HÁBITO ALIMENTAR DO BEIJUPIRÁ EM PERNAMBUCO, NORDESTE DO BRASIL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2019.45.1.379Palavras-chave:
Rachycentridae, estratégia alimentar, composição da dieta, conteúdo estomacal, predador carnívoroResumo
O hábito alimentar do beijupirá, Rachycentron canadum, foi descrito ao longo da costa do Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram capturados 110 exemplares entre fevereiro/2004 e agosto/2006, com comprimento furcal ou zoológico variando entre 40,0 e 137,0 cm (média e desvio padrão: 85,8±18,0 cm) e peso total entre 0,4 e 29,8 kg (7,5±4,4 kg). Foi avaliada a importí¢ncia de cada item alimentar na dieta utilizando o índice de importí¢ncia relativa (IIR). Dentre os 110 estômagos analisados (52 fêmeas e 58 machos), 92 (83,6%) com algum item alimentar e 18 (16,4%) vazios. Os peixes ósseos foram os principais itens consumidos na dieta alimentar (IIR = 98,7%), entre os quais a mariquita (Holocentrus adscensionis) e o baiacu (Diodon sp.) foram as presas mais consumidas (IIR = 30,7% e 8,2%, respectivamente). A dieta foi composta, ainda, por elasmobrí¢nquios, crustáceos e cefalópodes (IIR <1% cada). Não foram encontradas diferenças na dieta entre os sexos e classes de tamanho (< ou â"°¥ 69,8 cm de comprimento furcal, L50 estimado para a espécie). Os dados analisados demonstram que, na costa de Pernambuco, o beijupirá é um predador carnívoro com preferência por peixes ósseos demersais, independente do tamanho e sexo dos indivíduos analisados.
Referências
Arendt, M.D.; Olney, J.E.; Lucy, J.A. 2001. Stomach content analysis of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, from lower Chesapeake Bay. Fishery Bulletin, 99(4): 665í 670.
Arnold, C.R.; Kaiser, J.B.; Holt, G.J. 2002. Spawning of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in captivity. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 33(2): 205-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00496.x
Barbieri, E.; Doi, S. A. 2012. Acute toxicity of ammonia on juvenile Cobia (Rachycentron canadum, Linnaeus, 1766) according to the salinity. Aquaculture International, 20(2): 373-382.
Benetti, D.D.; Orhun, M.R.; Sardenberg, B.; O’Hanlon, B.; Welch, A.; Hoenig, R.; Zink, I.; Rivera, J.A.; Denlinger, B.; Bacoat, D.; Palmer, K.; Cavalin, F. 2008. Advances in hatchery and grow-out technology of cobia Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus). Aquaculture Research, 39(7): 701-711. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01922.x
Bizarrro, J.J.; Robinson, H.J.; Rinewalt, C.S.; Ebert, D.A. 2007. Comparative feeding ecology of four sympatric skate species off central California, USA. Environmental Biology Fishes, 80(2/3): 197-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-007-9241-6
Brasil, 2008. Estatística da pesca - 2007 - Brasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, IBAMA Coordenação-Geral de Gestão de Recursos Pesqueiros. Brasília.
Brasil, 2013. Boletim estatístico da Pesca e Aquicultura í Brasil 2011. Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura. Brasília.
Carpenter, K.E. 2002a. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. Rome: FAO. 600p.
Carpenter, K.E. 2002b. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 2: Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. Rome: FAO. 774p.
Carpenter, K.E. 2002c. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. Rome: FAO. 753p.
Carvalho Filho, A. 1999. Peixes da Costa brasileira. 3ª ed. São Paulo: Melro. 316p.
Cortés, E. 1997. A critical review of methods of studying fish feeding based on analysis of stomach contents: application to elasmobranch fishes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54(3): 726-738. https://doi.org/10.1139/f96-316
Costa-Bomfim, C.N.; Pessoa, W.V.N.; Oliveira, R.L.M.; Farias, J.L.; Domingues, E.C.; Hamilton, S.; Cavalli, R.O. 2014. The effect of feeding frequency on growth performance of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 30(1): 135-139. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12339
Coxey, M.S. 2008. Biological Diversity and Community Structure in Vessel Reefs in the Coast of Recife (PE) - Brazil. Faro. 138p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade do Algarve). Disponível em: <https://sapientia.ualg.pt/handle/10400.1/7115> Acesso em: 18 jul. 2017.
Danilowicz, B.S.; Sale, P.F. 1999. Relative intensity of predation on the french grunt, Haemulon avolineatum, during diurnal, dusk, and nocturnal periods on a coral reef. Marine Biology, 133 (2): 337-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050472
Darracott, A. 1977. Availability, morphometrics, feeding and breeding activity in a multispecies, demersal fish stock of the western Indian Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 10(1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1977.tb04036.x
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2016. FishStatJ: Universal software for fishery statistical time series. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Statistic and Information Service.
Felix, F.C.; Hackradt, C.W. 2008. Interaction between Rachycentron canadum and Epinephelus itajara, on the Paraná Coast, Brasil. Coral Reefs, 27(3): 633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-008-0367-6
Ferry, L.A.; Cailliet, G.M. 1996. Sample size and data analysis: are we characterizing and comparing diet properly? In: Mackinlay, D.; Shearer, K. Feeding ecology and nutrition in fish - Symposium Proceedings. San Francisco: International Congress on the Biology of Fishes. p. 71-80.
Figueiredo, J.L.; Menezes, N.A. 1980. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. III Teleostei (2). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo. 90p.
Franks, J.S.; Garber, N.M.; Warren, J.R. 1996. Stomach contents of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin, 94(2): 374-380.
Franks, J.S.; Ogle, J.T.; Lotz, J.M.; Nicholson, L.C.; Barnes, D.N.; Larsen, K.M. 2001. Spontaneous spawning of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), with comments on fertilization, hatching, and larval development. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 52: 598-609.
Fry, G.C.; Griffiths, S.P. 2010. Population dynamics and stock status of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, caught in Australian recreational and commercial coastal fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 17(3): 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00712.x
Gomes, U.L.; Rosa, R.S.; Gadig, O.B.F. 2000. Dasyatis macrophthalma sp.n.: A new species of stingray (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Copeia, 2000(2): 510-515. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0510:DMSNAN]2.0.CO;2
Greenfield, D.W. 1981. Holocentridae. In: Fischer, W.; Bianchi, G.; Scott, W.B. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Central Atlantic, fishing areas Vol. 2: 34, 47 (in part). Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and FAO.
Humann, P.; Deloach, N. 2002. Reef fish identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. Florida: New World Publication. 481p.
Juanes, F.; Conover, D.O. 1994. Piscivory and prey size selection in young-of-the-year bluefish: predator preference or size-dependent capture success? Marine Ecology Progress Series, 114: 59-69.
Knapp, F.T. 1951. Food habits of the sergeantfish, Rachycentron canadus. Copeia, 1951(1): 101-102.
Liao, I.C.; Leaí±o, E.M. 2007. Cobia aquaculture: research, development and commercial production. Taiwan: Asian Fisheries Society. 179p.
Lopes, P.R.D.; Oliveira-Silva, J.T.; Sena, M.P. 2001. Ocorrência de Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) (Actinopterygii: Rachycentridae) na Baía de Todos os Santos, Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Sitientibus Série Ciências Biológicas, 1(1): 56-59.
Lotz, J.M.; Overstreet, R.M.; Franks, J.S. 1996. Gonadal maturation in the cobia, Rachycentron canadum, from the north-central Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Research Reports, 9(3): 147-159. https://doi.org/10.18785/grr.0903.01
Lucena, F.M.; Vaske Jr, T.; Ellis, J.R.; O'Brien, C.M. 2000. Seasonal variation in the diets of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Pomatomidae) and striped weakfish, Cynoscion guatucupa (Scianidae) in southern Brazil: implications of food partitioning. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57(4): 423-434. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007604424423
Meyer, G.H.; Franks, J.S. 1996. Food of cobia Rachycentron canadum from the northcentral Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Research Reports, 9(3): 161-167. https://doi.org/10.18785/grr.0903.02
Milmann, L.; Danilewicz, D.; Machado, R.; Santos, R.A.; Ott, P.H. 2016. Feeding ecology of the common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, in southern Brazil: analyzing its prey and the potential overlap with fisheries. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 64(4): 415-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592016116406404.
Peregrino Jr, R.B.; Hamilton, S.; Domingues, E.C.; Manzella Jr, J.C.; Hazin, F.H.V.; Cavalli, R.O. 2014. Desempenho reprodutivo do beijupirá (Rachycentron canadum) capturado no litoral de Pernambuco. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 66(3): 681-687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-41625794
Pinkas, L.; Oliphant, M.S.; Iverson, I.L.K. 1971. Food habits of Albacore, Bluefin tuna and Bonito in California Waters. Fish Bulletin, 152: 1-105.
Randall, J.E. 1967. Food habits of reef fishes of West Indies. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 5: 665-847.
Rocha, L.A.; Rosa, I.L.; Rosa, R.S. 1998. Peixes recifais da costa da Paraíba, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 15(2): 553-566.
Rohit, P.; Bhat, U.S. 2012. Fishery and diet composition of the cobia Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) exploited along Karnataka coast. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 59(4): 61-65.
Schoener, T.W. 1968. The anolis lizards of Bimini: resources partitioning in a Complex fauna. Ecology, 49(4): 704-726. https://doi.org/10.2307/1935534
Shaffer, R.V.; Nakamura, E.L. 1989. Synopsis of biological data on the cobia Rachycentron canadum (Pisces: Rachycentridae). FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 153. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report. 25p.
Smith, J.W. 1995. Life history of cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Osteichthyes: Rachycentridae), in North Carolina Waters. Brimleyana, 23: 1-23.
Smith, J.W.; Merriner, J.V. 1982. Association of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, with cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus. Estuaries, 5(3): 240-242. https://doi.org/10.2307/1351842
Stagg, C.; Whilden, M. 1997. The history of Chesapeake Bay's blue crab (Callinectes sapidus): fisheries and management. Investigaciones Marinas, 25(1): 93-104. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-71781997002500007
Velde, T.D.; Griffiths, S.P.; Fry, G.C. 2010. Reproductive biology of the commercially and recreationally important cobia Rachycentron canadum in northeastern Australia. Fishery Science, 76(1): 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-009-0177-y
Wallace, R.K.; Ramsey, J.S. 1983. Reliability in measuring diet overlap. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40(3): 347-351. https://doi.org/10.1139/f83-050
Zavala-Camin, L.A. 1996. Introdução aos estudos sobre alimentação natural em peixes. Maringá: EDUEM. 129p.
Arnold, C.R.; Kaiser, J.B.; Holt, G.J. 2002. Spawning of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in captivity. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 33(2): 205-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00496.x
Barbieri, E.; Doi, S. A. 2012. Acute toxicity of ammonia on juvenile Cobia (Rachycentron canadum, Linnaeus, 1766) according to the salinity. Aquaculture International, 20(2): 373-382.
Benetti, D.D.; Orhun, M.R.; Sardenberg, B.; O’Hanlon, B.; Welch, A.; Hoenig, R.; Zink, I.; Rivera, J.A.; Denlinger, B.; Bacoat, D.; Palmer, K.; Cavalin, F. 2008. Advances in hatchery and grow-out technology of cobia Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus). Aquaculture Research, 39(7): 701-711. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01922.x
Bizarrro, J.J.; Robinson, H.J.; Rinewalt, C.S.; Ebert, D.A. 2007. Comparative feeding ecology of four sympatric skate species off central California, USA. Environmental Biology Fishes, 80(2/3): 197-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-007-9241-6
Brasil, 2008. Estatística da pesca - 2007 - Brasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, IBAMA Coordenação-Geral de Gestão de Recursos Pesqueiros. Brasília.
Brasil, 2013. Boletim estatístico da Pesca e Aquicultura í Brasil 2011. Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura. Brasília.
Carpenter, K.E. 2002a. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. Rome: FAO. 600p.
Carpenter, K.E. 2002b. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 2: Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. Rome: FAO. 774p.
Carpenter, K.E. 2002c. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Volume 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5. Rome: FAO. 753p.
Carvalho Filho, A. 1999. Peixes da Costa brasileira. 3ª ed. São Paulo: Melro. 316p.
Cortés, E. 1997. A critical review of methods of studying fish feeding based on analysis of stomach contents: application to elasmobranch fishes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54(3): 726-738. https://doi.org/10.1139/f96-316
Costa-Bomfim, C.N.; Pessoa, W.V.N.; Oliveira, R.L.M.; Farias, J.L.; Domingues, E.C.; Hamilton, S.; Cavalli, R.O. 2014. The effect of feeding frequency on growth performance of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 30(1): 135-139. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12339
Coxey, M.S. 2008. Biological Diversity and Community Structure in Vessel Reefs in the Coast of Recife (PE) - Brazil. Faro. 138p. (Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade do Algarve). Disponível em: <https://sapientia.ualg.pt/handle/10400.1/7115> Acesso em: 18 jul. 2017.
Danilowicz, B.S.; Sale, P.F. 1999. Relative intensity of predation on the french grunt, Haemulon avolineatum, during diurnal, dusk, and nocturnal periods on a coral reef. Marine Biology, 133 (2): 337-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050472
Darracott, A. 1977. Availability, morphometrics, feeding and breeding activity in a multispecies, demersal fish stock of the western Indian Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 10(1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1977.tb04036.x
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2016. FishStatJ: Universal software for fishery statistical time series. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Statistic and Information Service.
Felix, F.C.; Hackradt, C.W. 2008. Interaction between Rachycentron canadum and Epinephelus itajara, on the Paraná Coast, Brasil. Coral Reefs, 27(3): 633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-008-0367-6
Ferry, L.A.; Cailliet, G.M. 1996. Sample size and data analysis: are we characterizing and comparing diet properly? In: Mackinlay, D.; Shearer, K. Feeding ecology and nutrition in fish - Symposium Proceedings. San Francisco: International Congress on the Biology of Fishes. p. 71-80.
Figueiredo, J.L.; Menezes, N.A. 1980. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. III Teleostei (2). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo. 90p.
Franks, J.S.; Garber, N.M.; Warren, J.R. 1996. Stomach contents of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin, 94(2): 374-380.
Franks, J.S.; Ogle, J.T.; Lotz, J.M.; Nicholson, L.C.; Barnes, D.N.; Larsen, K.M. 2001. Spontaneous spawning of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), with comments on fertilization, hatching, and larval development. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 52: 598-609.
Fry, G.C.; Griffiths, S.P. 2010. Population dynamics and stock status of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, caught in Australian recreational and commercial coastal fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 17(3): 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00712.x
Gomes, U.L.; Rosa, R.S.; Gadig, O.B.F. 2000. Dasyatis macrophthalma sp.n.: A new species of stingray (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Copeia, 2000(2): 510-515. https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0510:DMSNAN]2.0.CO;2
Greenfield, D.W. 1981. Holocentridae. In: Fischer, W.; Bianchi, G.; Scott, W.B. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Central Atlantic, fishing areas Vol. 2: 34, 47 (in part). Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and FAO.
Humann, P.; Deloach, N. 2002. Reef fish identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. Florida: New World Publication. 481p.
Juanes, F.; Conover, D.O. 1994. Piscivory and prey size selection in young-of-the-year bluefish: predator preference or size-dependent capture success? Marine Ecology Progress Series, 114: 59-69.
Knapp, F.T. 1951. Food habits of the sergeantfish, Rachycentron canadus. Copeia, 1951(1): 101-102.
Liao, I.C.; Leaí±o, E.M. 2007. Cobia aquaculture: research, development and commercial production. Taiwan: Asian Fisheries Society. 179p.
Lopes, P.R.D.; Oliveira-Silva, J.T.; Sena, M.P. 2001. Ocorrência de Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) (Actinopterygii: Rachycentridae) na Baía de Todos os Santos, Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Sitientibus Série Ciências Biológicas, 1(1): 56-59.
Lotz, J.M.; Overstreet, R.M.; Franks, J.S. 1996. Gonadal maturation in the cobia, Rachycentron canadum, from the north-central Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Research Reports, 9(3): 147-159. https://doi.org/10.18785/grr.0903.01
Lucena, F.M.; Vaske Jr, T.; Ellis, J.R.; O'Brien, C.M. 2000. Seasonal variation in the diets of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Pomatomidae) and striped weakfish, Cynoscion guatucupa (Scianidae) in southern Brazil: implications of food partitioning. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57(4): 423-434. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007604424423
Meyer, G.H.; Franks, J.S. 1996. Food of cobia Rachycentron canadum from the northcentral Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Research Reports, 9(3): 161-167. https://doi.org/10.18785/grr.0903.02
Milmann, L.; Danilewicz, D.; Machado, R.; Santos, R.A.; Ott, P.H. 2016. Feeding ecology of the common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, in southern Brazil: analyzing its prey and the potential overlap with fisheries. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 64(4): 415-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592016116406404.
Peregrino Jr, R.B.; Hamilton, S.; Domingues, E.C.; Manzella Jr, J.C.; Hazin, F.H.V.; Cavalli, R.O. 2014. Desempenho reprodutivo do beijupirá (Rachycentron canadum) capturado no litoral de Pernambuco. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 66(3): 681-687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-41625794
Pinkas, L.; Oliphant, M.S.; Iverson, I.L.K. 1971. Food habits of Albacore, Bluefin tuna and Bonito in California Waters. Fish Bulletin, 152: 1-105.
Randall, J.E. 1967. Food habits of reef fishes of West Indies. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 5: 665-847.
Rocha, L.A.; Rosa, I.L.; Rosa, R.S. 1998. Peixes recifais da costa da Paraíba, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 15(2): 553-566.
Rohit, P.; Bhat, U.S. 2012. Fishery and diet composition of the cobia Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) exploited along Karnataka coast. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 59(4): 61-65.
Schoener, T.W. 1968. The anolis lizards of Bimini: resources partitioning in a Complex fauna. Ecology, 49(4): 704-726. https://doi.org/10.2307/1935534
Shaffer, R.V.; Nakamura, E.L. 1989. Synopsis of biological data on the cobia Rachycentron canadum (Pisces: Rachycentridae). FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 153. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report. 25p.
Smith, J.W. 1995. Life history of cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Osteichthyes: Rachycentridae), in North Carolina Waters. Brimleyana, 23: 1-23.
Smith, J.W.; Merriner, J.V. 1982. Association of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, with cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus. Estuaries, 5(3): 240-242. https://doi.org/10.2307/1351842
Stagg, C.; Whilden, M. 1997. The history of Chesapeake Bay's blue crab (Callinectes sapidus): fisheries and management. Investigaciones Marinas, 25(1): 93-104. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-71781997002500007
Velde, T.D.; Griffiths, S.P.; Fry, G.C. 2010. Reproductive biology of the commercially and recreationally important cobia Rachycentron canadum in northeastern Australia. Fishery Science, 76(1): 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-009-0177-y
Wallace, R.K.; Ramsey, J.S. 1983. Reliability in measuring diet overlap. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40(3): 347-351. https://doi.org/10.1139/f83-050
Zavala-Camin, L.A. 1996. Introdução aos estudos sobre alimentação natural em peixes. Maringá: EDUEM. 129p.
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2019-01-22
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