2014 Herbaceous plants as part of biological filter for aquaponics system. Aquaculture Research, 47(6):1716-1726.
NATORI, M. M.; SUSSEL, F. R.; SANTOS, E. D.; PREVIERO, T. D. C.; VIEGAS, E. M. M.; GAMEIRO, A. H. 2011 Desenvolvimento da carcinicultura marinha no Brasil e no mundo: avanços tecnológicos e desafios. Informações Econômicas, 41(2): 61-73.
PANTANELLA, E. 2008 Pond aquaponics: new pathways to sustainable integrated aquaculture
and agriculture. Aquaculture News. [online] URL: <http://www-aqua.stir.ac.uk/public/
aquanews/downloads/issue_34/34p10_11.pdf>. Acesso em 13 out. 2016.
PAULUS, D.; DOURADO NETO, D.; FRIZZONE, J.A.; SOARES, T.M. 2010 Produção e indicadores
fisiológicos de alface sob hidroponia com água salina. Horticultura Brasileira, 28(1): 29-35.
PINHO, S.M.; MOLINARI, D.; MELLO, G. L.; FITZSIMMONS, K. M.; EMERENCIANO, M. G. C. 2017 Effluent from a biofloc technology (BFT) tilapia culture on the aquaponics production of different lettuce varieties. Ecological Engineering, 103(1): 146-153.
RAKOCY, J. E. 2002 An integrated fish and field crop system for arid areas. In: Ecological aquaculture: the evolution of the blue revolution, p. 263-285.
RAKOCY, J.E.; HARGREAVES, J.A.; BAILEY, D.S. 1993 Nutrient accumulation in a recirculation
aquaculture system integrated with vegetable hydroponics. In: Wang, J.K. (Ed.), Techniques for
Modern Aquaculture, p. 148í 158.
RAKOCY, J.E.; MASSER, M.P.; LOSORDO, T.M. 2006 Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production
Systems: Aquaponics-Integrating Fish and Plant Culture. SRAC Publication. Disponível em: <
http://www2.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/454fs.pdf>. Acesso em 11 dez 2016.
RAKOCY, J. E. 2007 Ten guidelines for aquaponic systems. Aquaponics Journal, 1: 14-17. Disponível
em: http://santarosa.ifas.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Aquaponics-Journal-10-Guidelines.pdf. Acesso em: 11 dez. 2016.
RAKOCY, J.E.; BAILEY D.S.; SHULTZ, R.C.; DANAHER, J.J. A 2011 Commercial-Scale Aquaponic System Developed at the University of the Virgin Islands. Agricultural Experiment Station University of the Virgin Islands. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, p. 336í 443.
RESH, H.M. 2012 Hydroponic food production: a definitive guidebook for the advanced home gardener and the commercial hydroponic grower. 7th ed. CRC Press, 513p.
RODRIGUES, L.R.F. 2002 Cultivo pela técnica de hidroponia: técnicas de cultivo hidropônico e de
controle ambiental no manejo de pragas, doenças e nutrição vegetal em ambiente protegido. Jaboticabal: FUNEP. 726p.
ROOSTA, H.R.; HAMIDPOUR, M. 2011 Effects of foliar application of some macro-and icronutrients on tomato plants in aquaponic and hydroponic systems. Scientia Horticulturae, 129(3):396-402.
SCHNEIDER, O.; SERETI, V.; EDING, E.H.; VERRETH, J. A. J. 2005 Analysis of nutrient flows
in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering, 32(3): 379-401.
SOARES, T.M. 2007 Utilização de águas salobras no cultivo da alface em sistema hidropônico NFT como alternativa agrícola condizente ao semi-árido brasileiro, Piracicaba, Brasil. 267f. (Tese de Doutorado. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz). Disponível em: <http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-29112007-093534/en.php>. Acesso em: 08 Dez. 2016.
TIMMONS, M.B; EBELING, J.M. 2010 Recirculating aquaculture. 3rd ed. NRAC Publication Cayuga
Aqua Ventures, Ithaca, NY, 975p.
TYSON, R.V.; SIMONNE, E.H.; WHITE, J.M.; LAMB, E.M. 2004 Reconciling water quality parameters
impacting nitrification in aquaponics: the pH levels. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural
Society, 117(1): 79-83.
ALT, D. 1980 Changes in the composition of the nutrient solution during plant growthâ€" an important factor in soilless culture. Fifth International Congress on Soilless Culture. Proceedings of a Conference, Wageningen, The Netherland, p. 97í 109.
AL-HAFEDH, Y.S.; ALAM, A.; BELTAGI, M.S. 2008 Food production and water conservation in a
recirculating aquaponic system in Saudi Arabia at different ratios of fish feed to plants. Journal of
the world aquaculture society, 39(4): 510-520.
AVNIMELECH, Y.; ZOHAR, G. 1986 The effect of local anaerobic conditions on growth retardation
in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 58(3-4):167-174.
AVNIMELECH, Y. 2012 Biofloc Technology -A Practical Guide Book. 2ª ed. The World Aquaculture
Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States. Disponível em: <https://cals.arizona.edu/
azaqua/ista/ISTA9/PDF's/Yoram-BFT%20 Brief%20Summary%205.3.11.pdf>. Acesso em: 18 nov. 2016.
AYERS, R.S.; WESTCOT, D.W. 1999 A qualidade da água na agricultura. Campina Grande: Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 153p.
AZIM, M.E.; LITTLE, D.C. 2008 The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: Water quality,
biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture,
283(1): 29í 35.
BARBIERI, E.; MARQUEZ, H.L.A.; CAMPOLIM, M.B.; SALVARANI, P.I. 2014 Avaliação dos Impactos ambientais e socioeconômicos da aquicultura na região estuarina-lagunar de Cananéia, São Paulo, Brasil. Revista da Gestão Costeira Integrada, 14(3): 385-398.
BOYD, C.E. 2003 Guidelines for aquaculture effluent management at the farm-level. Aquaculture,
226(1): 101-112.
BOYD, C.E.; TUCKER, C.S. 1992 Water quality in ponds for aquaculture. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, 188 p.
COLLAí"¡O, F.L.; SANTOR, S.M.; BARBIERI, E. 2015 Cultivo de Bijupirá (Rachycentron canadum) em
Cananeia, SP, Brasil. Avaliação da viabilidade utilizando geoprocessamento. Revista da Gestão
Costeira Integrada, 15(2): 277-289.
DECAMP, O.; CODY, J.; CONQUEST, L.; DELANOY, G.; TACON, A. G. 2003 Effect of salinity on
natural community and production of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), within experimental zero-water exchange culture systems. Aquaculture Research, 34(4): 345-355.
DEDIU, L.; CRISTEA, V.; XIAOSHUAN, Z. 2012 Waste production and valorization in an integrated aquaponic system with bester and lettuce. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(9): 2349-2358.
DIVER, S. Aquaponics - Integration of Hydroponics with Aquaculture. 2006 ATTRA National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. National Center for Appropriate Technology, 28p. Disponível em: <https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/download. php?id=56>. Acesso em: 18 nov. 2016.
DOUGLAS, J.S. 1985 Advanced guide to hydroponics. Pelham Books. 368p.
EBELING, J.M.; TIMMONS, M.B.; BISOGNI, J.J.2006 Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of
photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammoniaí nitrogen in aquaculture
systems. Aquaculture, 257(1): 346-358.
EDING, E.H.; KAMSTRA, A.; VERRETH, J.A.J.;HUISMAN, E. A.; KLAPWIJK, A. 2006 Design and operation of nitrifying trickling filters in recirculating aquaculture: a review. Aquacultural Engineering, 34(3): 234-260.
EMERENCIANO, M.G.C.; GAXIOLA, G.; CUZON, G. 2013 Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Review
for Aquaculture Application and Animal Food Industry. In: Biomass Now - Cultivation and
Utilization, InTech. p. 301-328. Disponível em: <http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/44409/
intech-biofloc_technology_bft_a_review_for_aquaculture_application_and_animal_food_
industry.pdf>. Acesso em: 18 dez. 2016.
GRABER, A.; JUNGE, R. 2009 Aquaponic Systems: Nutrient recycling from fish wastewater by
vegetable production. Desalination, 246(1): 147-156.
GíÅ“NER, Y.; í–ZDEN, O.; í"¡AÄžIRGAN, H.; ALTUNOK, M.; KIZAK, V. 2006 Effects of salinity on the osmoregulatory functions of the gills in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Turkish Journal
of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 29(6): 1259-1266.
HAMLIN, H.J. 2006 Nitrate toxicity in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). Aquaculture, 253(1):
688í 693.
HARGREAVES, J.A. 2006 Photosynthetic suspendedgrowth systems in aquaculture. Aquacultural
Engineering, 34(3): 344-363.
HARGREAVES, J.A. 2013 Biofloc production systems for aquaculture. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, 11p. Disponível em: <http://2kjj1d3odhc3296co7jhe511.wpengine. netdna-cdn.com/files/2013/09/SRACPublication-No.-4503-Biofloc-ProductionSystems-for-quaculture.pdf>. Acesso em: 14 dez. 2016.
HU, Z.; LEE, J.W.; CHANDRAN, K.; KIM, S.; BROTTO, A.C.; KHANAL, S.K. 2015 Effect of plant species on nitrogen recovery in aquaponics. Bioresource Technology, 188(1): 92-98.
HUTCHINSON, W.; JEFFREY, M.; O’SULLIVAN, D.; CASAMENT, D.; CLARKE, S. 2004 Recirculating
Aquaculture Systems: Minimum Standards for Design, Construction and Management. Inland
Aquaculture Association of South Australia Inc. 66p. Disponível em: <www.epa.sa.gov.au/
files/477398_inland_aquaculture.pdf>. Acesso em 12 nov. 2016.
IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Produção da Pecuária Municipal. Brasil. 2015, vol nº 43. Disponível em: http://biblioteca.ibge.gov. br/visualizacao/periodicos/84/ppm_2015_v43_
br.pdf Acesso em: 05 mar. 2017.
JAAP, V.R. 1995 The potential for integrated biological treatment systems in recirculating fish
culture - A review. Aquaculture, 139(3-4): 181-201.
LENNARD, W. 2012 Aquaponic System Design Parameters: Fish to Plant Ratios (Feeding Rate
Ratios). Aquaponics solution. Disponível em: <https://www.aquaponic.com.au/Fish%20
to%20plant%20ratios.pdf>. Acesso em: 18 dez. 2016.
MOYA. E.A.E.; SAHAGíÅ¡N, C.A.A.; CARILLO, J.M.M.; ALPUCHE, P.J.A.; ÁLVAREZGONZÁLEZ, C.A.; MARTÍNEZ-YÁí"˜EZ, R. 2014 Herbaceous plants as part of biological filter for aquaponics system. Aquaculture Research, 47(6):1716-1726.
NATORI, M. M.; SUSSEL, F. R.; SANTOS, E. D.; PREVIERO, T. D. C.; VIEGAS, E. M. M.; GAMEIRO, A. H. 2011 Desenvolvimento da carcinicultura marinha no Brasil e no mundo: avanços tecnológicos e desafios. Informações Econômicas, 41(2): 61-73.
PANTANELLA, E. 2008 Pond aquaponics: new pathways to sustainable integrated aquaculture
and agriculture. Aquaculture News. [online] URL: <http://www-aqua.stir.ac.uk/public/
aquanews/downloads/issue_34/34p10_11.pdf>. Acesso em 13 out. 2016.
PAULUS, D.; DOURADO NETO, D.; FRIZZONE, J.A.; SOARES, T.M. 2010 Produção e indicadores
fisiológicos de alface sob hidroponia com água salina. Horticultura Brasileira, 28(1): 29-35.
PINHO, S.M.; MOLINARI, D.; MELLO, G. L.; FITZSIMMONS, K. M.; EMERENCIANO, M. G. C. 2017 Effluent from a biofloc technology (BFT) tilapia culture on the aquaponics production of different lettuce varieties. Ecological Engineering, 103(1): 146-153.
RAKOCY, J. E. 2002 An integrated fish and field crop system for arid areas. In: Ecological aquaculture: the evolution of the blue revolution, p. 263-285.
RAKOCY, J.E.; HARGREAVES, J.A.; BAILEY, D.S. 1993 Nutrient accumulation in a recirculation
aquaculture system integrated with vegetable hydroponics. In: Wang, J.K. (Ed.), Techniques for
Modern Aquaculture, p. 148í 158.
RAKOCY, J.E.; MASSER, M.P.; LOSORDO, T.M. 2006 Recirculating Aquaculture Tank Production
Systems: Aquaponics-Integrating Fish and Plant Culture. SRAC Publication. Disponível em: <
http://www2.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/454fs.pdf>. Acesso em 11 dez 2016.
RAKOCY, J. E. 2007 Ten guidelines for aquaponic systems. Aquaponics Journal, 1: 14-17. Disponível
em: http://santarosa.ifas.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Aquaponics-Journal-10-Guidelines.pdf. Acesso em: 11 dez. 2016.
RAKOCY, J.E.; BAILEY D.S.; SHULTZ, R.C.; DANAHER, J.J. A 2011 Commercial-Scale Aquaponic System Developed at the University of the Virgin Islands. Agricultural Experiment Station University of the Virgin Islands. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, p. 336í 443.
RESH, H.M. 2012 Hydroponic food production: a definitive guidebook for the advanced home gardener and the commercial hydroponic grower. 7th ed. CRC Press, 513p.
RODRIGUES, L.R.F. 2002 Cultivo pela técnica de hidroponia: técnicas de cultivo hidropônico e de
controle ambiental no manejo de pragas, doenças e nutrição vegetal em ambiente protegido. Jaboticabal: FUNEP. 726p.
ROOSTA, H.R.; HAMIDPOUR, M. 2011 Effects of foliar application of some macro-and icronutrients on tomato plants in aquaponic and hydroponic systems. Scientia Horticulturae, 129(3):396-402.
SCHNEIDER, O.; SERETI, V.; EDING, E.H.; VERRETH, J. A. J. 2005 Analysis of nutrient flows
in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. Aquacultural Engineering, 32(3): 379-401.
SOARES, T.M. 2007 Utilização de águas salobras no cultivo da alface em sistema hidropônico NFT como alternativa agrícola condizente ao semi-árido brasileiro, Piracicaba, Brasil. 267f. (Tese de Doutorado. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz). Disponível em: <http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-29112007-093534/en.php>. Acesso em: 08 Dez. 2016.
TIMMONS, M.B; EBELING, J.M. 2010 Recirculating aquaculture. 3rd ed. NRAC Publication Cayuga
Aqua Ventures, Ithaca, NY, 975p.
TYSON, R.V.; SIMONNE, E.H.; WHITE, J.M.; LAMB, E.M. 2004 Reconciling water quality parameters
impacting nitrification in aquaponics: the pH levels. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural
Society, 117(1): 79-83.
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2017-12-15
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Nota científica (Short Communication)
