Indicadores de estresse em tilápias submetidas a diferentes métodos de atordoamento
Palavras-chave:
adenosina trifosfato, bem estar animal, cortisol, Oreochromis niloticus, estresse oxidativo, abateResumo
A tilápia do Nilo é uma das principais espécies cultivadas no mundo. No entanto, existem poucos estudos avaliando os efeitos de métodos de atordoamento no estresse deste peixe. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do atordoamento elétrico (AE), narcose por CO2 (NC) ou água e gelo (AG) nos indicadores de estresse de tilápias, tais como: adenosina trifosfato (ATP), enzimas antioxidantes (catalase, lactato desidrogenase e glutationa redutase) e cortisol plasmático. O ATP muscular foi mais alto (P<0.05) nos peixes atordoados por NC. No entanto, o nível de cortisol foi mais alto (P<0.05) nos peixes atordoados por AG e NC. Os níveis de catalase no músculo branco foi mais alto (P<0.05) nos peixes atordoados por AE em relação aos peixes atordoados por NC e AG. Para o músculo vermelho, os níveis mais altos (P<0.05) de catalase foram observados nas tilápias atordoadas por AE e AG. Os níveis de lactato desidrogenase no músculo branco foram mais altos (P<0.05) nos peixes atordoados por AE e mais baixos (P<0.05) nos peixes atordoados por NC. No músculo vermelho, os níveis de lactato desidrogenase foram mais altos (P<0.05) nos peixes atordoados por AG em comparação ao AE e NC. Portanto, tilápias atordoadas usando NC apresentam menor estresse em comparação com as atordoadas por AE e AG, o que está de acordo com as boas práticas de bem estar animal.
Referências
ACERETE, L.; REIG, L.; ALVAREZ, D.; FLOS, R.;TORT, L. 2009 Comparison of two stunning/slaughtering methods on stress response and quality indicators of European sea
bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 287(1-2):139-144.
ALMEIDA, J.D.; DINIZ, Y.S.; MARQUES, S.F.;FAINE, L.A.; RIBAS, B.O.; BURNEIKO, R.C.; NOVELLI, E.L. 2002 The use of the oxidative stress responses as biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to in vivo cadmium contamination. Environment International, 27(8):
673-679.
ATENCIO, L.; MORENO, I.; JOS, A.; PRIETO, A.;MOYANO, R.; BLANCO, A.; CAMEAN, A.M.2009 Effects of dietary selenium on the oxidative stress and pathological changes in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to a microcystinproducing cyanobacterial water bloom. Toxicon,53(2): 269í 282.
BARRETO, R.E. e VOLPATO, G.L. 2004 Caution for using ventilatory frequency as an indicator of
stress in fish. Behavioural Processes, 66(1): 43í 51.
BARTON, B.A. 2002 Stress in fishes: a diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42(3): 517-525.
BEERS, R.F. e SIZER, I.W.A. 1952 Spectophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide by catalase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 195: 133-140.
BERNAL, D.; SMITH, D.; LOPEZ, G.; WEITZ, D.; GRIMMINGER, T.; DICKSON, K.; GRAHAM, J.B. 2003 Comparative studies of high performance swimming in sharks II. Metabolic biochemistry of locomotor and myocardial muscle in endothermic and ectothermic sharks. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 206: 2845-2857.
BERNT, E. e BERGMEYER, H.U. 1974 Lactate desydrogenase assay. In: BERGMEYER, H.U. Methods of enzymatic analysis. London: Academic Press. p.1196-1201.
BERTOTTO, D.; POLTRONIERI, C.; NEGRATO, E.; MAJOLINI, D.; RADAELLI, G.; SIMONTACCHI,
C. 2010 Alternative matrices for cortisol measurement in fish. Aquaculture Research, 41(8):1261-1267.
BRADFORD, M.M. 1976 A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram
quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry,
72(1-2): 248-254.
BRAITHWAITE, V.A. e BOULCOTT, P. 2007 Pain perception, aversion and fear in fish. Diseases of
Aquatic Organisms, 75(2): 131í 138.
BURNS, G.B. e KEE, P.J. 1985 Liquid chromatographic determination of hypoxanthine
content in fish tissue. Journal of the Association Official Analytical Chemists, 68(3): 444-448.
CADENAS, S. e DAVIES, K.J.A. 2000 Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress and
aging. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 29(3-4):222-230.
CALBERG, I. e MANNERVICK, B. 1985 Glutathione reductase In: CALBERG, I. e MANNERVICK B.
Methods in enzymology. New York: Academic Press. p.484-490.
CLUTTERHAM, S.; GAMPERL, A.K.; WALLACE,H.L.; CRAWSHAW, L.I.; FARRELL, A.P. 2004
Exhaustive exercise does not affect the preferred temperature for recovery in juvenile rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 77(4): 611-618.
DALZIEL, A.C.; MOORE, S.E.; MOYES, C.D. 2005 Mitochondrial enzyme content in the muscle of
high-performance fish: evolution and variation among fiber types. American Journal of Physiology
Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology,288: 163-172.
ERIKSON, U. 2011 Assessment of different stunning methods and recovery of farmed Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar): isoeugenol, nitrogen and three levels of carbon dioxide. Animal Welfare,
20: 365-375.
ERIKSON, U.; HULTMANN, L.; STEEN, J.E. 2006 Live chilling of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
combined with mild carbon dioxide anaesthesia I. Establishing a method for large-scale
processing of farmed fish. Aquaculture, 252(2-4):183-198.
FERREIRA, M.; MORADAS-FERREIRA, P.; REISHENRIQUE, M.A. 2005 Oxidative stress biomarkers in two resident species, mullet (Mugil cephalus) and flounder (Platichthys flesus),from a polluted site in river Douro estuary, Portugal. Aquatic Toxicology, 71(1): 39-48.
FIGUEIREDO-FERNANDES, A.; FONTAINHASFERNANDES, A.; PEIXOTO, F.; ROCHA, E.; REIS-HENRIQUES, M.A. 2006 Effects of gender and temperature on oxidative stress enzymes in
Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to paraquat. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,
85(2): 97í 103.
FOSS, A.; GRIMSBO, E.; VIKINGSTAD, E.; NORTVEDT, R.; SLINDE, E.; ROTH, B. 2012 Live chilling of Atlantic salmon: physiological response to handling and temperature decrease on welfare. Fish Physiology Biochemistry, 38(2):565-571.
GIUFFRIDA, A.; PENNISI, L.; ZIINO, G.; FORTINO,L.; VALVO, G.; MARINO, S.; PANEBIANCO, A.
2007 Influence of slaughtering method on some aspects of quality of gilthead sea bream and
smoked rainbow trout. Veterinary Research Comunications, 31(4): 437-446.
HALLIWELL, B. 1994 Free radicals and antioxidants: a personal view. Nutrition Reviews, 52(8): 253-265.
HALLIWELL, B. e GUTTERIDGE, J.M.C. 2007 Free radicals in biology and medicine. 4a ed. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. 888p.
IWAMA, G.K.; AFONSO, L.O.B.; TODGHAM, A.; ACKERMAN, P.; NAKANO, K. 2004 Are HSPS
suitable for indicating stressed states in fish? The Journal of Experimental Biology, 207: 15-19.
JOS, A.; PICHARDO, S.; PRIETO, A.I.; REPETTO, G.;VÁZQUEZ, C.M.; MORENO, I.; CAMEÁN,
A.M. 2005 Toxic cyanobacterial cells containing microcystins induce oxidative stress in exposed
tilapia fish (Oreochromis sp.) under laboratory conditions. Aquatic Toxicology, 72(3): 261í 271.
KESTIN, S.C.; VAN DE VIS, J.W.; ROBB, D.H.F. 2002 Protocol for assessing brain function in fish and
the effectiveness of methods used to stun and kill them. Veterinary Records, 150(10): 302-307.
KNOWLES, T.G.; BROWN, S.N.; WARRISS, P.D.; LINES, J.; TINARWO, A.; BRAVO, A.;CARVALHO, H.; GONí"¡ALVES, A. 2007 Effect of electrical stunning at slaughter on the carcass,flesh and eating of farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture Research,38(16): 1732-1741.
LAMBOOIJ, E.; GERRITZEN, M.A.; REIMERT, H.;BURGGRAAF, D.; VAN DE VIS, J.W. 2008 A humane protocol for electro-stunning and killing of Nile tilapia in fresh water. Aquaculture, 275(1-4): 88-95.
LEFíˆVRE, F.; BUGEON, J.; AUPÉRIN, B.; AUBIN, J. 2008 Rearing oxygen level and slaughter stress
effects on rainbow trout flesh quality. Aquaculture, 284(1-4): 81-89.
LINES, J.A. e SPENCE, J. 2011 Safeguarding the welfare of farmed fish at harvest. Fish Physiology
Biochemistry, 38(1): 153-162.
MCKENZIE, D.J.; WONG, S.; RANDALL, D.J.;EGGINTON, S.; TAYLOR, E.W.; FARRELL, A.P.2004 The effects of sustained exercise and hypoxia upon oxygen tensions in the red muscle of rainbow trout. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 207(21): 3629-3637.
MARX, H.; BRUNNER, B.; WEINZIERL, W.; HOLFMANN, R.; STOLLE, A. 1997 Methods of stunning freshwater fish: Impact on meat quality and aspects of animal welfare. Zeitschrift für
Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung, 204(4): 282-286.
OZOGUL, Y. e OZOGUL, F. 2004 Effects of slaughtering methods on sensory, chemical and microbiological quality of rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) stored in ice and map.European Food Research Technology, 219(3): 211-213.
PANDEY, S.; PARVEZ, S.; SAYEED, I.; HAQUE, R.;BIN-HAFEEZ, B.; RAISUDDIN, S. 2003 Biomarkers
of oxidative stress: a comparative study of river Yamuna fish wallago Attu (bl. & schn.). Science
of the Total Environment, 309(1-3): 105í 115.
PEIXOTO, F.; ALVES-FERNANDES, D.; SANTOS,D.; FONTAÍNHAS-FERNANDES, A. 2006
Toxicological efects of oxyxuorfen on oxidative stress enzymes in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus.
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 85(2): 91í 96.
POLI, B.M.; PARISI, G.; SCAPPINI, F.; ZAMPACAVALLO, G. 2005 Fish welfare and quality as affected by pre-slaughter and slaughter management. Aquaculture International,13(1-2): 29í 49.
POPMA, T.J. e LOVSHIN, L.L. 1995 Worldwide prospects for commercial production of tilapia.
Commercial Tilapia Production. 42p. Availableat: <http://www.aces.edu/dept/fisheries/aqua
culture/docs/worldtilapia.pdf> Acesso em: 23 abr. 2014.
RIBAS, L.; FLOS, R.; REIG, L.; MACKENZIE, S.; BARTON, B.A.; TORT, L. 2007 Comparison of methods for anaesthetizing Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) before slaughter: Stress responses and final product quality. Aquaculture, 269(1-4):250-258.
ROTH, B, SLINDE, E.; ROBB, DHF. 2006 Field evaluation of live chilling with CO2 on stunning
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the subsequent effect on quality. Aquaculture Research, 37(8):
799-804.
ROTH, B.; MOELLER, D.; VELAND, J.O.;IMSLAND, A.; SLINDE, E. 2002 The effect of stunning methods on rigor mortis and texture properties of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).Journal of Food Science, 67(4): 1462-1466.
ROTH, B.; IMSLAND, A.; GUNNARSSON, S.; FOSS, A.; SCHELVIS-SMIT, R. 2007 Slaughter quality and
rigor contraction in farmed turbot (Scophthalmusmaximus): a comparison between different
stunning methods. Aquaculture, 272(1-4): 754-761.
SCHERER, R.; AUGUSTI, P.R.; STEFFENS, C.; BOCHI, V.C.; HECKTHEURER, L.H.; LAZZARI, R.; RADUNZ-NETO, J.; POMBLUM, S.C.G.; EMANUELLI, T. 2005 Effect of slaughter method on postmortem changes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) stored in ice. Journal of Food Science, 70(5): 348-353.
SKJERVOLD, P.O.; FJAERA, S.O.; OSTBY, P.B.; EINEN, O. 2001 Live-chilling and crowding stress before slaughter of Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture, 192(2-4): 265-280.
VAN DE VIS, H.; KESTIN, S.; ROBB, D.; OEHLENSCHLAGER, J.; LAMBOOIJ, B.; MUNKNER, W.; KUHLMANN, H.; KLOOSTERBOER, K.; TEJADA, M.; HUIDOBRO,A.; OTTERA, H.; ROTH, B.; SORENSEN, N.K.;AKSE, L.; BYRNE, H.; NESVADBA, P. 2003 Is humane slaughter of fish possible for industry?
Aquaculture Research, 34(3): 211-220.
VIEGAS, E.M.M.; PIMENTA, F.A.; PREVIERO, T.C.; GONí"¡ALVES, L.U.; DURíES, J.P.; RIBEIRO,M.A.R.; OLIVEIRA FILHO, P.R.C. 2012 Métodos de abate e qualidade da carne de peixe. Archivos de Zootecnia, 61(R): 41-50.
WENDELAAR BONGA, S.E. 1997 The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, 77(3): 591-625.
WINSTON, G.W. and DI GIULIO, R.T. 1991 Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organism. Aquatic Toxicology, 19(2):137-161.
bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 287(1-2):139-144.
ALMEIDA, J.D.; DINIZ, Y.S.; MARQUES, S.F.;FAINE, L.A.; RIBAS, B.O.; BURNEIKO, R.C.; NOVELLI, E.L. 2002 The use of the oxidative stress responses as biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to in vivo cadmium contamination. Environment International, 27(8):
673-679.
ATENCIO, L.; MORENO, I.; JOS, A.; PRIETO, A.;MOYANO, R.; BLANCO, A.; CAMEAN, A.M.2009 Effects of dietary selenium on the oxidative stress and pathological changes in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to a microcystinproducing cyanobacterial water bloom. Toxicon,53(2): 269í 282.
BARRETO, R.E. e VOLPATO, G.L. 2004 Caution for using ventilatory frequency as an indicator of
stress in fish. Behavioural Processes, 66(1): 43í 51.
BARTON, B.A. 2002 Stress in fishes: a diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42(3): 517-525.
BEERS, R.F. e SIZER, I.W.A. 1952 Spectophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide by catalase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 195: 133-140.
BERNAL, D.; SMITH, D.; LOPEZ, G.; WEITZ, D.; GRIMMINGER, T.; DICKSON, K.; GRAHAM, J.B. 2003 Comparative studies of high performance swimming in sharks II. Metabolic biochemistry of locomotor and myocardial muscle in endothermic and ectothermic sharks. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 206: 2845-2857.
BERNT, E. e BERGMEYER, H.U. 1974 Lactate desydrogenase assay. In: BERGMEYER, H.U. Methods of enzymatic analysis. London: Academic Press. p.1196-1201.
BERTOTTO, D.; POLTRONIERI, C.; NEGRATO, E.; MAJOLINI, D.; RADAELLI, G.; SIMONTACCHI,
C. 2010 Alternative matrices for cortisol measurement in fish. Aquaculture Research, 41(8):1261-1267.
BRADFORD, M.M. 1976 A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram
quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry,
72(1-2): 248-254.
BRAITHWAITE, V.A. e BOULCOTT, P. 2007 Pain perception, aversion and fear in fish. Diseases of
Aquatic Organisms, 75(2): 131í 138.
BURNS, G.B. e KEE, P.J. 1985 Liquid chromatographic determination of hypoxanthine
content in fish tissue. Journal of the Association Official Analytical Chemists, 68(3): 444-448.
CADENAS, S. e DAVIES, K.J.A. 2000 Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress and
aging. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 29(3-4):222-230.
CALBERG, I. e MANNERVICK, B. 1985 Glutathione reductase In: CALBERG, I. e MANNERVICK B.
Methods in enzymology. New York: Academic Press. p.484-490.
CLUTTERHAM, S.; GAMPERL, A.K.; WALLACE,H.L.; CRAWSHAW, L.I.; FARRELL, A.P. 2004
Exhaustive exercise does not affect the preferred temperature for recovery in juvenile rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 77(4): 611-618.
DALZIEL, A.C.; MOORE, S.E.; MOYES, C.D. 2005 Mitochondrial enzyme content in the muscle of
high-performance fish: evolution and variation among fiber types. American Journal of Physiology
Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology,288: 163-172.
ERIKSON, U. 2011 Assessment of different stunning methods and recovery of farmed Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar): isoeugenol, nitrogen and three levels of carbon dioxide. Animal Welfare,
20: 365-375.
ERIKSON, U.; HULTMANN, L.; STEEN, J.E. 2006 Live chilling of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
combined with mild carbon dioxide anaesthesia I. Establishing a method for large-scale
processing of farmed fish. Aquaculture, 252(2-4):183-198.
FERREIRA, M.; MORADAS-FERREIRA, P.; REISHENRIQUE, M.A. 2005 Oxidative stress biomarkers in two resident species, mullet (Mugil cephalus) and flounder (Platichthys flesus),from a polluted site in river Douro estuary, Portugal. Aquatic Toxicology, 71(1): 39-48.
FIGUEIREDO-FERNANDES, A.; FONTAINHASFERNANDES, A.; PEIXOTO, F.; ROCHA, E.; REIS-HENRIQUES, M.A. 2006 Effects of gender and temperature on oxidative stress enzymes in
Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus exposed to paraquat. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,
85(2): 97í 103.
FOSS, A.; GRIMSBO, E.; VIKINGSTAD, E.; NORTVEDT, R.; SLINDE, E.; ROTH, B. 2012 Live chilling of Atlantic salmon: physiological response to handling and temperature decrease on welfare. Fish Physiology Biochemistry, 38(2):565-571.
GIUFFRIDA, A.; PENNISI, L.; ZIINO, G.; FORTINO,L.; VALVO, G.; MARINO, S.; PANEBIANCO, A.
2007 Influence of slaughtering method on some aspects of quality of gilthead sea bream and
smoked rainbow trout. Veterinary Research Comunications, 31(4): 437-446.
HALLIWELL, B. 1994 Free radicals and antioxidants: a personal view. Nutrition Reviews, 52(8): 253-265.
HALLIWELL, B. e GUTTERIDGE, J.M.C. 2007 Free radicals in biology and medicine. 4a ed. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. 888p.
IWAMA, G.K.; AFONSO, L.O.B.; TODGHAM, A.; ACKERMAN, P.; NAKANO, K. 2004 Are HSPS
suitable for indicating stressed states in fish? The Journal of Experimental Biology, 207: 15-19.
JOS, A.; PICHARDO, S.; PRIETO, A.I.; REPETTO, G.;VÁZQUEZ, C.M.; MORENO, I.; CAMEÁN,
A.M. 2005 Toxic cyanobacterial cells containing microcystins induce oxidative stress in exposed
tilapia fish (Oreochromis sp.) under laboratory conditions. Aquatic Toxicology, 72(3): 261í 271.
KESTIN, S.C.; VAN DE VIS, J.W.; ROBB, D.H.F. 2002 Protocol for assessing brain function in fish and
the effectiveness of methods used to stun and kill them. Veterinary Records, 150(10): 302-307.
KNOWLES, T.G.; BROWN, S.N.; WARRISS, P.D.; LINES, J.; TINARWO, A.; BRAVO, A.;CARVALHO, H.; GONí"¡ALVES, A. 2007 Effect of electrical stunning at slaughter on the carcass,flesh and eating of farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture Research,38(16): 1732-1741.
LAMBOOIJ, E.; GERRITZEN, M.A.; REIMERT, H.;BURGGRAAF, D.; VAN DE VIS, J.W. 2008 A humane protocol for electro-stunning and killing of Nile tilapia in fresh water. Aquaculture, 275(1-4): 88-95.
LEFíˆVRE, F.; BUGEON, J.; AUPÉRIN, B.; AUBIN, J. 2008 Rearing oxygen level and slaughter stress
effects on rainbow trout flesh quality. Aquaculture, 284(1-4): 81-89.
LINES, J.A. e SPENCE, J. 2011 Safeguarding the welfare of farmed fish at harvest. Fish Physiology
Biochemistry, 38(1): 153-162.
MCKENZIE, D.J.; WONG, S.; RANDALL, D.J.;EGGINTON, S.; TAYLOR, E.W.; FARRELL, A.P.2004 The effects of sustained exercise and hypoxia upon oxygen tensions in the red muscle of rainbow trout. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 207(21): 3629-3637.
MARX, H.; BRUNNER, B.; WEINZIERL, W.; HOLFMANN, R.; STOLLE, A. 1997 Methods of stunning freshwater fish: Impact on meat quality and aspects of animal welfare. Zeitschrift für
Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung, 204(4): 282-286.
OZOGUL, Y. e OZOGUL, F. 2004 Effects of slaughtering methods on sensory, chemical and microbiological quality of rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) stored in ice and map.European Food Research Technology, 219(3): 211-213.
PANDEY, S.; PARVEZ, S.; SAYEED, I.; HAQUE, R.;BIN-HAFEEZ, B.; RAISUDDIN, S. 2003 Biomarkers
of oxidative stress: a comparative study of river Yamuna fish wallago Attu (bl. & schn.). Science
of the Total Environment, 309(1-3): 105í 115.
PEIXOTO, F.; ALVES-FERNANDES, D.; SANTOS,D.; FONTAÍNHAS-FERNANDES, A. 2006
Toxicological efects of oxyxuorfen on oxidative stress enzymes in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus.
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 85(2): 91í 96.
POLI, B.M.; PARISI, G.; SCAPPINI, F.; ZAMPACAVALLO, G. 2005 Fish welfare and quality as affected by pre-slaughter and slaughter management. Aquaculture International,13(1-2): 29í 49.
POPMA, T.J. e LOVSHIN, L.L. 1995 Worldwide prospects for commercial production of tilapia.
Commercial Tilapia Production. 42p. Availableat: <http://www.aces.edu/dept/fisheries/aqua
culture/docs/worldtilapia.pdf> Acesso em: 23 abr. 2014.
RIBAS, L.; FLOS, R.; REIG, L.; MACKENZIE, S.; BARTON, B.A.; TORT, L. 2007 Comparison of methods for anaesthetizing Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) before slaughter: Stress responses and final product quality. Aquaculture, 269(1-4):250-258.
ROTH, B, SLINDE, E.; ROBB, DHF. 2006 Field evaluation of live chilling with CO2 on stunning
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the subsequent effect on quality. Aquaculture Research, 37(8):
799-804.
ROTH, B.; MOELLER, D.; VELAND, J.O.;IMSLAND, A.; SLINDE, E. 2002 The effect of stunning methods on rigor mortis and texture properties of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).Journal of Food Science, 67(4): 1462-1466.
ROTH, B.; IMSLAND, A.; GUNNARSSON, S.; FOSS, A.; SCHELVIS-SMIT, R. 2007 Slaughter quality and
rigor contraction in farmed turbot (Scophthalmusmaximus): a comparison between different
stunning methods. Aquaculture, 272(1-4): 754-761.
SCHERER, R.; AUGUSTI, P.R.; STEFFENS, C.; BOCHI, V.C.; HECKTHEURER, L.H.; LAZZARI, R.; RADUNZ-NETO, J.; POMBLUM, S.C.G.; EMANUELLI, T. 2005 Effect of slaughter method on postmortem changes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) stored in ice. Journal of Food Science, 70(5): 348-353.
SKJERVOLD, P.O.; FJAERA, S.O.; OSTBY, P.B.; EINEN, O. 2001 Live-chilling and crowding stress before slaughter of Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture, 192(2-4): 265-280.
VAN DE VIS, H.; KESTIN, S.; ROBB, D.; OEHLENSCHLAGER, J.; LAMBOOIJ, B.; MUNKNER, W.; KUHLMANN, H.; KLOOSTERBOER, K.; TEJADA, M.; HUIDOBRO,A.; OTTERA, H.; ROTH, B.; SORENSEN, N.K.;AKSE, L.; BYRNE, H.; NESVADBA, P. 2003 Is humane slaughter of fish possible for industry?
Aquaculture Research, 34(3): 211-220.
VIEGAS, E.M.M.; PIMENTA, F.A.; PREVIERO, T.C.; GONí"¡ALVES, L.U.; DURíES, J.P.; RIBEIRO,M.A.R.; OLIVEIRA FILHO, P.R.C. 2012 Métodos de abate e qualidade da carne de peixe. Archivos de Zootecnia, 61(R): 41-50.
WENDELAAR BONGA, S.E. 1997 The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, 77(3): 591-625.
WINSTON, G.W. and DI GIULIO, R.T. 1991 Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organism. Aquatic Toxicology, 19(2):137-161.
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2018-07-13
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